Social Avoidance And Distress Scale Research Articles

Approval of a comprehensive psychosocial rehabilitation program for patients with negative symptoms in schizophrenia

The aim of the work is to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive program of psychosocial rehabilitation of patients with negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Materials and methods. The study involved 168 patients with negative symptoms of schizophrenia: 94 patients who underwent a comprehensive psychosocial rehabilitation program (main group) and 74 patients who underwent a course of therapy according to the traditional scheme (control group). The criteria that evaluated the effectiveness of a comprehensive program of psychosocial rehabilitation in patients with negative symptoms in schizophrenia were: clinical dynamics of negative disorders, the degree of improvement/deterioration of compliance and social functioning, and the degree of restoration of basic life functions. Psychometric (Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), Personal and Social Functioning (PSP), Level of Compliance questionnaire, and the Severity of Negative Symptoms (SANS)) and statistical research methods were used to assess effectiveness. Results. The proposed scheme of a complex program of psychosocial rehabilitation is based on the principles of a complex, individually oriented and differentiated approach, and its targets are defined as clinical manifestations of negative symptoms in schizophrenia, impaired social adaptation, communication skills, decreased motivational sphere, compliance and impaired social functioning. Rehabilitation is implemented in four stages: diagnostic, therapeutic, rehabilitation and preventive. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme of psychosocial rehabilitation of patients with negative symptoms in schizophrenia was proven, which consisted in a more pronounced reduction of clinical manifestations of abulia, anhedonia, inattention, reduction of distress and social avoidance, improvement of social functioning in the main spheres of life, and improvement of social and behavioral compliance. Conclusions. The developed comprehensive program of psychosocial rehabilitation of patients with negative symptoms in schizophrenia has shown its effectiveness and can be used in psychocorrective measures aimed at treating patients with negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

Treatment of social anxiety disorder by integrating digital news communication with psychological identification

BackgroundSocial anxiety disorder is a mental illness characterized by anxiety or fear in public or social activities. It often occurs in adolescence or early adulthood and can cause further decline in the patient’s social function. The treatment method for social anxiety disorder mainly focuses on psychological treatment based on the clinical symptoms of patients, supplemented by medication treatment.Subjects and Methods42 patients with social anxiety disorder were divided into a control group and an experimental group, with 21 patients in each group. The control group received duloxetine 60mg/d and conventional psychological treatment. The experimental group received digital news communication and psychological identification treatment on the basis of the control group. After 8 weeks of treatment, the treatment effectiveness of patients were evaluated using the Social Avoidance and Distress (SAD) scale.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the evaluation of the SAD scale between the two groups of patients before treatment (P>0.05); After 8 weeks of treatment, the SAD scale evaluation showed significant differences (P˂0.05), the SAD scale scores of both groups of patients decreased, and the scores of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.01).ConclusionsThe combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy has a certain therapeutic effect on patients with social anxiety disorder. On this basis, digital news dissemination and psychological identity therapy can enhance the effectiveness of clinical treatment.

대학(원)생의 사회불안과 긍정 및 부정정서 경험의 관계

Objectives The current study examined the moderating effect of self-compassion on the relationship between social anxiety, avoidance behavior, and positive and negative affect. Methods A total of 445 undergraduate and graduate students completed the self-report questionnaires including Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), Korean-Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (K-PANAS), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), Subtle Avoidance Frequency Examination (SAFE), Korean version of the Self-Compassion Scale (K-SCS). The date was analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and SPSS PROCESS Macro. Results The current study yielded three noteworthy results. First, there were significant correlations among social anxiety, social avoidance, subtle avoidance, self-compassion, negative affect, and positive affect. Second, Social avoidance was completed mediated the relationship between social anxiety and positive affect. Subtle avoidance was partially mediated their relationships. Third, the mediating effects of social avoidance and subtle avoidance in relationship between social anxiety and positive affect were moderate by self-compassion. Conclusions The results suggest that self-compassion may act as a protective factor for positive emotional experiences of people with high social anxiety.

