Indexation Of Social Benefits Research Articles

Travel preference: an indicator of the benefits of urban green space

ABSTRACT Urban Green Space (UGS) plays a crucial socio-cultural role in improving the quality of life. Assessment of quantity, quality, and accessibility determines whether the UGS are important social benefits. The travel preference of urban residents is a good indicator for the social relevance of UGS. This study integrates remote sensing and geographic big data to quantitatively analyze and evaluate the social benefits of urban green space. We propose a Green Social Benefit Index (GSBI) based on remote sensing retrieval and classification of urban green space. The GSBI is combined with the data on population mobility to investigate the influence of urban green space on residents’ behavior. The results show that urban residents prefer to move around in places with a higher quantity and quality of urban green space. The magnitude of the influence of urban green spatial features on population heat difference shows that accessibility > quantity > quality. The social benefits of urban green space are higher in middle centers compared to urban centers and city borders. The relationship between urban mobility and urban green space may suggest how to improve the distribution of green space in urban areas. This study could be a reference for the government planning department.

Actual directions for increasing the income of the population and reducing social stratification

Within the framework of this scientific work, the goal was to study modern approaches used in the field of impact on increasing the income of individuals and reducing social differentiation between individual groups and classes. To measure the dynamics of changes in the phenomena under consideration, the authors analyzed the average per capita nominal income of society in the period from 2011 to 2022. The authors studied the data concerning real incomes, which made it possible to conduct a comparative analysis between nominal and real incomes. Within the framework of the presented work, political aspects in the field of reducing the level of social differentiation were considered. The basis was the data obtained in the calculation of key indicators of social differentiation, namely the Gini coefficient, the Lorenz curve and the decile coefficient. Data for Russia were compared with data for other countries to determine its place in the global structure in terms of social stratification. The authors identified key problems that become barriers to reducing the level of social differentiation, among which the slow growth of the minimum wage, low pensions, as well as consistently high coefficients, reflecting high social stratification, are highlighted, which was confirmed by the results of the author's analysis. A particularly important problem was the concealment of high incomes, which significantly weakens the state social policy. As key areas for reducing the level of social differentiation, the authors proposed the development of a mechanism of interbudgetary transfers to stimulate the development of the region's own economic potential, support for the economic potential of backward territories, as well as indexation of social benefits and wages.

Should we uprate social benefits for inflation as a matter of Article 1 Protocol 1?

Would a Convention State breach any property rights if it does not adjust its social security benefits for inflation? This article discusses under which circumstances Article 1 Protocol 1 (A1P1) of the European Convention on Human Rights may require Convention States to uprate the real value of social benefit entitlements as a consequence of inflation. The methodology followed was both doctrinal and analytical legal research based on the European Court of Human Rights’ (ECtHR) case law. The text firstly considers why A1P1 may be engaged. The argument holds that lack of indexation of social benefits has a similar effect to their legislative reduction when it comes to the peaceful enjoyment of social security benefits. Afterwards it explores what follows for Convention States. Considering the literature on ‘positive’ obligations and A1P1, the article constructs a plausible case under which A1P1 would require Convention States to uprate (at least partially) a segment of social benefit entitlements.

Evaluating the Impacts of Rice Technological Innovation on the Social Economy

Grain production is important role in ensuring food security. In order to support the local government’s promotion of technological innovation on the rice plantations, the paper aims to evaluate chemical fertilizer reduction and productivity improvement technology modes in a rice paddy in Huai’an Jiangsu from the perspective of its evaluating the social economic effects. Firstly, a brief introduction of the rice plantation requirements including fertilizer and soil requirements, are introduced. Secondly, briefly introduce the most important factors impact rice technological modes including (Economic benefit, Social benefit, Technical characteristics, and management) are briefly discussed. Thirdly, details of multi-correlation of social economic model based on gray correlation analysis for the promotion of organic fertilizer to replace part of the chemical fertilizer technology, followed by the special fertilizer mode, and the other three technology modes. Results show that among the final weights obtained through the gray correlation weighting method, the economic benefit index was 27.15%, followed by the social benefit index with 21.45%, the technical feature index has the highest weight of 34.24%, and the management index with the lowest weight was 17.16%. The evaluation scores of the five technical modes, the ranking of their comprehensive evaluation score from high to low is mode 2 (0.305925) > mode 1 (0.240125) > mode 4 (0.179925) > mode 5 (0.1447) > mode 3 (0.129825). The application of mode 2, that is, the organic substitution of partial fertilizer technology, ranks the first among the five technical modes in the comprehensive evaluation; therefore, it is worthy of prioritization.

