Social Apathy Research Articles

MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF DAILY OCCURRENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE VITAL WORLD OF THE PERSONALITY

Problem setting. A daily plays an important role forming of personality. Definition a daily occurence is all more often present on the pages of scientific editions and in the subjects of forums of scientists. Everyday reality is a place of stay of personality, and an everyday idea it his support. A daily is the world of experience, in that an empiric subject operates at the level of mind.Recent research and publications analysis. The general theoretic questions of history of daily are presented in works of західноєвропейських scientists of P. Berger, F. Brodel, G. Garfinkel, E. Guserl, T. Lukman, A. Lyudtke, A. Sikurel, A. Shyuts and other researchers.Paper objective. Research of philosophical sense of concept is in the context of the vital world of personality and multidimensionalness of daily occurence.Paper main body. In article cross-disciplinary approach to understanding of a concept of multidimensionality of daily occurrence and its substantial filling is used. The phenomenon of a measure arises on crossing of various vital centers therefore has a direct bearing on a problem of integrity of the vital world of the personality. On the basis of the critical analysis of different views on problems of the vital world of the personality, the axiological component of is proved in parameters of daily occurrence and it is reflexed as a component of the vital world of the personality. The philosophy of regularity is connected with rubezhny events, change of sociocultural paradigms, marginal situations of various type which express the need of considerably new movement of thinking, of thinking as the creativity capable to throw down a challenge to own stereotypes, inertness, dogmatism, social apathy in which the mobility of borders is especially shown. The present stage of development of a civilization is characteristic not only rapid change of some processes by others, but also the increased level of riskogenny situations in which there is a certain person. An exit from these situations demands from the person of adoption of non-standard decisions, creative approach.Conclusions of the research. It means that the person cannot hide for certain another, he has to act one, at own risk. As for a way of life in virtual the world as new post-human reality, it is worth to remember that everyday life - is initial and main reality, and all other realities only derivative of initial. Need of development of rules of law, morals on a basis to a konventsializm so on feeling of a measure attracts attention.

КОНФЛІКТИЗАЦІЙНА ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА В УКРАЇНОЗНАВЧОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

Conflicts may arise within countries as well as between different countries. Conflict is an integral component of human existence. Conflicts occur in the economic, political, social, ideological, military, managerial and other spheres of public life. Accordingly, the methods and ways of their settlement vary significantly. It is dangerous that both internal (intrastate) and external (interstate) conflicts reduce the country's ability to defend its own interests in the world. Under certain circumstances, such conflicts can be used by external and internal players as an instrument of pressure on the state leadership and encourage it to adopt decisions and agreements that are unfavorable for the country. The solution to any conflicts requires a deep understanding of both the nature of their occurrence and the dynamics of the flow. Today the most dangerous for Ukraine is the armed conflict in the Donbass. This conflict was provoked by the Russian Federation, which sees our country as a “buffer zone” against international military threats. The level of conflict in the zone of armed confrontation is very high. Negotiations at the international level and the efforts to resolve the conflict in Donbass did not bring the desired success. The citizens of Ukraine have no confidence in the successful completion of this conflict. It provokes a social apathy and aggression in Ukrainian society. The cessation of the armed conflict in Donbass is extremely important both for Ukraine and the entire world community. Now Ukraine is forced to develop a strategy of national self-preservation in the difficult and uncertain conditions of international security. Finding optimal answers to hybrid threats is a necessary precondition for maintaining the sovereignty and territorial integrity of our state.

Региональные особенности итогов выборов депутатов Государственной думы Российской Федерации седьмого созыва (на материалах социологического опроса жителей Бурятии)

The author reports that the difference between the declared and real voter turnout in Buryatia is bigger than the national average. This is due to the regional depression and the increased social apathy of a large part of citizens caused by a sharp decline in their low monetary income. The research focuses on the relationship between the party choice and the characteristics of the electorate (gender, age, na-tionality, education, employment, family and finan-cial status). Having analyzed the correlation between the party choice and the characteristics of the elec-torate by the Pearson coefficient, the author identi-fies that the choice of Fair Russia is not seriously affected by any factor while the choice of the Com-munist Party of the Russian Federation is strongly influenced by the age of a person. Mostly, elderly citizens voted for it. Gender and education had a less impact on the choice of the United Russia. Women having secondary vocational, incomplete higher and higher education were most likely to vote for this party. When electing the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, such factors as gender, age and nationality played a key role.