Parameters affecting improvement of excessive daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea patients

ObjectivesObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder caused by repetitive obstruction of the upper airway; this impairs gaseous exchange, resulting in hypoxia, hypercapnia, and frequent arousals. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common daytime symptom of OSA. EDS manifests as fatigue and impaired attention, leading to poor performance at work and falling asleep while driving, which is a major socioeconomic problem. Therefore, it is important to properly treat EDS and accurately predict the response to treatment. However, few studies have compared OSA patients showing and not showing improvement in EDS. Therefore, this study aimed to objectively analyze and compare EDS improvement and non-improvement groups. Subjects and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 57 OSA patients with EDS. Patients were divided into two groups according to the improvement in EDS after positive airway pressure (PAP) device treatment. We analyzed differences in clinical records including patients' age, sex, history of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular disease between the two groups. Systolic, diastolic blood pressure, blood test including blood glucose, total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were also analyzed. Polysomnography (PSG) data, PAP device treatment compliance and scores of questionnaires related to various psychiatric symptoms, subjective sleep quality between the two groups were also analyzed. ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in age, gender, or past medical history between the two groups. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and blood test results, were also not significantly different. Among the questionnaires related to various psychiatric symptoms, the groups showed statistically significant differences in Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) and Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) scores (P = 0.001 and 0.020, respectively). The group differences in the scores on the other questionnaires were not significantly different. Among the PSG items, significant group differences were observed in the percentage of stage 2 non-REM sleep (N2%, P = 0.023), apnea index (AI, P = 0.005), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI, P = 0.023), and frequency of 3 % oxygen desaturation (ODI3, P = 0.001). No obesity-related parameters showed significant group differences. The percentage of days on which a PAP device was used (out of 90 days; PAP%) and percentage of days on which a PAP device was used for >4 h (Time4%) did not differ significantly. ConclusionsThe SADS, FNE, AI, AHI, N2%, and ODI3 parameters differed significantly between the EDS improvement and non-improvement groups. These parameters may help clinicians treat and predict the prognosis of patients suffering with EDS.

Differences in mGluR5 Availability Depending on the Level of Social Avoidance in Drug-Naïve Young Patients with Major Depressive Disorder.

BackgroundPrevious research has shown that metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 (mGluR5) signaling is significantly involved in social avoidance. We investigated the relationship between levels of social avoidance and mGluR5 availability in drug-naïve young patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsTwenty non-smoking patients and eighteen matched non-smoking healthy controls underwent [11C]ABP688 positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging scans. The binding potential (BPND) of [11C]ABP688 was obtained using the simplified reference tissue model. Patients’ level of social avoidance was assessed using the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS). For [11C]ABP688 BPND, the region-of-interest (ROI)-based between-group comparisons and correlations with SADS scores were investigated. The frontal cortices were chosen as a priori ROIs based on previous PET investigations in MDD, and on literature underscoring the importance of the frontal cortex in social avoidance.ResultsIndependent samples t-tests revealed no significant differences in [11C]ABP688 BPND in the frontal cortices between the MDD patient group as a whole and healthy controls. One-way analysis of variance with post-hoc tests revealed significantly lower BPND in the bilateral superior frontal cortex (SFC) and left middle frontal cortex (MFC) in MDD patients with low levels of social avoidance (L-SADS) than in healthy controls. The L-SADS patients also had significantly lower BPND in the medial part of the right SFC than both MDD patients with high levels of social avoidance (H-SADS) and healthy controls. The L-SADS patients also showed significantly lower BPND in the orbital parts of the SFC, MFC, and inferior frontal cortex than H-SADS patients. No significant group differences were found between H-SADS patients and healthy controls. The ROI-based correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between social avoidance levels and frontal [11C]ABP688 BPND in the entire patients.ConclusionOur exploratory study shows significant differences in frontal mGluR5 availability depending on the level of social avoidance in drug-naïve non-smoking MDD patients, suggesting that social avoidance should be considered as one of the clinical factors involved in mGluR5 signaling changes in depression.

Evaluation of the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Patients with Vitiligo in China.

