Social Bond Theory Research Articles

The Evolution of Social Anxiety: Tests of Two Theories

Social anxiety, the psychological state of showing fear and avoidance in social situations, remains prevalent in modern society. The research in this article is based on the theoretical background of social threat, which states that people in group life need social anxiety to avoid potential threats that may affect social status or accessible social resources. The prediction of the article is that Social Rank Theory and Social Bonds Theory can be successfully tested, with one relating to social hierarchies in which people maintain their social status by avoiding conflict and maintaining a positive image through social anxiety, while the other states that social anxiety can help maintain existing social bonds. The experiment tests whether the loss of social status and social bonds produces social anxiety. By setting up scenarios and collecting data about participants’ individual levels of social anxiety, it will eventually be possible to conclude how the potential threats present in the different scenarios affect people’s anxiety levels, and whether the possible experimental results can test the two theories.

Predictors of Desertion: Analysis of the First Michigan Colored Infantry in the American Civil War

AbstractOver 180,000 black soldiers served in the Union Army in the American Civil War. They endured horrific deprivation and disease, and also substantial institutional discrimination in such areas as wage and promotion. Nevertheless, most never deserted their duties as soldiers. However, it is not clear what distinguished those who did desert from their counterparts. The present case‐control study fills this gap. It applies social bonds theory to explain desertion among blacks. The general hypothesis is the greater the bonds or stakes to the military unit, the lower the risk of desertion. Data refer to the First Michigan Colored Infantry (First Michigan) and are from the Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. They refer to the population of all 189 deserters in the First Michigan and a comparison group of non‐deserters. Available measures of social bonds include substitute status (substitutes received a bounty upon completion of service), receiving a wound (having “skin in the game”), and noncommissioned officer status. In addition, loyalty to family is framed as a risk factor. The dependent variable is desertion, a dichotomy (0,1). Results are adjusted for other measurable variables. A multivariate logistic regression analysis determined that measures of military social bonds were protective factors against desertion. Substitutes were 73% less apt, wounded soldiers 93% less apt, and noncommissioned officers were 79% less apt to desert than their counterparts. However, family bonds were a risk factor. The model correctly classified 77.95% of the cases. The results largely support a social bonds theory of deviance, but also may support views of the conflicting bonds between family and state as increasing desertion. The investigation is the first quantitative study of desertion among blacks in the Civil War.

LGBTQ+ identity and delinquency: the importance of negative emotions and social bonds

ABSTRACT While prior research has examined differences in delinquency by LGBTQ+ identity, few have attempted to explain these differences within the scope of main criminological theories. Drawing on general strain theory and social bond theory, this study uses data from the Technology, Teen Dating Violence and Abuse, and Bullying in Three States, 2011–2012 survey (N = 5,647) to examine if negative emotions and different types of social bonds mediate relationships between LGBTQ+ identity and delinquency. Results show that youth who identify as LGBTQ+ report higher levels of negative emotions and lower levels of parental and school bonds compared to those who identify as heterosexual and cisgender. Results also show that youth who identify as LGBTQ+ report higher odds of general delinquency, marijuana use, and other drug use compared to youth who identify as heterosexual and cisgender. Finally, results show that relationships between LGBTQ+ identity and delinquency are largely mediated by negative emotions and school bonds.

The mediating role of self-control on the relations between adverse childhood experiences and substance use among adolescents in Uganda.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are established risk factors for undesirable consequences in adolescence and early adulthood, including substance use and a lack of self-control. Based on the Social Bonds Theory (SBT), this study aims to expand our knowledge of the pathways from ACEs and self-control to substance use in adolescence and early adulthood. The extent to which self-control mediates the association between ACEs and substance use was examined in a cross-sectional survey of 358 adolescents and young adults (N = 234, 65.5% girls, mean age 17.7, SD 0.58, range 15-18). Data were gathered using the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE-10) questionnaire, the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10), and the 10-item self-control scale to assess childhood adversity, substance use, and self-control, respectively. ACEs were widely reported and significantly associated with substance use and a lack of self-control. Self-control strongly predicted substance use, independent of ACEs. Among those reporting no ACEs, one to two, three to four, and five or more, there were significant variations in the respondents' substance use (F(3, 400) = 12.69, p = 0.001). Self-control explained 51.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 41, 61%) of the associations between ACEs and substance use as assessed by linear regression. Self-control is key to understanding why adolescents and young adults with a history of childhood adversity indulge in substance use. Therefore, there is a need to advocate for psychological interventions such as cognitive and behavioural therapy that have demonstrated efficacy in promoting self-control in adolescents and young adults.