Differential impact of behavioral, social, and emotional apathy on Parkinson's disease.

Apathy is highly prevalent in Parkinson's disease. New findings suggest the syndrome is multifaceted. Here, we investigate whether all aspects of apathy are equally affected in Parkinson's disease and whether different dimensions of apathy were associated with depression and anhedonia. On the Apathy Motivation Index, while behavioral apathy and social apathy were elevated, emotional motivation was relatively preserved in Parkinson's disease, although a few patients did show impaired emotional sensitivity. Behavioral and social, but not emotional, apathy was associated with depression and anhedonia. These findings suggest aspects of motivation can be selectively impaired in Parkinson's disease and may have implications for guiding treatment.

АКТУАЛЬНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ЗМІСТ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ ТУДЕНТАМ-ПЕРЕСЕЛЕНЦЯМ

The topical problems and the corresponding psychological assistance of Ukrainian migrant students have been updated in the article.The disclosure of the content and process aspects of the organization of psychological and pedagogical support for migrant students have been considered in view of the determination of the main problems and those spheres of life that affect the changing of conditions of living and studying. The peculiarities of academic, social, economic and psychological difficulties accompanying the process of adaptation to the new environment and the multicultural environment have been analyzed.It has been emphasised on the directions and content of psychological support for migrant students in their desire to optimize the environment of their own self-realization. The psychological problems have been recognized as the main stressor for a migrant student. The most expedient way of solving the main problems is to use the experience of foreign countries, however, on the condition of its adaptation to domestic, cultural and social peculiarities, ethnic instincts. The organization of educational work, psychological support and psychological and pedagogical support of migrant students deserves a special attention.The formation of guidelines for adapting to the new conditions of life, overcoming the consequences of psycho-physiological trauma, stress, social apathy, loss of faith in the future on the basis of a positive perception of reality, learning the ability to actualize optimally the internal and external conditions of optimal self-realization in the educational environment of a new institution of higher education have been recognized as the priority directions.

Ціннісні передумови функціонування демократичних політичних інститутів в Україні.

The article analyzes the interconnection of political values and the effectiveness of democratic political institutions. The expediency of considering freedom of expression as the main value in the structure of democratic political culture is substantiated. It is proved that democratic institutions can function effectively only if they are in line with the public values of citizens. Historical facts show that both values and democratic institutions can be primary. However, in conditions of hybrid political regimes, despite the formal presence of democratic institutions, values remain authoritarian in connection with the establishment of informal, non-institutionalized political relations.A hypothesis concerning the rapid formation of democratic values during the Revolution of Dignity has been refuted. In Ukraine, due to the long authoritarian past, the leading feature of political culture is state paternalism, social apathy, lack of personal responsibility and initiative. Therefore, despite the significant activation of social capital, citizens have resorted to non-conventional forms of political participation, which testifies to the hybrid non-institutionalized nature of democracy. At the present stage, the vast majority of citizens are inclined to adhere to democratic values for the sake of security. This is due to the crisis of the functioning of the political system, constant social shifts and conflicts.It is indicated on the necessity of solving the value dilemma of freedom versus security in the context of further institutionalization of democracy. It is revealed that the main mechanism of stimulation of personality self-expression is based on the activation of social capital through the development of alternative forms of group identification, the creation of a network of voluntary organizations, and the establishment of horizontal communicative ties.

