Social Accounting Research Articles

Social responsibility accounting and financial performance during COVID-19: A survey of the firms listed in Amman Stock Exchange

The need to activate the concept of social responsibility accounting has increased, especially in light of the difficult economic challenges and the increase in competition between companies (Shahwan et al., 2022a). This study aims at identifying the impact of applying social responsibility accounting on the financial performance of public shareholding companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) during the COVID-19 pandemic. To achieve the aim of this study, the researcher developed a questionnaire, where the study population consisted of public shareholding companies and the population was 173 companies according to the ASE. In this study, questionnaires were used to collect the data, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) used to analyze the data. This study finds that there is a significant impact of social responsibility accounting on the financial performance represented by the return on assets for public shareholding companies listed on the ASE during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study recommended that there is a need for public shareholding companies to work to apply the activities related to social responsibility accounting in its various dimensions (employees, environment, society, and product). In addition, the companies should work to meet the desires of all members of society, which will lead to an increase in the community’s confidence in the company, and this will reflect positively on its financial performance in general and the return on assets specifically.

ИНСТРУМЕНТЫ УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОГО УЧЕТА КАК АГРЕГАТОР УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ

Currently, approaches to the formation of sustainable development reporting are being implemented, which is a new type of reporting – integrated reporting, including economic, environmental and social spheres of activity of an economic entity. In order to achieve this goal, the tasks of rethinking the information content of sustainable development reporting are being solved; comparative assessment of management and social accounting, as well as management, strategic accounting and green finance tools necessary for the formation of integrated reporting indicators. At the same time, it is important to clarify the role, composition and content of accounting and financial instruments and to determine their impact on the formation of information in sustainable development reporting. The necessity of using an expanded set of accounting instruments as an aggregator of sustainable development reporting is substantiated. The concept of sustainable accounting tools in agricultural organizations is proposed in accordance with the realities of digitalization of agriculture, aimed at forming information about economic, environmental, and social spheres of activity. The developed concept is based on the theoretical component, the system of accounting tools, the technology of accounting procedures, accounting and analytical support of accounting processes.

A Study on Factors Affecting the Application of Social Responsibility Accounting in Manufacturing Enterprises of Vietnam

A Study on Factors Affecting the Application of Social Responsibility Accounting in Manufacturing Enterprises of Vietnam

Unlocking Performativity in Social and Environmental Accounting: The Interplay of Affordances, Legitimacy, and Trust

Unlocking Performativity in Social and Environmental Accounting: The Interplay of Affordances, Legitimacy, and Trust

Corporate social responsibility, internal control and accounting conservatism: evidence from Tehran stock exchange

Corporate social responsibility, internal control and accounting conservatism: evidence from Tehran stock exchange

Community Social Capital and Accounting Conservatism

Community Social Capital and Accounting Conservatism

ІНСТИТУЦІОНАЛІЗАЦІЯ: ПРОЦЕСИ ТА ЕЛЕМЕНТИ У СВІТЛІ СТІЙКОГО РОЗВИТКУ

More than two decades after the 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development, sustainable development remains a major challenge. Politics and administration, especially in democratic societies, have a special responsibility for coordinating sustainable development. To fulfill this role, the regulative idea of sustainability must be integrated into policy and governance decision-making at all levels, from the local to the global. Taking this into account, we analyzed the development of the institutionalization of sustainable development as a cross-cutting and long-term problem. Drawing on a theoretical-conceptual framework derived from the theory of democracy, bureaucracy and political management/governance, we applied qualitative methods to understand how sustainability is integrated into political-administrative practice. In this article, we examine the elements and processes of institutionalization and present a perspective on how exactly sustainability is understood at the level of strategy formation. A deep analysis of the dynamics of the development of processes and elements of institutionalization indicates that the old institutional economics and the new institutional sociology can become an effective basis for an extended theoretical study of social and environmental accounting and reporting. The interaction of these two theories allows consideration of various aspects of institutions and their dynamics, including regulatory, normative and cultural-cognitive aspects. It is important to approach aspects of the old institutional economy, where the emphasis is on normative and customary aspects such as norms, conventions, rules and routines. The old theorists of institutional economics emphasize the importance of habits, procedures, and rules that define and maintain existing forms of behavior. Routines are «patterns of thought and action commonly adopted by groups of individuals», while rules are «a formally recognized way in which 'what should be done'». This approach reveals the difference between stable routines and formally defined rules that can be subject to change and institutionalization. On the other hand, new institutionalism is defined by a shift in focus from normative elements to shared understandings of social reality, such as symbols, meanings, and beliefs. He considers cultural and cognitive elements, as well as regulatory, as socially constructed phenomena that define a «common structure» for perceiving events and taking actions. As for the concept of «sustainable development», it can be concluded that it is a complex and ambiguous term that does not have a strict definition, but covers various aspects and understanding. Different points of view lead to different interpretations of this concept. As noted in the sources, in the additive model of sustainability, different actors may prioritize different aspects of sustainability (social, economic, environmental), depending on their interests and field of activity.