Women as Viable Actors in Conflict Resolution and Panacea to Insecurity Caused by Boko Haram Insurgence in Borno State, Nigeria

The basic objectives of this paper are to contribute to the discussion of security and the protection of women's fundamental human rights, gender and inclusion, and the relationship between gender and peace-building; to be of value for the general discussion on national insecurity, and more specifically to assist the ongoing process of achieving a lasting peace and conflict resolution in Borno state. Women living in northern Nigeria face a herculean challenge of overcoming direct and indirect violence. These include domestic violence, political instability, social inequality, and the threat of Boko Haram. Boko Haram is an extremist militant group that has been known to kidnap, rape and torture women and young girls as means of terrorizing the Nigerian community. Hence, from the beginning of the human era, women, based on their assumed tenderness, have been subjected to domestic and nurturing tasks. This is because the global society has assumed a patriarchal nature. To this end, the paper attended to basic issues of the study decolonizing and engendering conflict resolution frameworks to desired security and transformative peace, ascertaining a dynamic peace process and rights can be negotiated, protected and promoted, especially in Islamic-based societies which experience a significant political transition and sustainable peace in countries such as Afghanistan; and finally, drawing best practices to advance inclusive policies where fundamental rights are protected and to ensure women's meaningful participation in peace processes. This study adopted the social bond and feminist theory by attempting to explain the significance of women in the society. The position of the paper is that in the global society, people still think that women can do little or nothing, and it is very pervasive in Nigeria, especially when it involves issues of social development and security as perceived with regard to insecurity. This suggests that the involvement of women in the fight against insecurity and counter-terrorism in the global world has not been effectively utilized. Nigeria, just like many developing countries, does not agree with the popular parlance of 'behind every successful man, there is a woman.' The study, therefore, recommends that greater attention should be channelled toward women's involvement in the development process of fighting insecurity and strengthening national security.

청소년 온/오프라인 비행에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 메타분석: 비행 이론을 중심으로

General strain theory, routine activity theory, self-control theory, social learning theory, and social bond theory are representative theories to explain the causes of juvenile delinquency. However, as online delinquency emerges, it is necessary to verify whether the aforementioned theories can be adopted for both online and offline delinquency. To examine these theories, this study identified 76 empirical articles on South Korea adolescents that utilized one of these theories. Using meta-analysis, this study found that there was a statistically significant difference in the effect size among theories. The effect of social learning theory (ES: 0.29, p < .001) on delinquency was highest, followed by self-control theory (ES: -0.20 p < .001), routine activity theory (ES: -0.19, p < .001), general strain theory (ES: -0.17, p < .001), and social bond theory (ES: -0.16, p < .001). Furthermore, the moderation effect of online and offline delinquency on the theories was only statistically significant according to general strain theory. The effect size of offline delinquency was larger than the effect size of online delinquency. Findings of this study will be used to utilize more effective factors for future studies and interventions.

사회유대이론을 적용한 다문화 청소년의 집단괴롭힘에 관한 연구

Our society is moving toward becoming a multicultural country where people of various ethnicities and races live together. There are still unresolved issues in moving toward becoming a multicultural country. This is group bullying of multicultural youth. Accordingly, this study sought to identify the influencing factors on group bullying among multicultural youth, focusing on social bond theory. Social bond theory assumed that crimes occur when the bond between individuals and society is weak or broken. In other words, this study sought to empirically verify the influencing factors of attachment, involvement, participation, and belief, which are components of social bond theory, on group bullying of multicultural youth.
 In this study, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were conducted using the SPSS program using multicultural youth panel data conducted by the Korea Youth Policy Institute. As a result of the study, it was found that friend attachment, desire for education, and leisure and cultural activities have an influence on group bullying among multicultural youth. When comparing the factors affecting group bullying among multicultural youth in order of size, the order was attachment to friends, desire for education, and leisure and cultural activities. Based on these research results, we attempted to discuss implications for both multicultural youth and general youth to lead a school life free of group bullying.