Economic Recovery and Growth Plan and Nation Building in Nigeria: Matters Arising

The economic recession experienced by Nigeria between 2016 and 2017 constrained government’s effort at generating revenue and implementing national development plans. In order to remedy the situation the Buhari government introduced the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP) in 20017 as a policy option. The ERGP is designed to diversify the economy, restore economic growth, create jobs, empower the youths, develop the human capital and infrastructure, improved business environment and bring about technological growth. But the success of the ERGP is hinged on the ability of the Buhari led All Progressive Congress government to muster the political will and implement the ERGP in the midst of corruption, predatory and alienated political culture and the symbolic approach to implementing development policies and programmes in Nigeria. Making deductions from the primary and secondary data used analytical variables the paper concluded that Nigeria needs strongmen, strong institutions, and good political culture for the ERGP to succeed. The apprehension that the predatory and alienated political culture and political interest and social apathy may undermine the successful implementation of the ERGP is justifiable. The checklist of solutions provided requires changes in the ethical, social and political orientation of governance by stakeholders for the ERGP to yield optimal results.

Prosocial apathy for helping others when effort is required.

SummaryProsocial acts – those that are costly to ourselves but benefit others – are a central component of human co-existence1–3. While the financial and moral costs of prosocial behaviours are well understood4–6, everyday prosocial acts do not typically come at such costs. Instead, they require effort. Here, using computational modelling of an effort-based task we show that people are prosocially apathetic. They are less willing to choose to initiate highly effortful acts that benefit others compared to benefitting themselves. Moreover, even when choosing to initiate effortful prosocial acts, people show superficiality, exerting less force into actions that benefit others than themselves. These findings replicated, were present when the other was anonymous or not, and when choices were made to earn rewards or avoid losses. Importantly, the least prosocially motivated people had higher subclinical levels of psychopathy and social apathy. Thus, although people sometimes ‘help out’, they are less motivated to benefit others and sometimes ‘superficially prosocial’, which may characterise everyday prosociality and its disruption in social disorders.

ECONOMIC CRISIS AND CURRENT PROBLEMS OF SERBIAN FAMILY

Modern society and the world economy are highly contradicted to existing processes and relationships. It could be discerned in large social inequalities, in unfair and unequal opportunities of socio-economic development and in severe conflicts of different contrasting groups and interests. The problem of economic growth, especially of the smaller countries in development, is radicalized by unequal distribution of natural resources, economic and political power. At the moment In Serbia the crisis is visible in almost every sector of society. Unemployment is rising, just like crime rate, corruption and various forms of social pathology. The growing rate of violence and different forms of family abuse are spreading the sense of hopelessness. Not only did the education become more expensive but also the employment availability and social success became inversely proportional to the acquired knowledge. Every year the birth rate declines. All of these affect the young, who become discontent. Being unable to identify themselves with their own country they start to accept the situation with resignation and social apathy. The number of those who leave Serbia is increasing. The roots of very bad economic situation in Serbia are planted in the inherited systemic problems which arose after the disintegration of Yugoslavia and its markets, sanctions and aggression and destruction of economy and infrastructure by NATO, but mostly and primarily is rooted in the acceptance and implementation of arguably detrimental doctrine shaped by the concept of neo-liberal model of economic policy. In this research paper, the authors, in order to minimize potential developmental risk and to maximize the biological survival of Serbian population in future, state that neoliberal globalization begins with destruction of the family and ends with the destruction of the country itself. This hypothesis is confirmed by the current demographic and development trends in Serbia.

MODIFICATION OF THE VALUES OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY

Understanding the new reality shows a plurality of approaches, assessments, definitions of basic concepts formation and development of the information society, most of which coincide main principles: modern information technologies have created new social and cultural situation that on the one hand opens up prospects and more opportunities for progress, on the other – generates substantial ideological contradictions. One such controversial issues new reality is rethinking the values of human life, of values personality. Undoubtedly, the modern man thinking focused on the restructuring of world civilization based on realities such information. However, relevant in our time is not just a need to change the world, but also the need for the apprehension of spiritual space based on certain values and ideals that will determine its attitude to the world, to the new reality of being human.Becoming value meaning «information world» rather complicated process. Some scientists believe that time is a sign of prostration values, value-orientation confusion person causing passive life position, social apathy and frustration. The position of the other insists on continuing formation for acceptable uniform system of values that promote spiritual renewal rights. The position of the latter sees a way out of value loss in a universal system of spiritual values Purport: Because the fact of cultural globalization is an unprecedented depth and scale of the local exchange values, ideals and standards which essentially means the possibility of a universal system of values. Supporters of different points of view coincide in the following conclusions: – lack of values or defined value nihilism leads to disorientation and even spiritual impoverishment of society and the individual, the mass manipulation of public consciousness and personality; – today, a new value system – technocratic, reflecting shifts in globalization almost-activity, scientific, educational, and others. The analysis of studies can describe the characteristic features of the value system of modernity: – weakened collectivist principles; – changing priorities in the system of spiritual and material values of the latter; – confirmed the importance of creativity, which replaces the traditional hard work; – changing the substance of freedom; – in the context of cultural modernity occupies a leading position tolerance as a factor uniting society; – there is a flexible rule identity, the individual is not «owned» and consider themselves to many local communities and this involvement are individually selected and variable; – apply postutylitaryzm; – a new round of individualism; – changing the consciousness of himself, which is caused by narrowness, not a harmonious development of personality.Based on the study can formulate some conclusions – transformation in the Information Society changed the value basis of life. However, in our opinion there is no radical breakdown of values, while it is not a confrontation between traditional and newly created values. The author believes that society is experiencing a process of value «shift» changes when the customary values are modified, reinterpreted and filled with new meanings.

Emergency Management 2.0

There are more causes of fiscal distress than remedies. A nascent field is emerging built on the practices utilized to confront fiscal distress. The usual method follows a federal structure in that the state has ultimate responsibility when local governments fail, leaving communities to live in a “new normal” of austere oversight. As more urban areas contend with extended economic downturns, political paralysis, and social apathy in the face of unsustainable governance, there is a need for a strategic approach to the administrative side of fiscal distress management. Although cutbacks, consolidations, and service reductions are the tactical tools of the trade, emergency financial management also requires a guiding strategy that protects the fundamental purpose and character of the local government. This article uses ideas from disaster management and the fiscal crises in Michigan to develop four key elements in a strategic approach to emergency financial management.

Туристская деятельность как фактор патриотического воспитания

The social apathy system came after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the destruction of the ideological; the
 recognized moral values, which had been universal for the Soviet people, disappeared. Representation of members
 of a society about the absolute and unchanging moral principles were not relevant, in this regard, the society grew
 into a community consisting of small groups, the main idea of which was the satisfaction of personal needs, often
 unrelated to the needs of society in general. This article focuses on the possibilities of tourist activity in the Patriotic
 education of citizens. Today the technology of tourism, in the sphere of pedagogical influence, is mainly used in the
 practice of Patriotic education of the younger generation. However, the volume of tourism impact and its broader
 educational opportunities cannot and should not be limited exclusively with Junior and youth direction. In modern
 society there is a need of using the potential of tourist activities in the sphere of Patriotic education not only of youth
 but also the adult population. Today there is a need for a focused educational process in patriotism, not beyond a
 reasonable and humanistic perception of reality. Means of tourist activity of cultural-cognitive orientation such
 as excursions and travel, priority aimed at acquainting with the history and culture of the Motherland, can be an
 effective tool in the process of Patriotic education.

Structural Activity Aspect of Social Activity in Russian Society

Background/Objectives: Social activity indicates the level and nature of social subjectivity, the possible strategies for integration and participation in social processes or social apathy, alienation and even social exclusion. Methods/Statistical analysis: This research is based on the ideas and findings of contemporary sociological science, related to the implementation of the paradigm of social action. In this study we relied on such fundamental ideas as the concept of social capital by P. Bourdieu, structuration theory by Giddens, social subjectivity by A. Touraine. Findings: Although the considered aspect of opportunities is limited by existing targeted programs and certain forms of impact on the legal legislative activity, the implementation of information technology (e-government), creation and operation of the various associated structures of regional public chambers enable to monitor the public mood and reduce the gap between the public daily life planes. Social activity transforms from a means of manifestation of an attitude to the society and a way of social self-assessment into a factor of influence on various social processes. Far from exaggerating the importance of changes occurring in the sphere of social activity, we can say that Russian society is creating a new social space which engages social activity of the population, along with the social, economic and political parameters for powerful social development, the catalyst for social change. Applications/Improvements: Russian social structure is fragile and unstable, still demonstrates the parameters of the transition state, that is why the study of social activity is becoming more urgent

