Theory Of Social Behavior Research Articles

TINDAKAN SOSIAL TOKOH UTAMA DALAM NOVEL AKU MASENJA KARYA RUMASI PASARIBU: KAJIAN SOSIOLOGI SASTRA

This research is motivated by the importance of one’s actions in dealing with problem in everyday life, including the social life of the main character in the novel. This research aims to determine the forms of social behavior of the main character in the novel Aku Masenjaby Rumasi Pasaribu. Social behavior theory refers to the theory social behavior from a male expert from Germany named Maximilian Weber or often called Max Weber. The research subject used is the novel Aku Masenjaby Rumasi Pasaribu. The object this research is the social behavior of the main character based on Max Weber’s theory. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data analysis technique uses the reading technique and the note taking technique. Then the results of the data analysis are presented in descriptive form. The results of this study indicate that the dominant form of social behavior that often appears in Aku Masenja is affective social behavior in the form of falling in love, anger, sadness, and suprise. While other actions such as behavior of instrumental rationality in the form of making decision, the desire to make parents happy, and the desire to protect students who are affected by the problem of values rationality behavior in the form moral values and religious values, tradisional behavior in the form of Pasemah community groups, the customs of a tribe in Bengkulu, the use of regional languages only a few forms appear.

Autism spectrum as a communication disorder: A case study

Communication is a vital social phenomenon; therefore, its study must be related to theories of social structure, social behavior, and human interaction. Successful communication is substantially crucial for better social life in all contexts. Unfortunately, the process of communication in medical settings and healthcare is challenging, especially when communicating with patients who are affected by cognitive communicative disorders including people with Autism Spectrum Disorders. This paper aims to address the difficulties and the different encumbrances related to autism and communication in the Algerian context. It attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of communication interventions in children with ASD, and look for reliable methods to help families promote their children's communication abilities. The current research is a case study of a six-year-old child with ASD, in addition to the participants involved; his caregivers, parents, escorts, and the speech therapist. The study shows that the child suffers from language impairments that are typical of autistic children's verbal repertoire: lexical, grammatical, morphological, and syntactic impairments that lead to a failure in the communicative task. The analysis of the data indicates that patients with ASD suffer also from different extra-linguistic problems which can be diminished through successful social interaction and effective therapeutic interventions.

Modeling the hidden mediating relationships between SNS privacy and SNS impression construction

This research develops and tests a social networking site (SNS) responsible impression management (SNS-RIM) model to investigate the impact of social networking site impression management (IM) on users' continued SNS engagement, thereby contributing to information systems research. To collect data, the authors administered a customized survey instrument over three weeks and gathered 456 responses. A total of fifty-seven incomplete responses were removed, resulting in 399 useable responses, with which to calibrate and test the model. The model increases understanding of SNS-RIM patterns which are strategies for protecting privacy. Findings indicate that users desire both privacy and an active social media presence, and there is a tradeoff between having an overall active social media presence and protecting personal information privacy. This study determines that SNS impression management, SNS stalking awareness, and technological SNS privacy controls are good predictors of online SNS behaviors. The methodology employs factor analysis and PLS/SEM to test and confirm that the SNS-RIM model creates responsible impressions in SNS environments. This research increases model complexity over previous work, mediating behavioral relationships posited in this study. It demonstrates the complexity of social networking behavior and IM theory's appropriateness to explain dynamic changing social structures, complementing existing SNS research, and how social capital influences IM.

A comprehensive assessment of poststroke social cognitive function.

Stroke-related social cognitive impairment is now well established, but studies vary considerably in the nature and magnitude of the deficits reported, as well as whether there are potential areas of preservation. Because these discrepancies may reflect clinical heterogeneity between the contributing research participants, this study provides the first concurrent assessment of all four core social cognitive domains (theory of mind, emotion perception, social behavior, and affective empathy) in the same stroke cohort. A secondary goal was to test whether the degree of social cognitive impairment varied as a function of the tasks' ecological validity, on the basis that tasks with greater realism may provide a better indication of the implications of any stroke-related difficulties for everyday social interactions. Participants included 35 people with first-time, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (as confirmed via MRI or CT) aged between 29 and 87 years (M = 64.69; SD = 12.92), and 35 controls matched for age, sex, and years of education. All participants completed a comprehensive social cognitive test battery as well as measures to broadly characterize neurocognitive function and well-being. Relative to controls, affective empathy was selectively preserved (d = 0.02), but stroke-related deficits were identified for theory of mind (d = -0.42), emotion perception (d = -0.48), and social behavior (d = -0.59). The degree of social cognitive impairment did not vary as a function of the tasks' ecological validity. These data enhance understanding of stroke-related social cognitive impairment and inform the development of tailored, evidence-based rehabilitation efforts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE SHOLAWAT ASSEMBLY DURING THE PANDEMIC