National Pride and the Insecure Social Bond between People and the State: The Socio-emotional Context of National Identity in Post-Soviet Neoliberal Latvia

Abstract This article explores the socio-emotional dimension of national belonging in post-Soviet neoliberal Latvia from the perspective of national pride. I propose this perspective since national pride shapes the character of national belonging. Studies show that national pride in socioeconomic and political attainment is low in post-Soviet countries and Latvia particularly. Influenced by social bond and commitment theories, this study explores why this might be the case by establishing national pride as a relational emotion of national belonging. For understanding national pride it is not enough to explore how people relate to their states. It is also necessary to understand how the states relate to their people, whether they recognize their state constituents, their needs and feel pride in them, and whether they shape social bonds among people. This study explores this question: how does the character of state-society relationship accounts for the low national pride in post-Soviet neoliberal Latvia? To answer, I combine the analysis of the post-Soviet civil discourse and an in-depth exploration of the narratives of 59 emigrants that have left Latvia toward the West in the post-Soviet era. The bonds formed between the Latvian political elite and Western countries during the post-Soviet transformations brought into Latvia neoliberal ideas and policies that, I argue, formed an insecure state-society bond, eroding an opportunity for national pride to flourish and weakening national belonging.

Enforcing Information System Security

Every year brings numerous security breaches that lead to highly destructive ransomware attacks, data leaks, and reputational damage to governments, companies, and other organizations around the world. As a result, there is a growing need to ensure that workers comply with critical policies put in place to avoid such incidents. This study investigated how factors from social bond theory and involvement theory affected compliance with information security policies and procedures. All of the factors examined were found to have a significant influence on attitudes about compliance, and attitude had a significant impact on intention to comply. The findings of this study revealed that it is vital to raise employees' awareness about compliance with security policies by improving their information security behavior. Moreover, all the factors were found to have a significant influence on the attitude of employees towards compliance with their organizational information security policies and procedures.

The high of higher education: interactivity its influence and effectiveness on virtual communities

PurposeAmidst the COVID-19 pandemic, education has shifted to online teaching and learning. Interactivity is a crucial tool used to make online education effective. This study empirically examines the role of interactivity in higher education and its influence on students' behavioral outcomes, specifically focusing on soft skills and personality upgradation.Design/methodology/approachA quasi-experimental research design was carried out for post-graduate students undergoing a business communication course from four major institutions. For analysis, t-test, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) have been employed. Experimental research has established the causal relationship between interactivity, personality and soft skill upgradation (SSU).FindingsIt was found that the theoretical structural model has a rational model-fit validity. Resultantly, practitioners may use prior knowledge of virtual community (VC) members to enhance web interactivity, thereby increasing social identity and social bonds in a group for more meaningful and effective delivery of online courses.Research limitations/implicationsThe major limitations lie in its context-dependent nature, predominantly influenced by the pandemic-induced mandatory online learning. The study's cross-sectional design also inhibits its ability to assess goal-directed behaviors over time, necessitating further longitudinal research.Originality/valueThe study is one of the pioneering pieces of research that examines the role of pre-defined grouping and enhanced web interactivity in VCs in the context of online learning, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Integrating theories of web interactivity, social bond theory (SBT) and social identity theory (SIT) provides a novel understanding of cognitive and social influences that drive meaningful online discussions and their impacts on knowledge enhancement and personality development. Its findings have implications for the design of effective online learning environments and e-learning pedagogy, contributing to the growing domain of information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled education.

Traditional Values and Adolescent Sexual Orientation in Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria

The study investigates the traditional values and sexual orientation of adolescents in secondary school in Delta State. The theoretical frame for the work is the Social Bond Theory. The study is carried out using both quantitative and qualitative research. A descriptive research design and in-depth interviews (IDIs) are used for the study. The study area is the Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State. The population of public secondary schools is 26, with about 16,783 senior secondary school students. The sample size is 520 senior secondary school students. The questionnaire titled "Traditional Values and Adolescent Sexual Orientation of Secondary School Students" is used for data collection. It has a reliability of 0.78. A median item is used to answer the research question. The benchmark of acceptance for any item is 2.5, and anything below 2.5 is rejected. The content analysis is applied to the in-depth interviews. Findings from the study revealed that adolescents might not directly support same-sex behaviour due to the traditional values in place emanating from stigma. Also, some students might get involved in same-sex practice if they are opportune to travel out of the country; this implies that the only obstacle to such practice is traditional values. A recommendation was made that parents should educate their children about sexual orientation about our traditional values from infancy until adolescence and stop seeing it as taboo.