Holiness Amid Alienation and Poverty in the Life of Haitians

Holiness Amid Alienation and Poverty in the Life of Haitians Sadrack Nelson (bio) INTRODUCTION The doctrine of holiness always evokes interest and controversy in the Haitian context. I still remember as a freshman at the Seminaire Theologique Nazareen D’Haiti witnessing my friends in their sophomore year wrestling with the concept of entire sanctification. To some of them, holiness was not simply an unreachable ideal, but also an irrelevant and self-contradictory notion. When I started taking the holiness class myself, the experience was different. I had prior exposure to the doctrine before attending seminary and was more open to the possibility and experience of holiness. Upon my graduation, I was eager to teach holiness, and I participated in many efforts to create curricula for Sunday school and to lead Bible studies on the doctrine in my local church. Years later, I myself had the privilege to teach the holiness class at our seminary. I did my best to encourage my students to develop a clear understanding of the doctrine and to commit their lives to holy living. I understood very early that teaching holiness involves more than the ability to articulate the nuances of the doctrine; it requires willingness to be honest with my students about where I am on my own journey. My task is not only to lecture on the doctrine, but also to model holiness through vulnerability and transparency in my own life. However, as I look back on it all, I have come to the realization that the most difficult challenge to the teaching of holiness in Haiti does not lay in people’s reluctance to embrace the idea, but in the condition of alienation for the Haitian people and in the situation of poverty that alienation causes. I was trying to reproduce the teaching of the doctrine in the same way I was taught about holiness, without paying enough attention to the social reality or material condition of the Haitian people and the way it affects our ability to understand and experience holiness. Most of the time, in the teaching of holiness in Haiti, we place primary focus on the personal, spiritual, and internal aspect of the doctrine—at the expense of its social dimensions and implications. Holiness is essentially portrayed as an individualistic spiritual experience that ultimately results in social apathy and conformism. Even though we concede [End Page 112] Click for larger view View full resolution Divine Light. Courtesy of Petter Sandell [End Page 113] that holiness includes both love for God and the neighbor and involves the inward and the outward, the personal and the social, as well as the spiritual and the physical—we don’t necessarily understand the implications for the Haitian context. Therefore, the questions remain: What are the implications of holiness for our context in Haiti? How are Haitians to understand total dedication to God? What does renewal and restoration of the image of God look like in the Haitian context? Can holiness be defined without any reference to the particular social reality or material existence of the people for whom it is intended? HAITIAN ALIENATION, POVERTY, AND RELIGIOUS COLONIZATION To move forward with these questions, it is important to understand the true nature of the deep alienation and resulting poverty that affects the lives of Haitians. Haiti as we know it today is a product of an international system that relies on patterns of dominance and dependency for its success.1 As the cyclical history of Haiti convincingly demonstrates, the debilitating condition of the Haitian nation-state is symptomatic of an international system that is defined by economic exploitation and political domination, and which creates violence and inequality in the life of Haitians. From its very creation to the most recent developments in the Haitian drama, Haiti has always been shaped by political and economic interests other than that of its own people.2 It has always been denied the right to existence as a free and self-determined country. This is not only evidenced by its role as a market for goods and source of cheap labor in the world economy, but also by the predominance of international stakeholders in the affairs of the country...

Suffering and Techniques of Poetic Resistance: Mohammed Mahdi al-Jawahiri's "In Jail" and W. H. Auden's "Musée des Beaux Arts"