During the pandemic it is not prohibited by the government and WHO. The public can still carry out activities procedurally. However, religious activities still hold. However, in the religious community they carry out in accordance with government recommendations. One of the activities that do not escape the characteristics of Muslims is the prayer assembly. The sholawat assembly is an activity carried out by a group of people who have such great love for the Prophet and God. The purpose of this study was to look at the views of the Anggaswangi village community, especially Youth Mosques on sholawat assembly activities during the pandemic. The method used is a qualitative research method, because researchers need to make an in-depth approach with the Anggaswangi village community in order to obtain data directly from informants. The theory used is the theory of social behavior from Max Weber. The theory explains that according to Weber, human individuals in society are creative actors and social reality is not a static tool of coercion of social facts. That is, human actions are not determined by norms, habits, values, and so on which are included in the concept of social facts. The initial assumption of this research is that the people of Anggaswangi village view religious activities as a form of love for God, but activities such as Majeliis Sholawat can also be used as activities to pray to God due to the situation during the Covid-19 pandemic. The theory used is the theory of social behavior from Max Weber. The theory explains that according to Weber, human individuals in society are creative actors and social reality is not a static tool of coercion of social facts. That is, human actions are not determined by norms, habits, values, and so on which are included in the concept of social facts. The initial assumption of this research is that the people of Anggaswangi village view religious activities as a form of love for God, but activities such as Majeliis Sholawat can also be used as activities to pray to God due to the situation during the Covid-19 pandemic. The theory used is the theory of social behavior from Max Weber. The theory explains that according to Weber, human individuals in society are creative actors and social reality is not a static tool of coercion of social facts. That is, human actions are not determined by norms, habits, values, and so on which are included in the concept of social facts. The initial assumption of this research is that the people of Anggaswangi village view religious activities as a form of love for God, but activities such as Majeliis Sholawat can also be used as activities to pray to God due to the situation during the Covid-19 pandemic. Human individuals in society are creative actors and social reality is not a static tool of the coercion of social facts. That is, human actions are not determined by norms, habits, values, and so on which are included in the concept of social facts. The initial assumption of this research is that the people of Anggaswangi village view religious activities as a form of love for God, but activities such as Majeliis Sholawat can also be used as activities to pray to God due to the situation during the Covid-19 pandemic. Human individuals in society are creative actors and social reality is not a static tool of the coercion of social facts. That is, human actions are not determined by norms, habits, values, and so on which are included in the concept of social facts. The initial assumption of this research is that the people of Anggaswangi village view religious activities as a form of love for God, but activities such as Majeliis Sholawat can also be used as activities to pray to God due to the situation during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Condom Decision Making Among Latino and Black Adolescent Males: Social Neurobiological and Paternal Influences

Purpose: We explored mechanisms of paternal influence associated with adolescent male condom decision making and behavior within an integrated framework of social neurobiological and behavioral theories of condom use. Method: Self-administered surveys from Latino and Black adolescent males aged 15–19 years ( n = 191) and their fathers were obtained. Dyads were recruited using area sampling methodology. Analyses included multivariable logistic and ordinary least squares regression examining direct and indirect associations of adolescent decision-analytic and paternal influence factors with adolescent condomless sex in the past 3 months. Results: Notions of masculinity, low-risk perception, partner approval of, and self-efficacy for condomless sex were associated with engaging in unprotected sex. Adolescent males reported reduced odds of engaging in condomless sex when indicating greater levels of father–son communication, relationship satisfaction, and paternal monitoring. Conclusion: Father-based interventions grounded in integrated theoretical frameworks of behavioral decision making and neuroscience have the potential to promote condom use among adolescent males.

