Soccer Fields Research Articles

A história da coleta de resíduos em Novo Hamburgo, RS e uma proposta de uma nova roteirização utilizando sistema de informações geográficas

A elevação do número da população mundial, nas últimas décadas, vem acarretando um aumento exorbitante na produção de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU). Em consequência, o processo de gerenciamento dos RSU (serviços de coleta, transporte e destinação), que visa minimizar os impactos ambientais, tem gerado grandes custos aos cofres públicos. Além do impacto na economia, o transporte de RSU acarreta grandes volumes de emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE), causando fortes dados à atmosfera. Esta pesquisa fez uma análise histórica do gerenciamento dos RSU no município de Novo Hamburgo, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e propôs uma nova roteirização para a coleta destes resíduos utilizando diferentes cenários. Para isso foi utilizado a ferramenta Network Analyst dentro de um software de Sistema de Informação Geográfica para identificar as rotas mais eficientes para os veículos coletores de RSU. A partir desta informação foram estimados os custos financeiros e também as emissões de GEE para realizar a coleta. Os resultados demonstraram que para compensar os gases emitidos pelos caminhões de coleta de RSU em um período de um ano seriam necessários plantar mais de 285 mil árvores nativas da Mata Atlântica dependendo do cenário de roteirização utilizado, isto dá uma área média equivalente a 15.900 campos de futebol, sem levar em consideração o transporte desses resíduos até o aterro sanitário de Minas do Leão, o qual se localiza a mais de 100 km do centro de Novo Hamburgo, o que iria aumentar consideravelmente esse valor. Portanto, uma análise histórica da coleta de resíduos e a definição de rotas de transporte de RSU mais eficientes trará ao município melhores serviços de limpeza pública e mitigação dos impactos ambientais.

Injuries on the Youth Soccer (Football) Field: Do Additional Referees Reduce Risk? Randomized Crossover Trial.

Youth soccer injury can be prevented through various means, but few studies consider the role of referees. Following previous research suggesting children take fewer risks when supervised intensely, this randomized crossover trial evaluated whether risky play and injuries decrease under supervision from three referees instead of one referee. Youth soccer clubs serving a metropolitan U.S. area participated. Boys' and girls' clubs at under age 10 (U10) and under age 11 (U11) levels were randomly assigned such that when the same clubs played each other twice in the same season, they played once with one referee and once with three referees. A total of 98 games were videotaped and subsequently coded to obtain four outcomes: collisions between players, aggressive fouls (involving physical player-to-player contact) called by the referee(s) on the field, aggressive fouls judged by trained coders, and injuries requiring adult attention or play stoppage. Poisson mixed model results suggest players in the 98 games committed fewer aggressive fouls, as identified independently by referees (rate ratio [RR] 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35-0.96) and by researchers (RR 0.67; 95% CI 0.50-0.90), when there were three referees versus one referee. Collisions (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.86-1.12) and injury rates (RR 1.15; 95% CI 0.60-2.19) were similar across conditions. When the same youth soccer clubs played with three referees rather than one, they committed fewer aggressive fouls. More intense supervision created better rule adherence. Injury rates were unchanged with increased supervision. Results raise questions concerning whether financial investment in additional referees on youth soccer fields yields safety benefits.

Tata fasilitas rekreasi tepi sungai: studi kasus kawasan wisata Sungai Bindu, Kesiman, Denpasar

Denpasar City is the capital of Bali Province which has a strategic location. Denpasar City is also famous for its cities which have many rivers. Bindu River as a place of recreation is one of the alternative outdoor recreation in Denpasar City. Bindu River has various facilities that can be used by visitors as a place of recreation. The facilities Bindu River area is still not in accordance with good standardization and placement that is not good. This study aims to maximize existing facilities by providing recommendations for facilities that are referenced through good standards and laying. The research method used is the survey method with observation techniques, interviews, documentation, questionnaires, and literature studies. The results of the study state that there are several facilities that have not followed good standardization and laying. Facilities available in the Bindu River area are: seating, trash cans, garden lights, toilets, culinary stands, gazebos, jogging tracks as well as recreational facilities such as mini soccer fields, physical games, tubing, sports equipment, and gymnastics area. Many visitor activities are carried out in the Bindu River area, but some of the facilities provided are in poor condition. The efforts made to improve the quality of facilities are by following the standards in the Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture.