Development of a Social Accounting Matrix: A Tool for Assessing Water Policy in Tunisia

Development of a Social Accounting Matrix: A Tool for Assessing Water Policy in Tunisia

An extended variant of the IO model for the study on indirect and direct taxes

Since the input - output (I.O) system was created by W. Leontief, there have been many models expanding from the I.O model such as inter-regional I.O model, inter-national I.O model, social accounting matrix (SAM), demographic - economic model... The I.O model describes and analyzes the flow of products through inter-industrial relationships or the initial distribution process of the economy. The inter-regional I.O model not only reflects inter-industry relationships but also reflects inter-regional relationships, it allows determining the advantage of one region over another in which industries? The social accounting matrix and economic demographic model not only model describes the initial distribution process but also describes the redistribution process. This study extends the I.O model with a harmonious blend of the concept of social accounting matrix and economic demographic model to see that the economy is like a cycle of reincarnation in Buddhism about "no beginning and no end"; any change (Cause) at any stage directly or indirectly affects (Consequences) on the rest.

The impact of live sheep export trade on the South Africa economy

<abstract> <p>The study assesses the impact of the live sheep export trade on the South African economy. The study used a recent South African Social Accounting Matrix and a partial equilibrium model. The results are mixed. On a positive note, the higher the demand for live sheep exports, the higher the prices and the more significant the economic impact. On the other hand, South Africa loses value-adding opportunities such as output from abattoirs, including hides and skin, offal, head, and consumable internal organs, and employment when live lambs are exported and slaughtered in destination markets. These findings help policymakers to develop appropriate mitigation strategies to balance the advantages and disadvantages of live sheep export. A nationwide analysis may miss some of the local costs and benefits of live sheep exports. Future research can also be done in selected major areas that produce sheep in South Africa.</p> </abstract>

WELFARE EFFECTS AND IMPORTANCE OF SKILLS AND HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN A DCGE MODEL OF GHANA

Based on a 2012 Ghanaian social accounting matrix, it was determined how different leisure levels and labour endowments affect household welfare and sectoral output. The findings of the leisure experiments point to a pattern in which the wellbeing of wealthiest households are negatively impacted. On the other hand, all other households see an increase in their welfare with rural farmer head savannah (hh01) always seeing the highest each time. Clearly there are redistribution impacts of leisure labour choice through income and substitution effects. When leisure is reduced in an effort to increase productivity, these rich households see a decrease in their consumption levels and the relatively poorer households see an increase in their welfare. So the question then is how can policy makers make such rich households contribute more to national development through income distributional effects by enhancement in their efficiency. Similar effects are noted when endowments change. Outputs in sectors increases. Some household save, spend more on health and education whiles others spend more consumption, specially on imported goods. The income gap between affluent and poor households is reduced when leisure is reduced (productivity is increased), but the income gap is increased when endowments are increased. The question is, “How might policymakers encourage measures that will boost economic happiness and satisfaction for both wealthy and disadvantaged households?” Rawalsian versus Benthamite notions of utility should be considered while setting policy options to achieve the aim of the MDGs.

A fair-biased allocation of investment between economic sectors using social accounting matrix multiplier analysis

Economists have exploited the social accounting matrix in linear economic models to analyze the effect of some variables such as government spending, investment, and export on other economic indicators including total output, employment, household income, and economic growth. In this paper, the influence of investment injection on some economic indicators is analyzed. In addition, to gather different indicators in a general view, these economic indicators are applied as inputs and outputs in a data envelopment analysis model. Overall, to get to the best possible economic conditions, a fair revenue allocation method is used based on a data envelopment analysis model to determine each economic sector’s quota of investment. Next, a kind of fair-biased allocation method improving the economic conditions in comparison to the prior model is proposed. Finally, the whole process for Iran’s social accounting matrix and subsequent results are presented.