Predicting Breastfeeding Intentions: A Test and Extension of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior with African American Social Identity

ABSTRACT Breastfeeding is a health promoting social behavior but statistics suggest a persistent disparity of lower rates among African American mothers. The Theory of Normative Social Behavior (TNSB) explains when and how norms influence behaviors, but has produced inconsistent results with respect to proposed moderators group identity and injunctive norms (IN), limiting its predictive value in diverse cultural groups. Cultural norms are one of many influences on breastfeeding behaviors, yet little is known about their mechanisms of influence. The TNSB has not been tested in the breastfeeding context or within an exclusively African American cultural group. Given this knowledge gap, a survey of 528 African American mothers in the Washington, D.C. area was conducted to test the moderating effects of IN and subjective norms (SN) and social identity on the descriptive norms (DN) to intentions relationship as predicted by the TNSB. Structural equation modeling was used to show that when controlling for education and breastfeeding history, norms significantly predicted 26.4% of the variance in breastfeeding intentions. SN and DN interacted negatively to enhance breastfeeding intentions. Latent profile analysis using ethnic pride, collectivism, and religiosity scales detected four profiles of African American social identity. Social identity profile membership was a significant moderator on the DN to intentions pathway in the structural equation model. Profiles with the highest ethnic pride were significantly influenced by DN to intend to breastfeed. Implications from this study for public health intervention and communication messaging are discussed.

The Indirect Effect of Family Communication Patterns on Young Adults’ Health Self-disclosure: Understanding the Role of Descriptive and Injunctive Norms in a Test of the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction

Family communication patterns (FCP) are relational schema theorized to influence behaviors indirectly via cognitive processes, including perceived norms. However, relatively little is known about the indirect effect of FCP on health self-disclosure via perceived norms. We examine FCP’s associations with young adults’ health self-disclosure to their parents, assessing the theory of normative social behavior and the integrative model of behavioral prediction. Young adults (N = 504) completed a cross-sectional survey. Mediation analysis showed the effect of conversation orientation on health self-disclosure via communication efficacy and descriptive norms. Injunctive norms moderated the indirect effect of descriptive norms on self-disclosure. Results suggest conversation, but not conformity orientation, influenced young adults’ self-disclosure, while norms and efficacy act as predominant drivers of disclosure behavior.

A Social Norms-Based Intervention Improves Diet Diversity Among Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Odisha, India: The RANI Project

ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of a social norms-based intervention on diet diversity among women of reproductive age. MethodsData from the Reduction in Anemia through Normative Innovations (RANI) Project were used. Up to three contiguous villages in Odisha, India were assigned to clusters, which were then randomized into treatment or control arm. Within each cluster, homes were randomly chosen in proportion to cluster size and one woman of reproductive age was randomly chosen from each selected home (N = 3797). The RANI intervention is based on the theory of normative social behavior and includes: participatory learning modules coupled with games; short videos shown to participating women and their families; and monthly hemoglobin testing followed by community discussion. Exposure to the intervention was assessed by the frequency of viewing images from the participatory learning modules, number of videos seen, and number of hemoglobin tests taken. Diet diversity was assessed by the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W, score ranging 0–10 with MDD-W score ≥ 5 considered to represent a diverse diet). Multiple logistic regression examined the effect of exposure to the intervention on diet diversity. ResultsCompared to baseline, diet diversity score increased in both treatment and control groups by 13% and 8%, respectively. The odds of having a diet diversity score ≥ 5 was 47% higher in treatment group than the control group (P < .001). Higher exposure to participatory learning modules was associated with higher odds of having a diet diversity score ≥ 5 (P < .001), and participation in learning module games was associated with 40% higher odds of having a diverse diet (P < .001). Watching short health communication videos increased the odds of having a diverse diet (P < .001), and women who took more hemoglobin tests as part of the RANI intervention had higher odds of having a diverse diet (P < .001). ConclusionsBeing in the RANI intervention improved women’s diet diversity scores, indicating that the social norms-based intervention, albeit without food or iron supplementation, was effective in improving diet quality among women of reproductive age living in rural India. Funding SourcesThis study was supported by a grant from The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Breastfeeding Perspectives: Reactions to Breastfeeding Imagery and Social Norms

