Social Categories Research Articles

Трансдисциплинарность современной науки как форма социального консенсуса

Introduction. Transdisciplinarity can be reinterpreted from a scientific and philosophical category to a socio-philosophical one by referring to the theoretical constructions of social consensus. In this case, its general social functions are emphasized, which are the social and communication effect of transdisciplinary interactions between science and society. Theoretical analysis. The socio-philosophical analysis of transdisciplinarity is formed in the field of categories of sociality, time, object, truth and values. They are revealed in the autopoietic analysis of the society made by N. Luhmann, which continues the Weberian traditions in relation to the study of scientific rationality. Linking the logical, axiological and social plans of the formation of truth into a single whole in the dialogue between science and society is actualized in the real context of social time. The growth of scientific specialization, which breaks the unified image of science, determines the axiologization and ethicization of scientific knowledge. Transdisciplinarity, based on the social recognition of specific scientific knowledge in everyday life, becomes a tool for gathering disparate academic groups into a symbolic social subject of science. Conclusion. Transdisciplinary science as a hybrid social subject is capable of autonomous communicative behavior, which allows it to act as an agent of policy related to the application of scientific knowledge and thereby legitimize its claims to social authority.

A kimondott szavak súlya, avagy összefüggések a nyelv és az erkölcsi nevelés között magyar és német nyelvű példák alapján

In the public mind, morality is a religious, legal, philosophical and social category. We rarely talk openly about morality, yet our language reflects our concept of morality. The concept is crucial to our decisions in all areas of life, both in our linguistic and non-linguistic behaviour. According to the cognitive paradigm, a close relationship can be assumed between thinking and language: thinking is manifested in language, but language also affects the process of thinking itself. In exploring the links between language, thought and culture, Lakoff-Johnson (1999) introduced the notion of thinking relativism, which argues that different metaphor use causes differences in thinking. Based on this, the question arises as to whether representatives of various nations think differently about a concept - in our case, morality - and how this manifests itself in their language. Thinking about this further, how can culture-specific differences in language affect the conceptualisation process? In this study, we seek to answer these questions. The analysis draws on the concept of morality constructed by Lakoff (1996, 2002) and Lakoff-Johnson (1999), which describes the interpretative process of American society, but some parts of it can be said to be near-universal, and therefore can provide useful insights for the study of other languages. The formation of the concept of morality begins through family education and linguistic and non-linguistic interactions within the family. Lakoff (1996), examining Western political morality, concludes that there are basically two family models, and thus two different conceptions of morality. Conservatives are characterized by the strict father model, while liberals are characterized by the caring parent model. In both models, diverse concepts of morality enjoy priority and treat the concept of 'morality' differently. In the course of our research, we mainly examined metaphorical conceptualization on the basis of Hungarian and German examples of living language, comparing them with the conceptions of morality constructed on the basis of English examples. We have found that the linguistic examples we have examined do not provide a complete metaphor system as outlined by Lakoff (ibid.), but certain elements of it clearly exemplify the similarities and differences between the family morals found in the two languages.

A comprehensive analysis of the implications of artificial intelligence adoption on employee social well-being in South African facility management organizations

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the increased uptake of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology by Facility Management (FM) organizations for enhanced operational efficiency and competitive advantage. While AI adoption in FM has been widely reported, limited attempts have been made to assess its impact on the social well-being of FM employees. To contribute towards addressing this gap, this study established the essential employee social well-being factors mostly impacted by the adoption of AI in South African FM organizations.Design/methodology/approachA four-stage design comprising a comprehensive review of literature, expert interviews, questionnaire census and focus group discussion sessions was used to elicit data from a sample of participants drawn from 22 South African FM organizations. The data was analyzed using a combination of content analysis, relative importance index and interpretative structural modeling for various data sets toward achieving the study’s objectives.FindingsSixteen employee social well-being factors, classified under job satisfaction, social relationship and knowledge development categories, respectively, were identified as being impacted by AI adoption in FM organizations. Furthermore, it was established that job security, job autonomy and professional status, which belong to the job satisfaction social well-being factor category, were deemed by FM employees as being mostly impacted by AI adoption.Practical implicationsThe enhanced understanding of the impact of AI adoption on FM employees’ social well-being factors will contribute to the development of a collaborative intelligence framework for managing AI adoption in FM organizations toward engendering optimal AI–FM employee relationships for improved productivity.Originality/valueBesides being one of the foremost studies to investigate the impact of AI adoption on FM employees’ social well-being, this study introduces a hierarchical framework of understanding employee social well-being factors based on multi-stakeholder perspectives.