Economic Sectors Impact Household Income in Vietnam: A Structural Path Analysis

Despite the remarkable achievements in poverty reduction, income inequality in Vietnam still tends to increase, consequently having negative impacts on the sustainable growth of the country. The goals of this research are to identify and measure the impact of propagation channels of economic sectors on the income of the household groups, which is of great importance to poverty reduction efforts in Vietnam. The study aims to unravel the critical supply chain paths that drive changes in household income. To this end, the structural path analysis methodology is used based on the 2016 Vietnam Social Accounting Matrix model, which has not been extensively studied in Vietnam. Compared with previous studies, this research was conducted at the national level instead of the regional level and detailed the factors involved in income distribution such as economic sectors, labour, and household groups. The analysis finds 513 higher-order paths of 25 sectors that lead to an income increase for the household groups. When economic sectors expand under policy changes, household income improvements are mainly affected by labour skill, capital, and the magnitude of inter-industry linkages. It is noteworthy that high-skilled labour has a significant impact on the income of urban households, while the income of rural households is considerably affected by the capital. The analysis also demonstrates 32 selected paths having the greatest influence on household income. The importance of forestry, wood and wood products, fisheries, coal, crude oil and natural gas, footwear, distribution of electricity, gas, water, and utilities, and retail and wholesale for poverty alleviation is underlined for their distributional impact. Based on the research findings, relevant policy implications are also recommended.

The Environmental Accounting Evolution: A Literature Review and Future Directions


 
 
 
 
 The aim of this article is to track the trending topics in the field study of environmental accounting research. The data was analyzed by using the library study method. The data was collected from scopus database by searching the systematic keyword that related with the environmental accounting literature on the search engine. This study found that the article that discussed about the environmental accounting was various and mostly concern on the issue about carbon accounting, water accounting, and biodiversity accounting as well as the measurement stages of extinction accounting. The author also found there was some theory which fit with the environmental accounting research that mainly discussed about the evolution of modern accounting and business methods that now more concerned with the social and environmental accounting. This research had implication for the accounting thinkers as well as the accounting and economic students, because the author did not only discuss about the literature review of environmental accounting but also the future direction of the environmental accounting that could become a new novelty for the future
 
 
 
 
 
 
 study.
 
 
 
 

FEATURES OF ORGANIZING OF GENERAL ACCOUNTING IN THE ASPECT OF PENSION INSURANCE SYSTEM IN CONDITION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TAJIKISTAN

This article considered basic organizational aspects of general accounting of pension system in sustainable development condition of Republic of Tajikistan. Theoretical bases of pension system accounting are analysed. The key aspects of research work are based in the regulations confirmed on the “Instruction about general accounting organization and recording pension operations in accounting”. The problems of transformation of accounting and the pension system are pushing scientists to pay attention to the issues of organizing pension accounting. This scientific article is based on the research regarding to the theme of my candidate dissertation on theme: “Features of development and modernization of social insurance system in the national economy of Tajikistan”. This study should bring some clarity to the process of accounting for pension provision in Tajikistan in the context of sustainable development. To determine the general accounting organization features in the direction of the pension system, methods of analysis of definitions were used and the most frequently used accounting accounts were grouped. As a result of research work and studies of regulatory legal acts on accounting for pension provision, accounting entries were determined in accordance with international accounting standards in the context of sustainable development of Tajikistan. The theoretical foundations of accounting are determined, and the most used definitions of the investigated sphere are highlighted. In conclusion, it should be noted that to effectively organize the accounting of pensions, it is proposed to constantly improve the qualifications of accounting employees not only in the republic, but also in foreign countries that apply international accounting standards. Since the study of accounting from outside contributes to the correct organization and maintenance of modern pension accounting. The basic steps of social tax accounting in the context of sustainable development of Tajikistan are improved by author.

Analysis of the intersectoral synchronization of the Mexican economy

In this paper, we investigate the sectoral interrelation of the Mexican economy addressed by a nonparametric mechanism known as phase synchronization that emphasizes in the business cycles comovements between oscillating systems (productive activities), which tend to synchronize their fluctuations. The sectors considered for this application were selected through their input‒output linkages captured through a social accounting matrix. The results suggest that production sectors with higher intersectoral linkages demonstrate synchronization. Among all productive sectors, the manufacturing industry is the sector that presents greater synchronization with the rest of the productive activities.