ObjectivesNormative behaviors surrounding breastfeeding in public and the community can influence breastfeeding behaviors and inhibit sustained breastfeeding. The goal of this research is to better understand how a diverse group of women perceive images of racially/ethnically similar and different women breastfeeding. The aim is to uncover biases that may impede breastfeeding goals and promotion. MethodsAn online mixed-methods survey was completed by a sample of 144 mothers with children 2 years of age or younger. The survey included images of women of varying racial/ethnic groups breastfeeding in various settings. Respondents generated word associations for the images and indicated the appropriateness and ease of breastfeeding for each image. Responses were timed to ascertain cognitive dissonance. Supplemental questions examined descriptive, injunctive and group norms, in line with the Theory of Normative Social Behavior. ResultsA sample that included 42% non-White individuals and 31% Hispanic/Latino individuals, 73% of whom breastfed their most recent child, responded to the survey. On average, respondents took longer to respond to questions about the appropriateness of images of Black and Hispanic women breastfeeding than images of White or Asian women, even though their responses of appropriateness were roughly equal, demonstrating cognitive dissonance in norms and perceptions. Further, with direct comparisons, women were twice as likely to say breastfeeding was easier for an image of a White mother breastfeeding than an image of a Black or Hispanic mother breastfeeding, regardless of respondent racial/ethnic identity. Finally, differences in image appropriateness differed most significantly by the setting (i.e., public vs. private). ConclusionsWomen are influenced by racial/ethnic biases about breastfeeding ease and appropriateness as well as norms surrounding behaviors of breastfeeding in public settings or in front of others. Future work is needed to dismantle these biases that may influence breastfeeding behaviors and inequitably impact the feeding choice and health of mothers and infants. Funding SourcesThis research was funded by an internal research grant from Fairfield University.

The Evidence-Based Conceptual Model of Transactional Analysis: A Focused Review of the Research Literature

This article presents a focused review of the research literature in transactional analysis (TA). TA was developed in the 1950s as a theory of human personality and social behavior and as a comprehensive form of psychotherapy, but there has not been any systematic research to test the empirical evidence for the efficacy of TA theory and practice. The aim of this study was to develop the conceptual model of transactional analysis on the basis of a systematic review of the actual, self-reported practice of international TA psychotherapists and on the evidence found in research. The article systematically reviews common conceptual components of TA and their empirical evidence by examining the common denominator and the empirical evidence for the central clinical phenomenon, etiology, therapeutic mechanisms, therapeutic competencies, outcomes, and synthesis. TA focuses on problems in ego states (operationalized as Parent, Adult, and Child) with distinctive behavioral functions of Controlling Parent, Nurturing Parent, Adult, Adapted Child, and Free Child. Individuals can develop long-term problems in their ego states, social functioning, and self-efficacy as the result of unfavorable messages from their social context (negative parental messages in early life, lack of developing mature coping mechanisms, intergenerational messages, negative stroke balance), script decisions (accepting or rejecting unfavorable messages via behavior, emotional disconnection, or cognitive styles), life events, and genetics/temperament. TA treatment intends to help clients by developing constructive ego states, improving social functioning, and stimulating a sense of self-efficacy. Research confirms that TA improves psychopathology, behavior, and general well-being thanks to improvement in ego states, self-efficacy, and social functioning. These effects are achieved by four evidence-based therapist competencies: creating a positive client-practitioner relationship, working with experiences in the present, etiological analysis (life scripts, injunctions, counterinjunctions), and therapeutic structure (treatment contracts, treatment stages, psychoeducation/didactics). Meta-analysis of 75 studies shows that TA has moderate to large positive effects on psychopathology, self-efficacy, social functioning, and ego states. This conceptual model shows that TA can be considered a bona fide and evidence-based treatment for a wide range of clients.