When Positioning Mediates Social Judgements: Life-Stage, Gender, and Yeah-No in Australian English

This study explores the correlation between social categories and linguistic variables, focusing on the perception of the discourse marker yeah-no in Australian English. Research suggests that these correlations reflect individuals’ recruitment of variables for the purpose of communicating social meaning. However, not all social categories which correlate with a variable in production are recognizable as social meaning. This study investigated how individuals’ positioning to a variable mediates their awareness to its social meaning by examining perceptions of gender and life-stage in yeah-no users and non-users. We found that individuals judged sentences including yeah-no as more likely to be said by a student, and this effect was stronger for individuals who did not self-report as yeah-no users. Furthermore, while there was no significant effect of gender, participants who did not self-report as yeah-no users were more likely to judge yeah-no sentences as said by a male speaker rather than a female speaker. The findings imply that the perception of social meaning is influenced by an individual’s positioning towards a variable. More broadly, the results provide support for using self-report techniques in the investigation of social meaning.

Motivations for Endogamous Relationship Preferences.

People tend to select romantic partners who belong to the same social group as themselves (i.e., endogamy). However, there is limited research on the proximal psychological motivations for choosing endogamous relationship partners. The purpose of this research was to develop a measure of motivations for endogamous relationship preferences and to assess whether such motivations were associated with actual dating experiences and attitudes toward endogamy across four common social categories: race and/or ethnicity, religion, social class, and education. Data from an online sample of participants (Study 1, n = 341) were used to generate items assessing motivations for endogamous relationship preferences. This initial set of items was administered to a new sample of participants (Study 2, n = 193) to establish the component structure of the measure and to examine whether the motivational components were associated with participants' past exogamous dating experiences as well as the perceived importance of dating within one's own racial and/or ethnic, religious, socioeconomic, and educational group. Endogamy motivations characterized by intergroup prejudice were the strongest and most consistent correlates of endogamous relationships and the perceived importance of endogamy. Study 3 (n = 332) replicated the component structure of the measure and the general pattern of associations documented in Study 2, and provided evidence for the measure's construct validity. The overall findings suggest that intergroup prejudice partially explains preferences for endogamous relationships.

No evidence for an other-race effect in dominance and trustworthy judgements from faces.

A variety of evidence shows that social categorization of people based on their race can lead to stereotypical judgements and prejudicial behaviour. Here, we explore the extent to which trait judgements of faces are influenced by race. To address this issue, we measured the reliability of first impressions for own-race and other-race faces in Asian and White participants. Participants viewed pairs of faces and were asked to indicate which of the two faces was more dominant or which of the two faces was more trustworthy. We measured the consistency (or reliability) of these judgements across participants for own-race and other-races faces. We found that judgements of dominance or trustworthiness showed similar levels of reliability for own-race and other-race faces. Moreover, an item analysis showed that the judgements on individual trials were very similar across participants from different races. Next, participants made overall ratings of dominance and trustworthiness from own-race and other-race faces. Again, we found that there was no evidence for an ORE. Together, these results provide a new approach to measuring trait judgements of faces and show that in these conditions there is no ORE for the perception of dominance and trustworthiness.

Women’s cycling rides: Collective pathways to optimal experience

Women’s cycling rides are leisure events where individual and group elements may jointly contribute to optimal experience. This study was aimed at building knowledge about the narratives underlying optimal experience of these collective (noncompetitive) events. Twenty-nine women who participated in group cycling rides and challenges in Spain and in Colombia were interviewed. Csíkszentmihályi’s seminal work on shared flow and Durkheim’s collective gatherings guided the analysis in the coding stages. By considering participation in these events from a time-perspective, we examined previous circumstances, observed the evolution of social identification with the group from a relational perspective, and explored outcomes from a well-being standpoint. Central to the case that the experience is optimal is the interconnection of individual and shared flow, as well as emotional synchrony, social categorization, and empowerment. Group commitment, sorority, prosociality, and eudaimonic well-being and identity are revealed post-event.