Urbanization has opposite effects on the territory size of two passerine birds

BackgroundUrban expansion has been identified as one of the leading drivers of biodiversity change or loss. For birds, urbanization is specifically related to survival, breeding success, and territory size. Understanding how different birds adjust territory size in response to urbanization is essential for their conservation in urban environments and to better understand why some species are lost and others persist under this condition. We evaluated the effect of urbanization on the territory size of an urban avoider species, White-eared Ground-Sparrow (Melozone leucotis), and an urban adapter species, House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), at five Costa Rican sites.MethodsWe measured the size of 30 ground-sparrow and 28 wren territories using a total of 296 h of observation. We followed each individual for at least 1 h per day for at least 2 days of two consecutive years, and geo-referenced their locations. Territory size was estimated using the minimum convex polygon method. We measured the urban surfaces (roads, buildings, any other paved area, soccer fields, lawns, and gardens with short grass) within territories.ResultsGround-sparrow territories were larger at the highly urbanized site than at the non-urbanized site. Wren territories were larger at the low urbanized site than at the highly urbanized site. We found a positive relationship between urban surface and territory size for the ground-sparrow, but not for the wren.ConclusionsOur results showed that not all birds adjust territory size in the same way in response to urbanization. We showed that urban avoiders probably need to defend larger territories in urban environments to find all the resources required to survive because urban environments may provide insufficient resources such as food or shelter. Urban adapters on the other hand defend smaller territories in urban environments because even small territories may provide sufficient resources. These results suggest specific behavioral adaptations developed by Neotropical birds inhabiting urban environments.

Integrated solid waste management strategy of a large campus: A comprehensive study on METU campus, Turkey

A significant amount of solid waste generation from various streams become inevitable for large campuses due to their large population and variety of activities taking place on the campus. Therefore, it is a challenge to develop and implement an Integrated Solid Waste Management plan for large campuses to aid sustainable campus practices. The aim of this study is to develop sustainable strategies that will support the Integrated Solid Waste Management plan for Middle East Technical University which has one of the largest campuses in Turkey. METU is an international research university with about 27000 students. The campus area is 4500 ha including residential areas which have a capacity of 7000 students, a shopping center, banks, food courts, indoor sports facilities, tennis courts, soccer fields, swimming pools, dormitories, cafeterias, a science park, 3000 ha of forest area, a shallow lake, and department buildings. This comprehensive study includes evaluation of the effectiveness of current solid waste management strategies through data collection process which includes intense monitoring of the waste generation, site visits, compost experiments, interviews with the administrations responsible for the solid waste management, and surveys to understand the social behavior of the students. The results show that the average daily solid waste generation factor is 0.40 kg/day/cap and the total amount of waste generated varies between 5.8 and 10.3 tons/day on a weekly basis on the campus. In addition, it was found that the total collected recyclable waste accounts for 13% of the total waste generated. The complete evaluation resulted in the development of strategies (behavioral, structural and managerial) to decrease the solid waste generation rate, increase the recyclable material collection rate and initiate compost activities.

A Deep Learning Method to Accelerate the Disaster Response Process

This paper presents an end-to-end methodology that can be used in the disaster response process. The core element of the proposed method is a deep learning process which enables a helicopter landing site analysis through the identification of soccer fields. The method trains a deep learning autoencoder with the help of volunteered geographic information and satellite images. The process is mostly automated, it was developed to be applied in a time- and resource-constrained environment and keeps the human factor in the loop in order to control the final decisions. We show that through this process the cognitive load (CL) for an expert image analyst will be reduced by 70%, while the process will successfully identify 85.6% of the potential landing sites. We conclude that the suggested methodology can be used as part of a disaster response process.