BackgroundVitiligo is a common, acquired depigmenting disorder. The pathogenesis is not clear, neuropsychological factors may be involved. Vitiligo will affect the individual’s physical and psychological health, leading to different levels of psychological behavior problems. However, there are few research on psychological symptoms in patients with vitiligo in China.MethodsAdult patients with vitiligo were selected in convenient sampling method from March 2019 to November 2019 from the dermatology clinic. They were evaluated by the DLQI (Dermatology Life Quality Index), SCL-90 (Symptom Checklist-90), SADS (Social Avoidance and Distress Scale) and MCMQ (Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire).ResultsThe DLQI score was 7.56 ± 6.11, which was in the third level. The SCL-90 score of patients with vitiligo was 136.44 ± 39.19, significantly higher than the Chinese norms (P < 0.05), and it mainly manifested as interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety and phobia, which may be affected by the patient’s gender, marital status, severity of disease, stage and location of skin lesions. The total score of SADS in patients was 10.30 ± 6.38. The total score and scores in all dimensions of SADS were significantly higher than the Chinese norms (all P < 0.05), which were related with the patient’s gender, educational attainment, severity, type and stage of skin lesions. For MCMQ, the facing score was significantly lower than the Chinese norms (P < 0.05), and the avoiding and yielding scores were significantly higher than the Chinese norms (all P < 0.05).ConclusionIn China, vitiligo affects the patient’s quality of life to varying degrees, resulting in a series of psychological and behavioral problems. We should actively concern and improve the psychological health status and behavior of patients, and multidisciplinary treatment strategies and education about vitiligo should be given to the patients.

Psychological Resilience as the Mediating Factor Between Stigma and Social Avoidance and Distress of Infertility Patients in China: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis.

BackgroundStigma, social avoidance and distress may seriously affect the quality of life of infertility patients. Psychological resilience has been proved to effectively combat psychological stress. This study aimed to explore the mediating role of psychological resilience between stigma and social avoidance and distress (SAD) in females with an unfulfilled wish for a child.MethodsStigma Scale, Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), and Psychological Resilience Scale were used to evaluate 266 females with infertility. Structural equation model was used to test the mediating effect of psychological resilience on the relationship between stigma and SAD.ResultsThe SADS, stigma scores, and psychological resilience scores of 266 females with infertility were 13.36 ± 5.77, 77.84 ± 16.91, and 58.84 ± 12.24 points, respectively. The stigma scores were positively correlated with SADS, and negatively correlated with psychological resilience scores. The psychological resilience scores were negatively correlated with SADS. Psychological resilience played a partially mediating role between the stigma and SAD of infertility patients, and the mediating effect accounted for 25.5% of the total effect.ConclusionPsychological resilience had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between stigma and SAD, and could reduce the negative effect of stigma on the development of SADS. Therefore, positive psychological interventions improving psychological resilience might help to reduce stigma and improve SAD in infertility patients.

Interpersonal sensitivity and social avoidance and distress in female college students: Mediating role of self-inconsistency and moderating role of self-consciousness

This study aimed to explore the relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and college students’ social avoidance and distress. Our sample consisted of 544 Chinese female undergraduate college students selected through cluster sampling (mean age = 19.3 years, SD = 1.43 years). The students completed the Symptom Check-List-90 (SCL-90), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), Self-Consistency and Congruence Scale (SCCS), and Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS). The results showed that higher interpersonal sensitivity predicted higher social avoidance and distress. Self-inconsistency scores played a mediating role in the relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and social avoidance and distress. Specifically, when self-inconstancy scores were high, interpersonal sensitivity was high, and social avoidance and distress was high. Moreover, self-consciousness moderated the relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and social avoidance and distress. Specifically, when self-consciousness scores were high, self-inconsistency was low, and social avoidance and distress was low. Consistent with self-consciousness theory, we conclude from these findings that interpersonal sensitivity effects on social avoidance and distress behaviours of college students would depend on their levels of self-inconsistency and self-consciousness.

Association Between Adolescent Internet Gaming and Adult Problematic Web-Based Board Gaming.

Introduction: The results of studies comparing the characteristics of Internet gaming with those of Internet gambling have been controversial. We hypothesized that problematic web-based board gaming behaviors are associated with psychological and social interaction factors. We also hypothesized that non-problematic adolescent Internet gaming is a protective factor against problematic web-based board gaming and that problematic Internet gaming is a predictive factor for problematic web-based board gaming.Methods: We recruited 104 adults who reported engaging in web-based gaming. All participants were asked to complete the Problematic Web Board Gameplay Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (K-AADHD), Family Environmental Scale (FES), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), and questionnaires on their web-based board gaming patterns and Internet gaming history.Results: Problematic web-based board gamers showed a lower history of adolescent Internet gaming but a greater rate of problematic Internet gaming compared with healthy web-based board gamers. Moreover, problematic web-based board gamers showed an increase in CES-D, STAI, K-AADHD, and SADS scores but decreased FES scores compared with healthy web-based board gamers. Joblessness; less experience as an Internet gamer; a history of problematic Internet gaming; higher CES-D, STAI, and K-AADHD scores; and lower FES scores were significant predictors of problematic web-based board gaming.Discussion: Psychological, social, and environmental factors can positively influence problematic Web-based board gaming. Healthy Internet gaming during adolescence may play a preventive role in adult problematic web-based board gaming. However, because adolescent problematic Internet gaming tends to lead to problematic web-based board gaming, measures should be taken to prevent it.