Meta-analyses reveal support for the Social Intelligence Hypothesis.

The Social Intelligence Hypothesis (SIH) is one of the leading explanations for the evolution of cognition. Since its inception a vast body of literature investigating the predictions of the SIH has accumulated, using a variety of methodologies and species. However, the generalisability of the hypothesis remains unclear. To gain an understanding of the robustness of the SIH as an explanation for the evolution of cognition, we systematically searched the literature for studies investigating the predictions of the SIH. Accordingly, we compiled 103 studies with 584 effect sizes from 17 taxonomic orders. We present the results of four meta-analyses which reveal support for the SIH across interspecific, intraspecific and developmental studies. However, effect sizes did not differ significantly between the cognitive or sociality metrics used, taxonomy or testing conditions. Thus, support for the SIH is similar across studies using neuroanatomy and cognitive performance, those using broad categories of sociality, group size and social interactions, across taxonomic groups, and for tests conducted in captivity or the wild. Overall, our meta-analyses support the SIH as an evolutionary and developmental explanation for cognitive variation.

Boundaries of the built environment: defining the significance of the material presence of spatial morphology in social life

Settled societies inhabit environments shaped by building activity. Geographic data in social scientific and geographical research are generally composed of architectural and social categories derived from commonplace lived experience and societal knowledge, thus carrying socio-culturally specific meaning. The mundane pragmatism of such categories conflate spaces and buildings with their use and may obstruct effective comparison. Here I introduce a set of formally redescriptive ontological concepts for built environments that operates on the basis of how differentiation and subdivision constitute distinct occupiable spaces through boundaries. An ontology of the inhabited built environment arises from the application of these socio-spatial and material concepts called ‘Boundary Line Types’ (BLT). I present and photographically illustrate the definitions of the BLTs, which are conceived on a critical realist basis and rooted in a multidisciplinary body of theory concerning the development and inhabitation of built space. Considering inhabited built environments through BLTs foregrounds the emergent logic by which spaces are divided and connected, creating configurations of boundaries as material frames that afford everyday social life. Since BLTs offer transferrable empirical principles from which these material frames emerge, they also enable diachronic and cross-cultural comparative social research. My proposition to approach social scientific built environment research through constitutive material boundaries offers a comparative complement to commonplace and socio-culturally specific spatial categories that compose most geographic data, enabling formal thick redescriptions and the potential for quantitative spatial analysis.

Constructing Identities in a Diverse School Setting: From Finnish Learners to Multilingual Experts

ABSTRACT This article investigates how Shanaya and Zona, two 11-year-old multilingual migrant children, construct identities as knowledgeable, multilingual, and socially aware experts in a comprehensive school in Finland. I use ethnographic data that includes school observation and interviews to show how they find moments for overcoming disadvantageous circumstances through identity construction, and thus empower themselves. This empowerment seems to happen in informal situations, implying that there is little space for being something other than Finnish or Finnish-speaking elsewhere in the school. This study describes the children’s lived experience holistically by showing how linguistic, ethnic, and social identity categories intertwine and manifest in language use. It adds to our knowledge of the empowerment of young migrant children in school-related discourses outside of the anglophone world and calls for acknowledging children’s voices in developing education globally.

Economic, social and institutional determinants of FDI inflows: A comparative analysis of developed and developing economies

This paper investigates the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows by classifying determinants into economic, social, and institutional categories, and examines its linkage between FDI in developed and developing economies at an aggregate level. Countries are distinguished in accordance with country income level, and each category is constructed as a composite index by utilizing the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. Using annual data from 1996 to 2019 and panel data approaches, the determinants of FDI are investigated for 178 countries. Main findings are, first, developing economies are largely dependent on economic indicators to attract FDI. Second, in the case of developed economies, the role of social indicators on FDI inflows is shown relatively more significant than economic indicators. Finally, the linkage between institutional indicators and FDI inflows is weak and statistically insignificant in both developed and developing economies.