Violence and Hope: The Aesthetic Force of Infrastructures

27 Field Trip Jessamyn R. Abel and Leo Coleman Violence and Hope: The Aesthetic Force of Infrastructures The essays of this Field Trip use new approaches to infrastructure, especially arguments about the political force of aesthetics and the relation between infrastructures and political violence, to consider the ways that the mapping, projection, and design of infrastructures shape the distribution of power and intervene in political processes. They emerge from a roundtable titled “Imaging Infrastructure,” which we organized for the Global Asias 5 conference held at Penn State in April 2019. Together, they suggest that the forces conveyed and exerted by infrastructures, as either concept or material reality, direct human action, form identities and expectations, and delimit political possibilities. However, these effects , our authors demonstrate, often extend far beyond the intended function of any particular construction. The three essays here address both intangible and concrete infrastructures . Corey Byrnes and Lisa Hofmann-­Kuroda examine representations of potential infrastructures in order to understand the particular political force of maps, propaganda images, and architectural designs. In Byrnes’s study of China’s aspirational mapping of expanded maritime borders and ongoing island construction in the South China Sea, infrastructures that have been “made up” and then “made real” help bolster the Chinese government ’s case in international territorial disputes by lending its claims conceptual, then actual, solidity. In contrast, the imagined infrastructure in Hofmann-­Kuroda’s study was never realized. In the case of Isamu Noguchi’s plans for a recreational space within a World War II Japanese American internment camp, the aesthetic and practical elements of the infrastructure envisioned in his blueprints aimed to change the meaning of the space for its involuntary inhabitants, literally watering down 28 Field Trip its militarized organization and softening the hard grid of its barracks. Finally, Mubbashir Rizvi examines the role that long-­term colonial interventions , legal and physical, in the pattern of agricultural land holding and irrigation, can play in explaining the patterns of violence after the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. His essay shows that categorizations of identity (and rights) and lines on a map give form to even the most sudden and devastating episodes of communal violence. Importantly, these essays collectively highlight the presence of military power and state violence within legal routines of classification or as a framework shaping efforts to imagine and build infrastructures for play and recreation. They thus question the commonsense idea that infrastructures are built to improve people’s lives. Byrnes draws attention to the damage done to ocean ecologies through construction over coral reefs to provide space for airfields and soccer fields alike. Hofmann-­Kuroda notes that Noguchi’s playground was a small and ultimately unsuccessful effort to mitigate the negative effects of a different kind of infrastructure: the regimented barracks that symbolized and enacted the U.S. government ’s effort to control Japanese American bodies. And Rizvi suggests that both legal and infrastructural attempts to provide better lives and increased productivity for rural Punjabi farmers ended up contributing to a climate of violence that erupted with exceptional force during the period of partition in 1947. Political societies build infrastructures to facilitate the mundane activities of daily life: schools and government buildings allow residents of a newly built island to live as they would in any small city; a playground offers a space for relaxation and pleasure; canals help farmers increase their yield. But attention to the aesthetics and effects of infrastructure shows that, intentionally or not, and for better or worse, they often do much more. Jessamyn Abel is associate professor in the Asian Studies department at Pennsylvania State University. She is the author of The International Minimum : Creativity and Contradiction in Japan’s Global Engagement, 1933–­64. Leo Coleman is associate professor of anthropology at Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York. He is the author of A Moral Technology: Electrification as Political Ritual in New Delhi and editor of Food: Ethnographic Encounters. ...

Prognóstico da gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos de uma cidade de médio porte: estimativa de impactos ambientais

A busca por um sistema de gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) sustentável é um desafio para gestores municipais. Para isso, é necessário inicialmente entender o atual sistema de gestão e seus futuros resultados. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de realizar o prognóstico do atual sistema de gestão de RSU do município de Juazeiro do Norte no Ceará. O estudo é quantitativo e utilizou métodos quantitativos de modelagem para estimar, em um período de 20 anos (2016 a 2035), impactos ambientais de ocupação de área por aterro e de emissão de gás metano (CH4) e de gás carbônico (CO2). Os resultados apontam que, caso nada seja feito, os RSU coletados e enterrados no aterro do município, entre 2016 e 2035, ocuparão uma área equivalente a 20 campos de futebol (147.140 m2) e emitirão aproximadamente 153.300 e 420.600 toneladas de CH4 e CO2, respectivamente, que se estenderão por 40 anos. Os resultados dessa pesquisa destacam um cenário futuro preocupante que pode e deve ser mitigado através do planejamento e implementação de alternativas de mudanças do atual sistema de gestão de RSU da região.

Green Exercise: How Are Characteristics of Urban Green Spaces Associated with Adolescents' Physical Activity and Health?