Negative attitude towards the appearance: Connection with eating behavior and social anxiety

IntroductionA negative attitude towards the body supposed to lead to eating disorders and to increase the level of social anxiety.ObjectivesThe research aim is to study the characteristics of eating behavior and social anxiety in women who have negative attitude towards their body.MethodsThe following methods have been used: Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ); Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26); Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (BFNE); Iowa–Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM), Social avoidance and distress scale (SADS). The sample consists of 98 women in the age from 18 to 60 years belonged to three age groups: Group 1: N=41, mean age 21.0+3.1; Group 2: N=29, mean age 29,5+4,9; Group 3: N=28, mean age 47,5+12,5.ResultsWe have found out a statistically significant correlation between the negative attitude towards the body and the social anxiety. The more a woman dislike her appearance the higher is the level of social anxiety and the higher is the risk of eating disorders. It should be mentioned that all the negative tendencies are more prounouced in the youngest age group.ConclusionsThe research results can be implemented when designing prevention programs. Such programs are extremely important for young women in the age from 18 to 24 years as they have the highest risk of forming an eatind disorder as well as the social anxiety disorder.

The mediating role of problematic social media use in the relationship between social avoidance/distress and self-esteem

The number of social media users in Bangladesh is increasing in every year. Young people – mainly college and university students – are the heavy users of it. Problematic social media use (PSMU) has received increasing research attention over the past decade. However, there are very few studies concerning PSMU in Bangladesh. The present study examined the role of PSMU in the relationship between social avoidance/distress and self-esteem. The study comprised a sample of 370 university students from the University of Chittagong (Bangladesh). Participants were administered a survey including questions regarding socio-demographics, the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS). Results showed that PSMU partially mediated the relationship between social avoidance/distress and self-esteem, while social avoidance/distress predicted the level of self-esteem. However, PSMU had a non-significant influence on the relationship between these two variables while self-esteem predicted social avoidance/distress.

Application of Satir group intervention model in elderly lung cancer patients with radical resection

Objective To explore the effects of Satir group intervention model in elderly lung cancer patients with radical resection. Methods From June 2016 to June 2018, this study selected 82 elderly lung cancer patients with radical resection in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University as subjects by convenience sampling. All of patients were randomly divided into observation group and control group, 41 cases in each group. Control group carried out routine postoperative nursing, while observation group adopted the Satir group intervention model. The effects were compared with the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) , Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-core (EORTC QLQ-C30) before and after intervention. Results After intervention, the score of SADS of patients in observation group was lower than that in control group; the score of RSES of patients in observation group was higher than that in control group; the differences were all statistical (P<0.05) . After intervention, the scores of physical function, role function, emotional function, social function, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pain, dyspnea, sleep disturbance, appetite loss, constipation, diarrhea, financial problem and the overall quality of life of patients in observation group were higher than those in control group with statistical differences (P<0.05) . Conclusions Application of Satir group intervention model in elderly lung cancer patients with radical resection can enhance patients' self-esteem, correct negative emotions and improve quality of life which is worthy of being popularized and applied. Key words: Aged; Satir model; Radical resection of lung cancer; Self-concept; Quality of life

Reliability and validity of the experiences in close relationships scale-the Chinese short version in Chinese adults