Religious labels and food preferences, but not country of origin, support opposing face aftereffects

Face templates can be experimentally manipulated, and category-contingent aftereffects suggest discrete templates across social groups. We tested whether 1) explicit religious labels, 2) food preferences, and 3) country of origin would support religion-contingent aftereffects across Christians and Muslims face sets. While viewing face images, ninety-three participants heard audio that stated either 1) a character's religious identity, 2) preferred food, or 3) country of origin. Participants viewed contracted Christian faces and expanded Muslim faces during the training phase. To measure adaptation, before and after the training phases, participants selected the face out of a pair of expanded and contracted Christian or Muslim faces that they found more attractive. Contingent aftereffects were found in the religious explicit (t(30) = 2.49, p = 0.02, Cohen's d = 0.58) and food conditions (t(30) = −3.77, p < 0.01, Cohen's d = −0.82), but not the country condition (t(30) = 1.64, p = 0.11, Cohen's d = 0.31). This suggests that religious labels and food preferences create socially meaningful groups, but country of origin does not. This is evidence of an impact of social categorization on visual processing.

Female CHRO appointments: A crack in the glass ceiling?

Executive succession in conjunction with a gender shift is a key factor for enhancing gender diversity in senior management positions. Although an extensive strategic leadership literature has examined CEO turnover and succession, research is lacking on the succession of top management team (TMT) members or non-CEO executives at the individual level. By focusing on a specific executive position—the chief human resources officer (CHRO)—this study examines how executive succession in conjunction with a gender shift occurs. Although women are underrepresented in TMTs, we observe an increase in the number of women appointed to the role of CHRO. By utilizing social role and social categorization theories, we describe the dynamics of the gender shift in the CHRO position. We find that CHRO succession with a gender shift is not prevalent and that male-to-male or female-to-female successions are more common. However, our results suggest that CEOs’ board positions in a firm with a female CHRO and the industry-level diffusion of female CHROs tend to be negatively associated with male-to-male CHRO successions. Our results highlight how such factors may mitigate the effect of social role perceptions.

From social categorization to implicit citizenship theories: Advancing the socio‐cognitive foundations of state–citizen interactions

AbstractPublic administration research has recently paid increasing attention to public employees' social categorization of citizens and the consequences thereof for administrative decision‐making. We advance this line of scholarship by theorizing the concept of implicit citizenship theories (ICTs) and elaborating it in four sequential empirical studies. ICTs are implicit assumptions about citizens' typical or ideal characteristics that emerge freely and associatively in the minds of public employees and guide cognitive categorization. We investigate the content and structure of these ICTs and extract a taxonomy of six distinctive, yet interrelated, prototypes of citizens that public employees bring to their jobs. As implicit theories influence attitudes and behaviors, ICTs are relevant to the quality of public services delivered to citizens. This is particularly evident where negative prototypes give rise to unequal treatment. Practical interventions to change those prototypes might target their individual beholders or the social context that makes ICTs accessible.

“Capacity for Labor,” Work, and Disability in the Early Republic, 1791–1833

Abstract: In the northeastern cities of the early United States, healthy, physically versatile workers were few and far between. Even as employers and welfare administrators experimented with the emerging bureaucratic categories “disabled” and “able-bodied” to delineate workers and non-workers, the unpredictability and fluidity of the population’s health resisted simple classification. This article argues that, between the 1790s and 1830s, the architects of the early national political economy were keenly aware of workers’ varied capacity for labor. Early advocates even argued that manufacturing work would prove more accessible to groups they believed had not been “usefully” employed in the colonial economy—namely, women, children, the elderly, and those with illnesses and impairments. When this did not prove to be the case, welfare administrators retained a commitment to flexible labor in their organization of poor-relief structures and institutions. Bringing disability into the narrative complicates scholars’ long-held assumptions about the rationale directing early manufacturing, poor relief, and institutional practices. The early republican period is crucial both to the emergence of disability as an (albeit unstable) social category and the formation of the antebellum American labor force and welfare system.

Flashbulb memories and memories for personal events: Their role in social categorization and identification.

Flashbulb memories and memories for personal events: Their role in social categorization and identification.

Asian American Representation Within Psychology: Who Is Included? Who Is Left Out?