The economic costs of insecurity on businesses in Mexico: A general equilibrium perspective

This article contributes to the study of the economic consequences of crime among businesses in Mexico. To this end, we construct a static general equilibrium model of the Mexican economy based on a social accounting matrix, introducing crime as a combination of sales or capital use taxes. We found that the effects of crime on businesses in Mexico (robbery, extorsion and the costs of crime prevention) are not minor. Calibrating the tax rates with the Enterprise Survey of the World Bank, the loss for the insecurity is of the order of 4 to 5 percent of GDP. Even the model is static, this study contributes to the literature, since it shows that if firms are able to shift the crime tax forward, the household losses are equivalent to a proportional tax. To the extent that firms shift it backward, especially to capital, crime functions as a progressive tax.

Quantifying the Impact of Development of the Transport Sector in Pakistan

An efficient transport system is not only a pre-requisite for economic development but is also important to achieve the objective of economic integration in the world economy. Insufficient transport infrastructure results in congestion, delay delivery time, fuel waste, pollution and accident1 which built inefficiencies in the economy and costs the economy 4 to 6 percent of GDP each year [Shah (2006)and World Bank (2007)], which can be saved by investing in transport services. Realising its importance, the government of Pakistan has initiated National Trade Corridor Improvement Programme (NTCIP) in 2005 to improve logistic and transport infrastructure so that it can fulfill the demand of economy more efficiently. This five years programme includes all sectors that improve performance of corridor-high way namely, road transport, railways, airports, and ships etc. The objective of the programme is to reduce the cost of doing business and improve quality of services. The study quantifies the efficiency of transport sector by evaluating the impact of public investment to improve transport services on the economy in general and on cost of land transportation in particular; i.e., cost of freight and passenger movement and cost of externalities such as congestion, air pollution and accident. The outcome of the study depends on how improved facility is achieved, i.e., who bears the cost and who benefits etc. This paper assumes tax financed public investment that not only change domestic price and demand, but also welfare and poverty. The issue is analysed in computable general equilibrium framework taking into account inter linkages of transport sector with rest of the economy. First, a social accounting matrix (SAM) is developed with a detailed transport module. Then, a dynamic CGE model is developed around this SAM and simulations are conducted for short run and long run analysis of public investment in trans port sector.

Fiscal Space for Investment in Agriculture— A Review of Taxes and Subsidies in Agriculture in Pakistan

Despite agriculture’s importance in terms of its relationship to poverty and welfare of the poorest households, the government finds it increasingly difficult to find the fiscal space for budgetary allocations for agriculture and agricultural RD. We hypothesise that expansion of expenditures on agriculture is possible in the short to medium run with a combination of reallocations and new taxation. We argue that existing spending aimed towards the agriculture sector includes very large outlays on implicit subsidies that are largely unproductive. These costs include: subsidisation of gas for fertiliser plants, which approach Rs 48 billion in gas subsidies to fertiliser companies; the full costs of the infrastructure and operation and maintenance of the irrigation system, which amount to Rs 166 billion per year; and losses on wheat procurement, which have been about Rs 25 billion recently. On the taxation side, while agricultural producers are not currently liable to pay tax on income, they do however pay indirect taxes on agricultural inputs. Using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), we estimate agricultural producer pay about Rs 61 billion, mostly from GST taxes on fertiliser. Using a Computable General Equilibrium model, we show that agriculture could contribute further with an income tax on agricultural income. With a ―low-rate-widebase‖ income tax of 15 percent on non-poor, medium and large farms, as much as Rs 130 billion could be raised, enough to cover, for example, a sizable portion of the operation and maintenance cost of the irrigation system. JEL Classifications: D58, E16, H20, H22, H23, Q10 Keywords: Agriculture, Fiscal Policy, Subsidies, Taxation, General Equilibrium, Social Accounting Matrix, Pakistan

Accountability in nonprofit organisations: the value of integrated reporting for the case of Spain

In nonprofit organisations, a mix of financial and nonfinancial information is necessary to discharge accountability, and with this aim, social accounting emerged some years ago. Integrated reporting has been more recently developed with the aim of reporting the connections and relationships between all the factors that affect an organisation’s ability to create value over time. This paper analyses what integrated reporting can add to accountability and management in nonprofit organisations, considering that it includes performance as well as social and environmental aspects. The paper uses a case study to analyse how integrated social reporting has been implemented in some organisations and what are the particularities that must be considered to develop a model for these organisations. Semi-structured interviews with the responsible of three social organisations have been carried out to find out what improvements integrated reporting can make and what is necessary for their implementation.