Efforts of Class IIA Pekanbaru Women’s Penitentiary in Fulfilling the Rights of Inmates to Interact with Family in the Covid-19 Pandemic

Most of the female prisoners in Pekanbaru Class IIA Women’s Penitentiary have children and families, but while having their sentences, they can’t interact with their children or families as usual. Most of them are mothers. Mothers play an important role in children’s development. The method used in this research is a qualitative method to analyze about how is the efforts of Pekanbaru woman’s penitentiary in optimizing the provision of inmates’ rights by interacting with family during covid-19 pandemic. The results of this study are the efforts of Pekanbaru Class IIA Women’s Penitentiary on granting women’s right is not optimal, which is it is the same as in ordinary penitentiary. There is no special treatment for women in penitentiary even though the interaction with their families, especially their children is very important, considering the children will still need a mother figure. The conclusion of this research is women in penitentiary have a minimum interaction with their families, especially children, and it has the potential to cause children to commit deviate behavior. Based on social bond theory, there are four elements that influence children’s behavior, if any of these elements are not fulfilled then the children will deviate. The children will tend to have no attachment to their parents, especially mothers while the mother is in a penitentiary or prison, and it will cause children to commit delinquency

Prostitution Practices of Elderly Commercial Sex Workers in the Perspective of Social Bonds Theory

This article discusses about the social control among community towards the practice of prostitution from elderly commercial sex workers in the Pamulang area, South Tangerang by using social bonds theory with 4 main components, namely attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. This research was conducted within 5 months in Pamulang, South Tangerang. The subjects of this research amounted to 5 resource persons, namely 3 commercial sex workers, 1 surrounding community, and 1 party from the South Tangerang Social Service. This research implements qualitative approach by descriptive method, with primary and secondary data sources. The result shows that the community is aware about the social deviation of prostitution practice around them, then they reject it by giving a warning. The involvement of community leaders who act as pimps encourages the community to be permissive. The permissive attitude that arises is due to economic factors and weak community conditions. The weak relationship with the family and never making an example of the mistakes she experienced by continuing to choose a job as a commercial sex worker until her elder age. This makes the social control of the community that occurs in the Pamulang area, South Tangerang weak and the practice of prostitution of elderly prostitutes will continue to occur.

Prediction of Youth Violence Perpetration by Parental Nurturing Over Time.

Parental nurturing, including maternal and paternal caring and discussing ethics, is likely to predict violence perpetration in the youth negatively. This prediction stands on social bond theory, which specifies that parents and their bonding are crucial to curb violence perpetration. Nevertheless, the prediction is unclear from adolescence to young adulthood. To clarify this, the present study examines the effects over 6 years, using the panel data of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health on 3,947 U.S. youths. The examination controlled for prior violence perpetration and, thus, its confounding factors. Results showed that paternal nurturing but not maternal nurturing at Wave 1 and Wave 2 consistently displayed statistically significant inverse effects on violence perpetration at Wave 3. However, the significant effects were very weak. Paternal nurturing was very weakly inversely predictive of youth violence perpetration 6 years later. This conclusion implies that promoting paternal nurturing is slightly but not tremendously helpful to prevent violence perpetration in youth later. Meanwhile, practice can capitalize on the features of paternal bonding to deploy male nurturing and role modeling for such prevention.

Arab Youth Involvement in Delinquent Behaviors: Exploring Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory from a Qualitative Perspective

The current study is based on Travis Hirschi’s social bond theory, arguing that the debut of delinquent behavior is a result of the weakening of the ties that bind people to society. According to Hirschi’s social bond theory, all youth have the potential to commit delinquent behaviors, but they are kept under control by their relationships with friends, parents, neighbors, teachers, and employers. These factors could serve as protective factors from involvement in crimes. Most studies of social bond theory have been conducted in Western countries among male adolescents using quantitative methods, including cross-cultural approaches. However, the ability of social bond theory to explain youth involvement in delinquency in non-Western cultures, especially conservative and authoritarian cultures such as the Arab one, has not been widely examined. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring youth involvement in delinquency using qualitative research on Palestinian-Arab youth in Israel. Addressing youth delinquency within the unique sociocultural, economic, and political situation of the Arab minority in Israel will help us examine the theory’s applicability to the explanation of deviant behavior in a variety of contexts.