A Geospatial Approach to Measure Social Benefits in Urban Land Use Optimization Problem

Different conflicting objectives are used in urban land use optimization problems. The maximization of social benefit is one of the important objectives in urban land use optimization problems. Many researchers have used different methods to measure social benefits in land use optimization. Studies show that there is no established method to measure social benefit in the urban land use allocation game. Against this background, this study aims to (a) identify the appropriate indicators as a measure of social benefit, and (b) propose a composite index to measure social benefit in urban land use optimization problems. Based on the literature review and expert opinion, this study identifies four indicators as a measure of social benefit. These are spatial compactness, land use compatibility, land use mix, and evenness of population distribution. Using the weighted sum approach, this study proposes a composite social benefit index (SBI) to measure social benefit in urban land use allocation/optimization problems and planning. The study suggests that spatial compactness is the most influential indicator to the SBI, but the most critical indicator is compatibility, whose 11.60% value reduction from 0.5 alters the decision of choice. Finally, the proposed method was applied in Rajshahi city in Bangladesh. The result suggests the potential of using SBI in the land use allocation problem. It is expected that the proposed social benefit index (SBI) will help the land use optimization and planning and will be helpful for decision makers.

Optimal Land Use Structure for Sustainable Agricultural Development—A Case Study in Changsha County, South Central China

Environmental and social problems caused by overfertilization, excessive pesticides, and encroachment on farmland are increasingly serious in agricultural settings, especially in suburban agricultural areas and highly intensive agricultural areas. Hence, modern agriculture not only pursues economic benefits, but it also pays more attention to ecological functions and social stability. This paper proposes a set of methods which are designed to realize optimal agricultural benefits and sustainable development by scientifically adjusting the land use structure. Taking Changsha County in South Central China as a case study, this paper first built an index system and adopted the information entropy-TOPSIS method to assess the economic, social, and ecological benefits of agricultural land use. Next, a coupled coordination model and an obstacle model were chosen to diagnose those factors that remained as obstacles to achieving the sustainable and coordinated development of the benefits of agricultural land use. Finally, based on the analysis of the changes in the benefits and obstacles over time, socio-economic and ecological constraints were established, and the multi-objective linear programming method (MOLP) was used to determine the comprehensive benefits and optimal land use structure. The results indicate that: (1) The agricultural benefits were stably increasing from 0.20 in 1996 to 0.79 in 2016. (2) The economic benefit index is no longer the main obstacle, while the social benefit index, which includes components such as the food security index, has become the principal influencing factor. (3) The optimal land use structure and comprehensive benefits were presented by taking into consideration the economic development, environmental protection, and social needs. This study emphasizes economic development, but it also seeks coordinated development with comprehensive benefits. The results of the study could provide scientific recommendations for optimizing the agricultural land use spatial patterns and sustainable land use.

Evaluation of the comprehensive benefit of various marine exploitation activities in China

With the continuous aggravation of marine exploitation, it is significant to maintain the sustainable development of the marine social economy and ecological environment. Seven typical types of marine exploitation activities in China were screened to evaluate their comprehensive benefits, with the aim of selecting the activities that are suitable for priority development. Concretely, an evaluation index system, including the economic benefit index, social benefit index, resource depletion index and environmental cost index, was established. The combined weight of each index was calculated by the Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and a comprehensive benefit evaluation model was constructed for assessment. The results showed that marine secondary industry has the highest comprehensive benefit, followed by marine tertiary industry and marine primary industry. Specifically, the appropriate types of marine exploitation activities should be prioritized as follows: coastal industry (0.7370)>urban construction (0.7188)> offshore wind power (0.6968)>coastal tourism (0.6953)>sewage dumping (0.5973)>open mariculture (0.5822)>enclosed mariculture (0.4687).

Policy analysis and technical evaluation index of multi-energy complementary projects in China

Multi-energy complementary renewable energy system is an efficient energy supply system based on thermoelectric-gas-storage coupling technology to realize full renewable energy supply in local regions, with biomass power generation as the basic energy, wind, light and storage as the supplement. Since 2000, China has promulgated a series of policies related to multi-energy complementarity to promote energy reform and renewable energy development. China supports the construction of multi-energy complementarity, micro-grid and renewable energy projects. By optimizing the process route of “source-network-load-storage” and adopting chain and vertical integrated feedback as auxiliary technical measures, the deficiencies of renewable energy projects in energy production, storage, transportation, conversion, use and recovery can be complete. Intelligent dispatch through “end-pipe-cloud” integrated energy management platform can compensate the characteristics of non-flexible operation, uncertainty and volatility of renewable energy. According to the characteristics of renewable energy in multi-energy complementary projects, technical evaluation index, economic evaluation index and social benefit index are established, and the advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy projects are evaluated by multi-dimensional indicators.