As a racial group, Asians are incredibly diverse; however, psychology research may not capture heterogeneity within this social category. Recent findings suggest that U.S. perceivers consider East Asian (e.g., Chinese, Japanese) Americans as more prototypically Asian American than South (e.g., Indian, Pakistani) or Southeast Asian Americans (e.g., Filipino, Vietnamese; Goh &amp; McCue, 2021). We investigated whether artifacts of this cultural default are present in research conducted by U.S.-based psychologists. We also examined non-U.S.-based research to understand the potential limits of this prototype and its influence on research, globally. We expected to observe that most participants in psychology research are of East Asian descent and that most stimuli used to represent Asian identity actually depict East Asian (versus South and Southeast Asian) identity. To test our hypotheses, we conducted a literature search of psychology publications that mentioned “Asian” in the abstract. In line with our hypothesis, researchers were more likely to include East Asian participants and to present East Asian stimuli than to include or present South or Southeast Asian participants and stimuli in their research – results we observed in research conducted both within and outside of the U.S. We draw on intersectionality theory to inform recommendations for how researchers may work toward greater diversity and inclusion in their research.

조직 구성원의 연령 다양성과 기업 성과 및 이직률 관계 연구: 인적자본 유입의 조절효과 검증

This study investigates the influence of age diversity on firm outcomes (i.e. firm performance and employee turnover rates) with the moderating effects of human capital inflow. The Categorization Elaboration Model (CEM) suggests that the key process that enables positive effects of diversity depends on the task-related information elaboration process, while socially categorizing each other hinders this process, resulting in the negative influence of diversity. Based on this model, we suggest that age diversity may have mixed effects on firm performance and employee turnover rates, suggesting both positive and negative effects. In line with human capital literature, we also argue that human capital inflow can determine the functional or dysfunctional effects of age diversity on firm performance and employee turnover rates. In particular, we argue that an increase in the influx of human capital leads to the formation of relationships, which in turn suppresses existing social categorization processes and enhances the positive effects of diversity. Using a sample of 283 Korean firms from Korean Women Manager Panel (KWMP) data, our findings show that age diversity is positively related to firm performance and negatively associated with employee turnover rates, suggesting the functional role of age diversity. Additionally, we find that human capital inflow significantly strengthens the functional effects of age diversity. Our study contributes to the literature on diversity and human capital by demonstrating the joint effects of diversity and human capital management.

Unlocking in-depth forum discussion and perceived effectiveness: Teaching and social presence categories in online teacher communities

Online teacher communities constitute pivotal professional development contexts. Yet, there is no conclusive evidence on how best to conduct in-depth forum discussion for meaningful learning outcomes. This study combines qualitative comparative analysis of communities' forum transcripts to specify the teaching and social presence categories that promote in-depth forum discussion with teachers’ questionnaires for perceived effectiveness. Findings identify a successful online coordination and participation framework: teaching presence characterized by strong direct instruction combined with social presence exhibiting high levels of affective and cohesive discourse. This framework provides actionable insights for online professional learning communities with implications for educational research and practice.

Implementasi Algoritma C4.5 dalam Klasifikasi Calon Penerima Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) di Kelurahan Bah Sorma

The Family Hope Program (PKH) is a program that provides attention to the community, especially the health category, education category and social welfare category for poor families. The Family Hope Program (PKH) aims to reduce poverty and improve the welfare of the Indonesian population. Due to the large number of residents who want to register themselves as PKH recipients, there are residents who manipulate data or claim to be poor people in order to get PKH. If this continues to happen, and there is no preventive action, it is not impossible that many residents are not right in receiving PKH provided by the Government. One of the efforts that can be made is to test the classification of prospective PKH recipients in Bah Sorma Village. This study aims to classify prospective recipients of the Family Hope Program in Bah Sorma Village. The dataset used is data on prospective PKH recipients in Bah Sorma Village, Pematang Siantar City. This research is a comparative study of previous research using the Naïve Bayes method. The method used in this research is Data Mining with the C4.5 method which is used to see the accuracy of the best method than previous research. The accuracy result obtained by this research is 98.18%. Based on the results obtained, research with the case of classification of prospective PKH recipients in Bah Sorma Village using the C4.5 Algorithm gets better accuracy than previous research using Naïve Bayes obtaining an accuracy of 80%.