Social Impact Bonds and Socially Responsible Public Procurement in the 21st Century

Purpose: Socially Responsible Public Procurement is an important tool to support both Social Economy Organisations and wider public policies. The object of this paper is to examine the financial instrument of Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) by the Public Administration in order to support on the one hand sustainable development and social integration and on the other hand the Social Economy Bodies in their efforts to secure resources to achieve their mission (sustainable and socially inclusive development). Through the presentation of case studies, stakeholders will be able to understand the importance of Socially Responsible Public Procurement and the importance of Social Impact Bonds in ensuring an inclusive and environmentally respectful society.
 Methodology: Concise review of the theory of Social Impact Bonds and the connection with the Public Procurement through representative case studies from UK, USA and Israel. 
 Findings: Presents the results that the utilization of social impact bonds had for contracting authorities, the development of the Social Economy and wider public policies (such as employment, social inclusion, etc.)
 Unique Contribution to Theory Practice and Policy: Through this paper, stakeholders will have the chance to understand the importance of SIB in relation to Socially Responsible Public Procurement. SIB is a new financial tool which can financially support Social Economy Bodies in order to fulfill their missions, but it also has disadvantages. The specific article includes proposals in order to improve the institutional framework of Social Impact Bonds.

Violent Behavior and Social Network Antisocial and Prosocial Behaviors

While the youth’s social network has affected violent behavior, the influences of different kinds of networks and their behaviors have been unclear. Accordingly, the antisocial and prosocial of the peer friend (less than 5 years older or younger) network, elder friend (aged > 40 years) network, and the linking or resourceful network are likely influential based on social learning, social bond, and social capital theories. For a contest of the network behaviors, this study surveyed 2,363 youths (aged 16–24 years) in the Chinese society of Hong Kong. Results reveal that the prosocial behavior of peer and elder networks significantly inversely predicted the youth’s violent behavior, whereas the antisocial behavior of the linking network was significantly positively predictive. These network effects were not significantly different between the migrant and native and between the younger (aged below 20 years) and older (aged 20+ years) youths. The results imply the value of preventing the youth’s violent behavior by raising the youth’s bonding with prosocial friends and preventing the youth’s antisocial linking network with the guidance of the theories.

Reconceptualizing Social Bonds for Emerging Adults

Social bond theory argues that weak bonds (e.g., relationships, values, activities) with society facilitate engagement in crime and deviance. As these bonds are strengthened, young people grow out of deviance and into prosocial adulthood roles. Social bond theory has four classic components: Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, and Belief. While these components are significant for adolescents and youth, research has yet to examine how social bonds function for young and emerging adults (ages 18–29). This article examines how emerging adults identify and define which social bonds are essential in their transition into prosocial adulthood. Life story interviews were conducted with emerging adults ( n = 30), approximately half of whom have histories of justice system involvement. Themes from interviews inform a reconceptualization of social bond theory for emerging adults focusing on two key elements: (a) Attachment and (b) Commitment Through Involvement.

Showcase: A Data-Driven Dashboard for Federal Criminal Sentencing

The main purpose of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 was to provide more uniformity in sentencing and reduce interjudge disparity. Subsequently, the act created the federal sentencing guidelines to offer judges a possible sentencing range for offenses. However, since these recommendations were based on historical data, the guidelines amplified existing biases and increased inequality and the disproportionate sentencing of minorities. To address this problem, we developed an artifact called “ShowCase”—a data-driven dashboard—that is grounded in penal theory, organizational context theory, social bonds theory, and triangulation notion in design theory. The artifact helps judges make fairer and more objective decisions by integrating a variety of data points. We used a design science research methodology and mixed methods to guide the development and evaluation of the proposed dashboard. Our research inquiry revealed the legal and extralegal factors that contribute to more equitable judicial decisions. We also found support for integrating data science and more diverse viewpoints in the sentencing process. Our study shows that a validated data-driven dashboard can be used to promote fairness, objectivity, and transparency in the criminal justice system.

ADDITION OF THE TRUST FACTOR IN THE ASSESSMENT OF CRIMINOGENIC NEEDS AS THE BASIS OF THE WBP PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AND GUIDANCE PROGRAM

This research discusses guidance and mentoring programs that have been running in the Correctional Centre/State Detention Centre/Correctional Centre for Children/Parole Office, especially in religious awareness programs that do not have a solid basis. This is because the factor of belief or religiosity is not included in the factor of criminogenic needs which forms the basis of program development. This study further examines the seven factors in criminogenic needs assessment through social bond theory, as well as the relationship between crime and one's adherence to one's religion. The data used in this study were obtained through a criminogenic needs assessment of 770 inmates in DKI Jakarta and mentoring program activities that have been running at South Jakarta and Metro Parole Office. The results of this study found that personality development and mentoring programs in the form of religious awareness activities that have been running do not have a solid basis based on the criminogenic needs of inmates. Therefore, the authors hope that this research can be used as a consideration in adding the belief factor in the assessment of criminogenic needs as the basis for the inmates personality development and mentoring program.