Suffering and Techniques of Poetic ResistanceMohammed Mahdi al-Jawahiri's "In Jail" and W. H. Auden's "Musée des Beaux Arts" Ahmed F. Khaleel (bio) Many critics and writers agree that the modern political, social, and cultural history of Iraq cannot be studied without referring to Mohammed Mahdi al-Jawahiri, Shaʿir al-ʿArab al-Akbar (the great poet of Arabs), a poet whose career offers insight into the major events of the twentieth century in Iraq. Al-Jawahiri (Najaf, 1899–Damascus, 1997) belongs to a family of renowned religious scholars. His father insisted on teaching him to become a Shiite clergyman. His childhood was a difficult one: while his friends were playing outdoors he was obliged to study classical literature, Shiite doctrine, and classical Arabic language. This exceptional education made him worthy of becoming a scholar at the age of ten, but when his father died shortly after, he found his chance to become what he desired: a poet. Al-Jawahiri is regarded as the last of fohūl ul-shiʿr (the masters of traditional Arabic poetry). This title has been attached to him mainly because he was the last neoclassical poet living in the modern age of Arabic poetry. It is significant to mention in this respect that al-Jawahiri was nominated more than once for the Nobel Prize for peace, not for literature, for dedicating most of his poetry to defending rights, supporting peace, and opposing tyranny and oppression. Al-Jawahiri wrote the poem "Fī al-Sijn" in 1937, while in jail. The study of this poem on the one hand is inspired by the necessity to provide an [End Page 95] analysis of prison writing as a genre that is central to the idea of the poetry of human rights. Prison is one of the pillars of suffering in the Arab world, especially the suffering of the individual. On the other hand, the poem stands as an example of individual suffering, the circumstances that pave the way for its happening, and the kind of outcomes that individual suffering and social apathy could bring forth. The metrical construction of this poem is al-kāmil al-tām (the perfect), which consists of eight syllables in each half line (iambic tetrameter). This verse form is usually very strict, but al-Jawahiri in this poem meant to break the rhythm of the lines, although he did not move from al-kāmil al-tām into another metrical verse form. This metrical construction provides a more flexible space for the employment of sounds and makes the poem suitable for tarnīm (chanting). The choice of this meter is perfect for reflecting the unchanging atmosphere of prison, whose monotony is often broken by the clinking of chains or the sounds of pain made by prisoners. The slight change in the rhythm also provides an irregular but familiar tone, such as: 1. [Mādhā turī] [du min al-zamānī] / [wa min al-raghā]['ibi wa al-amānī] [mustafʿilun] [mutafāʿilātun] / [mutafāʿilun] [mutafāʿilātun]1 (What further desires and wishes / Do you seek from life) 2. [Awa kullamā] [shārafta min] / [āmālika al]-[ghurri al-hisānī] [mutafāʿilun] [mustafʿilun] / [mustafʿilun] [mustafʿilātun] (Haven't you been offered / To see your dreams come true) ("Fī al-Sijn," 1,2) The change, as we notice from these two lines, can hardly be recognized, but by toning them one becomes better able to notice it and like it as well, because it breaks the rigidity of al-kāmil al-tām metrical form. Choosing to tone a sad poem might reflect how al-Jawahiri felt in prison and how this "toning" can offer to help him in this difficult situation. As a public poet whose country was controlled by colonization and its government too vulnerable to suppress corruption, Al-Jawahiri believed that legal action in this polluted environment would not lead to political, social, and economic reform. He expressed in a short poem he titled "Al-Adl" [End Page 96] (Justice, 1937) how big the gap was between law and justice: Laʿamruk inn al-ʿAdl lafzun adā'uh...

La contingencia intelectual y gastronómica según Alberto Pedro Torriente: Manteca y otras necesidades alimenticias en la Cuba de los noventa

This article examines how Manteca by Alberto Pedro Torriente—considered the most popular and polemic Cuban dramatist of his time—conveys the idea that during Cuba’s “Special Period” literary workmanship was homologous to culinary struggles, in part due to the artistic, social, and economic circumstances of the period. The passivity set on stage by the protagonists—three middle-aged siblings forced to coexist with a pig inside a deteriorated apartment—is echoed by the shortages in foodstuffs, electricity, and gas on the island. In the midst of a forced fast, the youngest brother attempts to create an alternative self through literary writing, thus laying the foundation of an alternative reality where he can satisfy his starvation. The author argues that such artistic creations, as seen on stage, simulate a theatrical, culinary künstlerroman, wherein personal distress and famine are merged with stagnant creativity during a time of social apathy and perpetual subsistence.