This study investigates associations between characteristics of urban green spaces (UGSs) and adolescents’ self-reported green exercise (GE), general health, and body mass index (BMI). Data were collected through face-to-face personal interviews with 384 adolescents ages 13–19 between 1 March and 31 May, 2018 in UGSs in Aydın, Turkey. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to examine associations controlling for confounding factors. Stratified analyses were also conducted to determine differences between boys and girls. Positive associations with the duration of GE included many trees, lawns, soccer fields and basketball courts, play equipment, and self-reported general health. Whereas increased BMI was associated with increased benches/ seating, lawns and exercise trails were positively associated with self-reported general health. Negative relationships with increased BMI included many trees, open areas, and outdoor fitness equipment. Increased distance from UGSs was negatively associated with the frequency of GE. In stratified analyses, positive associations between boys’ duration of GE and self-reported general health were found. Whereas soccer fields and basketball courts were associated with girls’ frequency of GE, exercise trails and play equipment were correlated with girls’ self-reported general health. Negative associations with the boys’ frequency of GE included increased BMI and screen time. Whereas increased distance from UGSs was negatively associated with girls’ frequency of GE, many trees, lawns, exercise trails, play equipment, open areas, flowerbeds, and outdoor fitness equipment were negatively correlated with girls’ increased BMI. Findings suggest that adolescents’ GE and health could be promoted with many trees, lawns, flowerbeds, open areas, play and outdoor fitness equipment, exercise trails, and soccer fields and basketball courts. Findings of this study should be tested with longitudinal or intervention studies in future research.

A decision support method for designing vegetation layers with minimised irrigation need

Selecting a vegetation layer design goes along with determining its future irrigation need. Therefore, it is essential to take a design decision that is minimising the cumulated construction and irrigation costs in a given depreciation period. This contribution showcases a decision support approach using long term weathering time series and soil water balances with example data for turf soccer fields in six German regions. The approach relies on minimising both material and irrigation costs by modifying soil layer design parameters; here the layer thickness and therefore its water retention capacity. E.g. suggested layer thicknesses between 200 and 250 mm for Stuttgart lead over 10–40 year depreciation periods to estimated substrate and water cost savings between 90 and 194% in comparison to a standard substrate layer thickness of 80 mm. For practical applications, the presented theoretical approach needs to be adapted with the usable soil water storage capacity and relationships describing evapotranspiration for given substrate-turfgrass combinations.

AMAGER BAKKE: A steel building with the design challenge of creating a world famous recreational roof

ABSTRACTAmager Bakke is a spectacular construction. The 43,000 m2 combined waste to energy plant and artificial ski slope has a full height of 85 m. The roof provides public access for a park with the size of 2½ soccer fields. The park includes hiking, climbing, skiing area, viewing platform, café and trees.The building has a high complexity due to the exterior architectural expressions require the correct shape for a double curved skiing slope, which was merged with the interior demands for machinery. The result is a complex geometrical structure for which steel was the only feasible material to apply when forming the superstructure. Furthermore, the fire compartmentation of the plant and the park gave special design issues concerning structural robustness and municipality's approval of the regulatory fire safety strategy.Early in the engineering process it was decided that an innovative approach was required. Therefore, the limits of BIM tools were challenged and widened. The 3D‐model was used for design layout, collision check, quantity surveyor and illustrating the erection timeline. Additionally, the model was continuously operated for interchanges with the client, the architect, and the contractor.The steel superstructure was executed in S235, S355, and S460 steel. A total of approximately 7,500 tons of weight was applied to the building parts. Various forms of large span roof steel girders were used with different static systems, to carry ∼1,000 concrete slab elements on the roof. The facade is covered with ∼1,000 aluminum bricks on steel sandwich panels and the cantilevered chimney hangs on the gable side starting more than 50 m up and reaching 124 m above ground level. This required a tuned mass damper in the top. The building complex also includes an 11‐storey office building, which caused additional demands regarding acoustical vibrational damping through the structures and floors.

Artificial-turf surfaces for sport and recreational activities: microbiota analysis and 16S sequencing signature of synthetic vs natural soccer fields

Synthetic fibres are used in place of the natural grass worldwide, for realizing playgrounds, soccer fields and even domestic gardens or recreational structures. An intensive use of artificial turf is currently observed in sports facilities, due to lower costs, higher sustainability in recycling of materials, and advantages related to athletic practice and performance. However, even if chemical and physical risks were studied, the microbiological component was not fully addressed, especially considering a comprehensive evaluation of the microbiota in synthetic vs natural playground surfaces. Here, we investigated the microbial community present on soccer fields, using Next Generation Sequencing and a 16S amplicon sequencing approach. Artificial and natural turfs show own ecosystems with different microbial profiles and a mean Shannon's diversity value of 2.176 and 2.475, respectively. The bacterial community is significantly different between facilities (ANOSIM: R = 0.179; p < 0.001) and surface materials (ANOSIM: R = 0.172; p < 0.005). The relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacterial OTUs was higher in synthetic than in natural samples (ANOVA, F = 2.2). Soccer fields are characterized by their own microbiota, showing a different 16S amplicon sequencing signature between natural and artificial turfs.