Objective To revise Experiences in close relationship scale-short form (ECR-S) and evaluate the reliability and validity of Experiences in Close Relationship Scale-the Chinese Short version (ECR-CS) in Chinese adult population. Methods A sample of 1 572 Chinese adults were chosen through convenient sampling method to test the structural validity, criterion correlation validity, internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability of ECR-CS. Results The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that ECR-CS had a two-factor structure and data fitted this two-factor structure well, χ2/df=3.57, CFI=0.95, GFI=0.95, AGFI=0.92, TLI=0.92, NFI=0.93, RMSEA=0.07, SRMr=0.04. In ECR-CS, the Cronbach's alpha coefficients for attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were respectively 0.85 and 0.88, the test-retest reliability with an interval of two weeks were respectively 0.75 and 0.80.With reference to relevant studies, self-esteem scale(SES), social avoidance and distress scale(SADS) and depression, anxiety and stress scale(DASS) were selected as the criterions to test the criterion-related validity of ECR-CS. Attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance of ECR-CS were significantly positively correlated with social avoidance, social distress, depression, anxiety and stress(r=0.20-0.43, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with self-esteem (r=-0.43--0.40, P<0.01), indicating that ECR-CS had a good criterion-related validity. Conclusion ECR-CS has good reliability and validity, which is suitable for the research of adult attachment in Chinese adult population. Key words: Adult attachment; Experiences in close relationship scale; Reliability; Validity

The application of Satir model team intervention model after radical colorectal cancer surgery

Objective To discuss the application effects of Satir model team intervention model among patients after radicalcolorectal cancer surgery. Methods From November 2017 to May 2018, 70 patients with colorectal cancer in Nanyang Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University were selected by convenience sampling. All the research subjects were divided into intervention group and control group by random number table method, with 35 cases in each. The control group received routine nursing after operation, while the observation group received Satia model team nursing intervention on the basis of the control group. The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale Ⅱ (FACES Ⅱ) , the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) and the Self-esteem Scale (SES) were selected to compare the effects. Results The intimacy and adaptability scores of FACESⅡ in the observation group on the day after the intervention and one month after the intervention were significantly higher than those of the postoperative day and the control group, with statistical significances (P< 0.01) . The SADS score of the observation group on the day after the intervention and one month after the intervention were significantly lower than those of the control group, with statistical significance (P < 0.01) . The SES score of the observation group on the day after the intervention and one month after the intervention were significantly higher than those of the control group, with statistical significance (P< 0.01) . Conclusions The Satia model team intervention is helpful to improve family relationship, self-esteem and social reintegration of patients with colorectal cancer after radical operation. Key words: Colorectal Cancer; Satya Model; Team Intervention; Application Effect

Effects of Feelings of Inadequacy on Life Events, Social Avoidance and Distress Among Impoverished Undergraduates

The aim of this study is to understand the relationship between life events, social avoidance and distress as well as the feelings of inadequacy among impoverished undergraduates. 766 impoverished undergraduate participants undertook Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Scale (ASLEC), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) and Feeling of Inadequacy Scale (FIS) in this study. Findings revealed that (1) Life events, social avoidance and distress as well as the feelings of inadequacy were significantly correlated, (2) feelings of inadequacy has a complete mediating effect on life events as well as social avoidance and distress. Life events show no direct causation of social avoidance and distress. Rather, it is through the feelings of inadequacy that can significantly predict the effects of life events on social avoidance and distress among impoverished undergraduates.

Status and influencing factors of social avoidance and distress in chemotherapy patients after breast cancer surgery

Objective To investigate the clinical status of social avoidance and distress in chemotherapy patients after breast cancer surgery, so as to provide reference for psychological intervention. Methods A total of 300 cases of breast cancer patients who received chemotherapy in the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University from February 2016 to March 2017 were selected by convenience sampling method. The self-designed general situation questionnaire, Body Image after Brest Cancer Questionnaire (BIBCQ) and Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) were used in the investigation. Multi-factor hierarchical regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed, and 272 valid questionnaires were collected. The total scores of BIBCQ and SADS were (106.53±19.38) and (19.36±4.22) respectively, and the total score of SADS was positively correlated with the total score of BIBCQ (r=0.283, P<0.01) . The results of single factor analysis indicated that the difference of SADS score among different ages, education level, percapita income, operation type, cancer staging and chemotherapy time in the chemotherapy patients after breast cancer surgery were statistically significant (t=28.17, 40.64, 23.21, 9.98, 27.79, 61.11; P<0.01) . Hierarchical regression analysis showed that age, education level, percapita income, operation type, cancer staging, chemotherapy time, susceptibility, shame, restriction, body concern, clairvoyance, and limb concern were the factors affecting the social avoidance and distress of breast cancer patients after surgery (P<0.05) . Conclusions Poor physical image of patients with chemotherapy after breast cancer is an important reason of lack of social function, which suggests that medical staff can enhance their social confidence and adaptability by strengthening the cognitive level of the patients' self image. Key words: Breast neoplasms; Social avoidance; Body image; Influencing factors

Effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy(ACT) on Social Anxiety, Rejection Sensitivity and Acceptance of Social Anxiety Disorder-prone College Students

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on social anxiety, rejection sensitivity, and acceptance of social anxiety disorder-prone college students. A total of 400 students of four-year colleges who lived in Chonbuk province completed the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS). The 16 participants who were selected by the scale were randomly assigned to 8 in the acceptance and commitment therapy group and 8 in the control group. The ACT program was administered for 8 sessions. All participants completed the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire(RSQ), and Acceptance Action Questionnaire-Ⅱ(AAQ) at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 5-week follow-up period. The results of this study were as follows: Social anxiety, and rejection sensitivity were significantly decreased in the therapy group compare with the control group, while acceptance was significantly increased compared with the control group. The effect of social anxiety, rejection sensitivity and, experiential avoidance were maintained up to follow-up. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study, and the suggestions for future study were also discussed.

Symptoms of Psychological Problems Among Chinese Migrant Workers: The Role of Marital Status

We analyzed how social avoidance, social distress, and social support affect symptoms of psychological problems among Chinese migrant workers. Participants were 407 migrant workers, who completed the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), and the Symptom Distress Checklist (SCL-90). The results were as follows: (a) overall, the symptoms of psychological problems among the migrant workers were serious, despite distinct differences according to gender and marital status; (b) the scores for the SCL-90 and SADS had a significant negative relationship with the rating on the SSRS, and the coefficient between scores on the SCL-90 and those on the SADS was at a moderate level despite distinct differences according to marital status; and (c) social distress of the unmarried and social avoidance and social distress of the married directly predicted their symptoms of psychological problems, whereas objective support and the utilization of support had more impact on married workers than on unmarried workers.

Correlation study among social avoidance and acceptance of disability in burn patients

Objeetive To investigate the relationship among social avoidance and acceptance of disability in burn patients.Methods Totally 127 patients were investigated using Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS),Acceptance of Disability Scale (AODS),demographic information questionnaire and disease related information sheet.Results The points of burn patients' SADS was (21.38±6.75),One-way ANOVA showed that gender,marital status,special parts burns,amputation affected social avoidance significantly.The total score and factors scores of acceptance of disability were all negatively related to the score of social avoidance.Regression analysis showed that acceptance of disability,head burns,gender were the independent risk factors of depression.Conclusions Acceptance of disability were negatively related to social avoidance; Nurse can help them accept the reality of disability,develop the confidence to partici-pate in social communication,and improve the social adaptability. Key words: Burns; Social avoidance and distress; Acceptance of disability

Efficacy of the trial-based thought record, a new cognitive therapy strategy designed to change core beliefs, in social phobia

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) often follows a chronic course and is associated with substantial impairment in functioning. Although results from clinical trials clearly establish evidence for efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy in treating this disorder, up to 50% of patients with SAD show little or no improvement. Thus, new approaches that have promised in improving the efficacy of treatment for SAD are needed. One such approach is the trial-based thought record (TBTR), which targets the restructuring of patients' core beliefs. To determine whether patients receiving TBTR would report fewer symptoms of social anxiety and general psychiatric distress following treatment, relative to conventional cognitive therapy (CCT). A two-arm randomized trial comparing TBTR (n = 17) with a set of CCT techniques (n = 19), which included the standard seven-column dysfunctional thought record and the positive data log in SAD patients according to DSM-IV. Scores on many outcome measures decreased significantly across the course of treatment in both groups (P < 0·001), including the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Clinical Global Impression - Improvement. In addition, a one-way ancova, taking baseline values as covariates, showed that TBTR was significantly more efficacious than CCT in reducing the scores of FNE (P = 0·01 at mid-treatment and P = 0·004 at post-treatment), and SADS (P = 0·03 at post-treatment). This study provides preliminary evidence that TBTR is at least as efficacious as CCT in reducing symptoms of SAD, pointing to the need for additional studies of TBTR in SAD and other psychiatric disorders.