Descriptive, Injunctive, and Collective Norms: An Expansion of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior (TNSB)

ABSTRACT We propose and test several hypotheses derived from the expanded theory of normative social behavior (TNSB) that also includes collective norms (with descriptive and injunctive norms). Data come from a quasi-experiment intervention to promote safer driving among adolescents in Serbia. The intervention was administered among high school students, most of whom were on the verge of receiving their driver’s licenses. Longitudinal data were collected from treatment and control schools at baseline (N = 1,449) and four months later at end line (N = 1,072). Descriptive norms at baseline predicted six-month changes in safer-driving intentions among women (β = .010 p < .05) but not among men. Main-effects of injunctive and collective norms were not significant. However, a significant interaction between descriptive norms and collective norms emerged among men (though not among women) and injunctive norms interacted with both collective norms and descriptive norms among women (but not among men). Initial evidence adds credence to the idea of enhancing the TNSB by adding both injunctive and collective (together with descriptive) norms as drivers of behaviors.

Rejoice architecture meets social norms to accelerate vaccination in Nepal: Protocol for a mixed-method quasi-experimental study

Background: Each year, 600,000 children under 5 years old die from vaccine-preventable diseases globally. Immunization is an effective way to prevent many diseases, saving two to three million lives per year. The Nepal National Government recommends vaccinations for all children for 11 diseases by 15 months of age. However, only 78% of children between 1-2 years of age have received all recommended vaccines and only 43% receive them at the age-appropriate times for which they are scheduled.Objectives: This protocol describes the development of an intervention – called “Rejoice Architecture” – that is informed by three theoretical perspectives: choice architecture, the broken windows theory, and the theory of normative social behavior. We also describe a mixed-methods approach to develop the intervention, which will improve the physical and social environments of health facilities in Makwanpur, Nepal. We hypothesize this intervention will improve immunization behaviors and intentions among mothers of children younger than 2 years, pregnant women, and prospective mothers.Methods: We describe the qualitative formative assessment to understand existing attitudes, norms, and behaviors among caregivers, healthcare workers, and government representatives. The formative assessment will include in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. We also describe the overall quasi-experimental study design, used to assess intervention impact.Impact: This study will contribute to the social and behavioral change communication intervention research by offering a novel strategy for increasing immunization. This study will also illustrate to policymakers the value of structural change for health service delivery.

Existence theory: Outline for a theory of social behaviour

This article introduces ‘existence theory’ as a new approach to sociological theory and research. Existence theory starts from the assumption that people organise their lives around a limited set of existential milestones. Cultural expectations are such that without the accomplishment of those milestones, individuals may experience their lives as incomplete. Examples of milestones can include the attainment of formal education, a lasting partnership and the creation of a family, but in general the milestones which are important to individuals and their precise articulation will depend on a variety of cultural and structural factors. The achievement of existential milestones often depends on that of other existential milestones, thereby producing what we call an ‘existential ladder’. The article also elaborates on the significance of ‘existential urgency’ in that, due to a variety of factors (some biological, some cultural and structural), there are time limits on when certain existential milestones ought to be achieved by. In contemporary society, we note that individuals seem to have more choice about which milestones are important to them and when they can be achieved, although we emphasise that this flexibility is unevenly distributed. This then provides a steppingstone towards an elaboration of the power dynamics and inequalities underlying both the experience and the achievement of existential milestones. Finally, this paper shows how existence theory helps to reflect on a variety of social phenomena of contemporary significance: populism in politics, forced migration, and the coronavirus pandemic.

Common ground and positioning in teacher-student interactions: Second language socialization in EFL classrooms

AbstractThis study aims to present how intercultural and intracultural communication unfolds in EFL classrooms with NNESTs and NESTs who constantly negotiate common ground and positionings with their students. Three NEST and three NNEST teaching partners were observed and audio recorded during the first and fifth weeks of a new course they taught in turns. Data were transcribed and analyzed through conversation analysis using Kecskes and Zhang’s socio-cognitive approach to common ground (Kecskes, István &amp; Fenghui Zhang. 2009. Activating, seeking, and creating common ground. A socio-cognitive approach.Pragmatics and Cognition17(2). 331–355) and Davies and Harré’s positioning theory (Davies, Bronwyn and Rom Harré. 1990. Positioning: The discursive production of selves.Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour20(1). 43–63). The findings revealed several differences in the ways NESTs and NNESTs established common ground and positioned themselves in their social interactions. NESTs’ lack of shared background with their students positioned them as outsiders in a foreign country and enabled them to establish more core common ground (i.e., building new common knowledge between themselves and their students). NNESTs maintained the already existing core common ground with their students (i.e., activating the common knowledge they shared with their students) while positioning themselves as insiders. NESTs’ difference-driven, cultural mediator approach to common ground helped them create meaningful contexts for language socialization through which students not only learned the target language but also the culture. On the other hand, NNESTs adopted a commonality-driven, insider approach that was transmission-of-knowledge oriented, focusing on accomplishing a pedagogical goal rather than language socialization.