К ВОПРОСУ О ПРЕДЕЛАХ ПОЛНОМОЧИЙ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЕЙ СУБЪЕКТОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ПРИ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИИ СОЦИАЛЬНОГО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА

The article is devoted to the problems of determining the scope of legislative powers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the sphere of implementing the principles of the social state and the social rights of citizens. Taking into account the amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, introduced in July 2020, which guarantee “targeted social support of citizens and the indexation of social benefits and other social benefits”, it is necessary to monitor current legislation and judicial practice in the social sphere. In the Republic of Daghestan, a fairly active formation of social legislation began in 2004, in recent years, judicial practice has also developed. The article examines a number of legal positions of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Daghestan and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, which must be taken into account in further law-making work on the formation of social legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In particular, the legislators of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of establishing social support measures for certain categories of citizens at the expense of the budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation are not entitled to restrict the rights of persons who are established these support measures, in terms of introducing additional conditions for their provision

An Exploratory Study on Benefit Evaluation of Cultural Creative Enterprises

As China’s political and cultural center, science and technology innovation center, Beijing has always been at the forefront of cultural and creative industries. In recent years, thanks to policies such as mass entrepreneurship and internet plus, Beijing's cultural and creative industries have ushered into a new era. The purpose of this study was to create a benefit evaluation system for the cultural and creative industries that are of great importance to society and government. This study used Delphi method to build a preliminary evaluation model, conducted questionnaires, conducted and interpreted factor analysis, and drew a conclusion on the factors that comprise of a comprehensive benefit evaluation system. The study shows that evaluation index system of cultural and creative enterprises mainly includes two parts: economic benefit index and social benefit index. For economic benefit index, the evaluation involves income level, brand value, cost input and economic drive effect. While for social benefit index, besides the usual tax contribution and employment contribution, it should also include indicators reflecting such characteristics of cultural and creative industries as brand demonstration effect, social morality drive effect, education effect and social capital. Hence, the benefits of the cultural and creative industries are demonstrated not only in generating more value for the region’s economy but also in creating social value.

Evaluation and sustainable development on ecological service value for urban green space system in Hangzhou City

Based on the concepts of ecological services value index (IESE), economic development index (IED) and social benefit index (ISB), the research used the method of entire-array-polygon diagram index to evaluate the ecological services value of urban green area in Hangzhou between 2005 and 2014 and calculate the comprehensive index of sustainable development of ecological service. The results showed that the total ecological services value of urban green space system in Hangzhou had increased from 1 440.67×106 RMB in 2005 to 2 463.22×106 RMB in 2014; the annual comprehensive indexes of sustainable development of ecological service in these ten years were 0, 0.008, 0.107, 0.341, 0.105, 0.781, 1.020, 0.834, 0.772 and 0.836 respectively. The ability of sustainable development had been fluctuating, showing the trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The relationship among ecological services value index (IESE), economic development index (IED) and social benefit index (ISB) could be described in linear equation: S＝0.912IESE-0.742IED+0.431ISB-0.084. The assessment of the ecological services value of urban green area and the research on sustainable development in Hangzhou will provide reference for optimizing the pattern of urban green space, and sustainable and coordinated development of ecology and economy.

Labour-market institutions, (un)employment, wages, and growth: theory and data

ABSTRACTWe analyse the implications of labour-market institutions on wage inequality in favour of skilled labour, on relative unemployment of unskilled labour, and on the economic growth rate in two clusters resulting from 27 OECD countries: Cluster 1, closely related with the Anglo-Saxon model, and Cluster 2, dominated by the Continental-European model. By linking the unskilled wage to the skilled one in Cluster 2, due to the indexation of social benefits to per-capita income, we accommodate the observed paths of the three variables in both clusters between 1991 and 2008: Cluster 1 presents a higher wage inequality in favour of skilled labour, a lower unemployment of the unskilled labour, and a better economic growth rate.

Effects of labour-market institutions on employment, wages, R&D intensity and growth in 27 OECD countries: From theory to practice

We extend the existing literature by focusing on the implications of labour-market institutions on (i) relative (un)employment of unskilled labour, (ii) wage inequality in favour of skilled labour, (iii) R&D intensity, and (iv) the economic growth, and by considering 27 OECD countries. By linking the unskilled wage to the skilled one, due to the indexation of social benefits to per-capita income, we accommodate the observed short-medium-long run paths of the four variables – in (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) – in all countries between 1991 and 2008. On average, the obtained results also reveal that: Continental-European countries present the highest skilled-labour share in production; Eastern-European countries record the highest size of R&D spillovers; Nordic countries have the highest share of skilled labour in the total population, R&D intensity, and proportionality factor related to the generosity of the (unemployment) benefits; and Eastern-Asian countries have the highest unskilled-labour share in production.

Indexation of public pension benefits on a legal basis: Some experiences in European countries

Legal provisions concerning indexation of social benefits to wage or price movements are a common feature of social security systems in European countries. At the moment, there is a lively debate in some countries whether such mechanisms should be continued in a modern, flexible Welfare State. This paper analyses whether indexation provisions are effective, i.e. whether they limit the range of political decision‐making on benefit adjustments. Evidence from Germany, the United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands shows that trends in benefit adjustment are quite pronounced in time and comparable between countries, indicating that changing economic circumstances may be of more importance to changes in benefit levels than the precise contents of indexation clauses. Also, indexation clauses have frequently been adjusted to changing circumstances. Nevertheless, it appears that the incorporation of indexation provisions in the law still has a strong symbolic meaning.