Fabrizio De André’s Le nuvole: Italy’s disillusionment at the end of the 1980s

Fabrizio De André’s Le nuvole (1990) recreates and denounces the social apathy that characterized Italy from the end of the 1980s until the early 1990s. Exemplary of De André’s criticism towards Italy’s society, Le nuvole illustrates the artist’s maturity as a social commentator. In this album, De André explicitly takes the stance of the engaged intellectual not only in the songs of the album but also in the many interviews that accompanied its release. Together with this copious corollary commentary, this article analyses in particular side A of Le nuvole. The songs on side A are more explicitly critical in their focus on oppressive powers, the waning of engagement and riflusso, the social shift towards materialism and hedonism, and the dawn of the Berlusconi era.

Resistant Schizophrenia and Its Symptoms. is Antipsychotic Polytherapy a Good Treatment?

Introduction and objectives The combination of several antipsychotic drugs, or these drugs with others such as benzodiazepines orantidepressants, is a widely useddespite the absence of data to support this practice. That is because there arenegative, affective or cognitive symptomswhich not respond well to this medication. The aim of this report is to collectdata regarding the pharmacologicaltreatment of schizophrenia and psychopathologymore persistent, which hinder daily activities of patients. Methods We have carried out a descriptive observational study in a community mental health unit on52 patients diagnosedwith schizophrenia according ICD-10. We collected data regarding the score scales forpositive and negative syndrome, and schizophrenicpsychopathology syndrome, making asemi-structured interview and scoringeach item from oneto seven according to its degree of severity. Survey data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows(PASW Statistics 18). Results The average age of the sample is 40,77 ± 9,90 years and theage of onset is 22,46 ± 9,67. A 61,60% have a treatmentwith two antipsychotics and 23%with three. The percentage of patients taking other antipsychotics differentfrom psychotropic drugs is: antidepressants(30,8%), benzodiazepines (30,8%) andbiperiden (15,4%). Conclusions The great majority of patients with schizophrenia in ourpopulation sample are taking at leasttwo antipsychotics and sometimes other drugs like benzodiazepines and antidepressants. Moderate symptoms such as social withdrawal, apathy, relationshipdifficulties, insight or absenceof judgment, remain despite the antipsychotic polytherapy.

MAIN THEORETICAL APPROACHES ON THE ISSUE OF THREAT TO DEMOCRACY

The article analyzes main theoretical approaches of foreign and domestic scholars on the issue of threat to democracy («distortion of democracy», «non-fulfillment of promises of democracy», «threats to democracy», «fragility of modern democratic regimes»). The author defines contemporary threats to democracy and the main threats to democracy in Ukraine which are: incomplete administrative reform; absence of a functioning system of distribution of power for three branches; collisions in legislation; low social mobility; low level of economic development; inability to influence the government; low effectiveness of democratic mechanisms to select elites and elected government institutions; social apathy, «syndrome of uncertainty».

Social Behaviour is Impaired in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease

Huntington’s disease (HD) is characterised by a combination of motor, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. HD patients also exhibit deficits in social behaviour. While motor and cognitive dysfunction in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD has been well described, social disorders have not been reported. To compare social behaviour in R6/2 and wildtype (WT) mice, using two different measures of sociability. R6/2 mice were tested in the habituation/dishabituation test as a measure of social recognition, and the resident-intruder paradigm, as a measure of social interaction. In the social recognition test, WT mice remained interested in female mice throughout the testing period. Male R6/2 mice showed reduced interest in female mice from 14 weeks of age, while still recognising novel female mice. In the resident intruder test, R6/2 residents showed a lack of interest in the intruder. Interestingly, WT resident mice showed more aggressive behaviour towards R6/2 than WT intruders. This aggressive behaviour stopped once the barrier was removed, but WT mice showed increased risk assessment and escape behaviours while interacting with R6/2 intruders. R6/2 mice have deficits in social behaviours. Phenotypic male R6/2 mice show a decreased interest in females,mirroring the hyposexuality seen in HD patients. Furthermore, R6/2 mice show a lack of interest in intruder mice, suggesting social apathy. The abnormal response of WT mice to R6/2 mice suggests that R6/2 mice do not generate appropriate social cues.Our data suggest that R6/2 mice have deficits in social behaviour that replicate the disrupted social behaviours seen in HD.