From my parents’ language to my language: understanding language ideologies of young Australian Korean heritage language learners at the primary and secondary school level

ABSTRACT The increasing influx into Australia of (im)migrants whose first language is not English has made Australia linguistically more diverse than ever. Despite this, Australia remains a strongly Anglocentric nation, and migrants, in response, tend to abandon their heritage languages (HL) and shift to English relatively quickly. Korean migrants in Australia buck this trend, as they show a relatively high level of language maintenance. The Australian Korean community, nevertheless, experiences a language shift to English among different generations, and a sharp decline in the rate of high school students enrolled in Korean community language schools. The present study expands existing accounts of HL maintenance in Australia. Specifically, drawing on interviews with six Korean-speaking children, it compares the views about the HL of primary and secondary school students. In line with language ideologies (Kroskrity [2004]. “Language Ideologies.” In A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology, edited by A. Duranti, 496–517. Malden, MA: Blackwell.; Woolard [1998]. “Language Ideology as a Field of Inquiry.” In Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory, edited by B. B. Schieffelin, K. A. Woolard, and P. V. Kroskrity, 20–86. New York: Oxford University Press.), data analysis and interpretation employ positioning theory (Davies and Harré [1990]. “Positioning: The Discursive Production of Selves.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 20 (1): 43–63.). A key finding is that their ideologies around the HL vary by school age. The comparison also suggests that their language ideologies are associated with the domains where they practise their HL, and the ways they position themselves. The study contributes to a dynamic understanding of multilingualism and HL education in a multicultural society.

Social Norms and the Dynamics of Online Incivility

Online discussions are performed in the gaze of fellow users. To increase engagement, platforms typically let these users evaluate the comments made by others through rating systems (e.g., via Likes or Down/Up votes). Understanding how such ratings shape, and are shaped by, features of the underlying discussion is important for our understanding of online behavior. In this study, we focus on an increasingly concerning aspect of online discussions: incivility. We draw on the theory of normative social behavior to analyze a data set of over 6,000 online newspaper comments. We find that repeated incivility by the same person is more likely when their initial incivility was affirmed by both descriptive norms (incivility in nearby comments) and injunctive norms (Up votes). Repeated incivility receives more Up votes if nearby comments also include incivility but fewer Up votes if they do not, suggesting that injunctive norms are contextual and shaped by descriptive norms. We conclude that online incivility is a dynamic, normative process that is responsive to both positive feedback and proximate incivility.

Innovative Behavior of Telematics Creative Community in Interaction Dynamics(Study of Innovation Activists in Creative Telematics Community in Malang City, Indonesia)

The idea of ​​this research began with the attention of various parties to the existence of a creative telematics community, especially in the Malang city area, and its emergence as a response to advances in digital technology. The problem that deserves to be revealed lies in the ability of telematics activists to innovate and build interactions in the internal and external environment. The creative telematics community that operates within the scope of the ICT-based creative economy (information and communication technology), is a phenomenon that is able to provide new stimuli for existing social changes, namely by placing intellectual capital as the main input in the form of creativity or innovation. The research was carried out in an effort to obtain a real picture of research questions regarding: (1) how does innovation behavior proceed in the internal and external environment of the telematics creative community? (2) What factors support and hinder the innovative behavior of the telematics creative community? On that basis, the main purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of innovation in the dynamics of the interaction of the creative telematics community in the city of Malang. In particular, it is expected to challenge Skinner's theory of social behavior. Substantially, it also provides a discourse about the existence of the creative community of telematics in Malang. By setting these objectives, this study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The main purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of innovation in the dynamics of the interaction of the creative telematics community in Malang. In particular, it is expected to challenge Skinner's theory of social behavior. Substantially, it also provides a discourse about the existence of the creative community of telematics in Malang. By setting these objectives, this study uses a qualitative descriptive method, and on that basis, the main purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of innovation in the dynamics of the interaction of the creative telematics community in Malang. In particular, it is expected to challenge Skinner's theory of social behavior. Substantially, it also provides a discourse about the existence of the creative community of telematics in Malang. By setting these objectives, this study uses a qualitative descriptive method, and to obtain the depth of analysis, the phenomenological method developed by Schutz was used and strengthened through Husserl's idea, which is to try to reveal about social awareness originating from individual experience, and having a relationship with innovation behavior in the dynamics of the interaction of the creative telematics community. The research results can be formulated including: (1) The creativity of telematics activists in the city of Malang is able to develop a relationship formula based on the intensity of information exchange through forums initiated by telematics activists, both formally and non-formally; (2) The emergence of innovative behavior in the life of the creative telematics community, not only bringing up thematic aspects but is a socio-cultural process formed through a social learning process; (3) Innovative behavior in the dynamics of the creative telematics community, has combined conventional approaches and optimization of renewable technology tools, by prioritizing the building of sustainable relationships; and (4) Factors that support and inhibit innovation behavior, dominantly emerge from within the telematics activists, with behavior that tends to be in situations that are actually faced and felt by the creative telematics activists themselves.

Disorders of social cognitive functions in patients after stroke

Social cognitive functions used to encode and decode social information, and are critical for people to understand themselves and others, as well as the norms and procedures of the social world. They could be subdivided into theory of mind, social perception, affective empathy and social behavior. From neuroanatomical viewpoint disorders of social cognitive functions are related to the dysfunction of the certain areas of frontal and temporal lobes of the brain and their connections. In contrast to psychiatric disorders social cognitive deficit is heterogeneous in its nature and depends on the lesion location. Disorders of theory of mind, social perception and social behavior significantly more often are seen in patients after stroke than in healthy people. Social cognitive deficit has a negative effect on the outcome of stroke. More research is needed in this area.

Single Parent Social Behavior in Living Family Life in the Community

A single parent is one of the social parts who needs to get special attention from society. Because there are many people and some of them are not really ready to live within their status so they become depressed, not having self suffcient that can effects their personal life, families and community. Based on these problems, it needs social behavior research of single parent that relates depression, individual encouragement factor and inhibition. So that, they can live normally in their social live. Hopefully, it will be useful for any single parents, families and surrounding community as well policy makers/government. The research used descriptive qualitative approach to explain and described the social behavior of single parents in living family life in community, with the theory of social behavior as the main theory. Informants consist of 14 people, 7 single fathers and 7 single mothers. The results of this study indicate that the majority of single parents experience depression at first, then it decreases because: approach to God, encouragement from close relatives, consultation efforts, busyness in the family, earning a living and activities in the community. His independence is formed as his depression decreases, his educational potential, and the help of his close relatives, their independence is passed on their children. The driving factors for single parents so that they can continue to live anormal family life are religious encourgement, close relative, and a good future for children. The inhibiting factors are economy, health, aging, social stigma. For a single parent needs to relay its life solely because of God, consistency and commitment with his or her guidelines. Realizing that the family trusted, avoided depression tried to be independent, self-attendet, made improvements, occupied positive activities knitting close relationships, staying healthy, patient, grateful and optimistic.when marriage is the best solution, there is no need to hold back . Be the best figure fot his chidren, motivate him, and promote deliberation. For close relatives it needs to increase their concern for a single parent to be independent. For religious figures to participate in mobilizing a single parent and directing the group to make the climate condicive to a single parents life. For governments to follow the registry, monitoring, coaching, and training to help single mothers, so they can go back to normal family life in their community. made improvements, occupied positive activities knitting close relationships, staying healthy, patient, grateful and optimistic.when marriage is the best solution, there is no need to hold back. Be the best figure fot his chidren, motivate him, and promote deliberation. For close relatives it needs to increase their concern for a single parent to be independent.