Chlorinated Paraffins in Car Tires Recycled to Rubber Granulates and Playground Tiles.

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are used in various products to improve their physicochemical characteristics. Due to recycling, CPs may end up in “new” recycled products. In this study we investigated CPs present in end-of-life car tires that are recycled to rubber granulates used on artificial soccer fields, and playground tiles. The ∑CP(C10-C30) concentrations ranged from 1.5 to 67 μg/g in car tires, 13–67 μg/g in rubber granulates, and 16–74 μg/g in playground tiles. MCCPs were the dominant CP group with an average contribution of 72%. LCCPs up to C30, were detected for the first time in car tires, rubber granulates, and playground tiles. The CPs application in tires is unclear, the low CP concentrations found in this study (<0.007%) could possibly indicate contamination during the manufacturing process. The presence of CPs in the granulates and tiles, in addition to the multiple chemicals already detected, emphasizes the need to further investigate the migration and leaching behavior, in order to assess potential risks of CPs for humans and the environment. The presence of CPs in car tires may be another source of CPs for the environment. The CP volume brought into the environment by tire wear particles (TWP) from car tires in the European Union, is estimated at 2.0–89 tons annually.

Creating social capital on soccer fields: immigrant opportunities and gendered barriers in adult soccer leagues

ABSTRACT This paper examines adult soccer leagues in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area and the level of social capital that exists through participation in these ethnically diverse social groups. Given soccer’s global appeal, the communities that form around soccer are distinctly international, and include native-born players, as well as newer, foreign-born community members. In this case study, over 600 soccer players in two different leagues completed online surveys, and 20 players participated in three different focus groups. Results show that both bridging and bonding social capital develops within these communities as over 90% of respondents made new friends and socialised off the field. In addition, 9.5% of respondents reported getting a job or job interview as a result of participation in soccer. The study also uncovered barriers to participation. Women felt less welcome among the more diverse and less regulated pick-up soccer community. While the cost of formal league membership could exclude individuals who were less willing/able to pay for play. In areas experiencing demographic shifts due to increased immigration, however, the support of adult leagues (especially low or no cost ones) could improve trust and reciprocity across racial and ethnic divides.

CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY ADOLESCENTS FROM CURITIBA, BRAZIL

ABSTRACT Introduction Various studies have been developed and published in relation to the recommendations for physical activity and associated factors. However, there is a lack of studies that detail the places where physical activity is practiced, as well as its frequency, duration and volume. Objective To describe the places, types, frequency, duration and volume of physical activities performed by adolescents in Curitiba, Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in 2013-2014, through a household survey with 495 adolescents (12 to 17 years). The places used, and the frequencies of the practice of physical activity were self-reported as either “goes” or “does not go.” The practice of physical activity was determined through the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents, by type, frequency, duration and weekly volume. The types of physical activity were described with frequency distribution, weekly frequency, duration, and volume, by the median and interquartile range. Gender comparison was tested with the Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests (p&lt;0.05). Results The most frequently reported places for physical activity were public squares, parks, soccer fields, schools and sports halls. Soccer fields, schools, sports halls and skate parks were more used by boys, while girls attended gyms (p&lt;0.05). The physical activities most practiced were soccer, skating/rollerblading, cycling, walking and active games. A higher proportion of boys practiced soccer, skating/rollerblading, cycling, running/jogging, and basketball (p&lt;0.05), whereas the physical activities most practiced by girls were walking, walking the dog, dancing, playing games, and gyms (p&lt;0.05). Sports (720 min/week), aerobic exercises (400 min/week) and conditioning exercises (345 min/week) were the activities with the highest weekly volume. Boys showed higher weekly frequency, duration and volume of practice of sports and active games than girls (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion Public places with structures were the most used places, and sports were the most practiced activities. Level of Evidence III; Study of nonconsecutive patients; without consistently applied ‘‘gold’’ reference standard.

Images of alcohol in the adolescents' life of one quilombola community.

To analyze the images of alcohol in the rite of passage of adolescents of a quilombola community. Qualitative and participatory study was developed by Creative and Sensitive Method, and guided by generated questions: "In my house, alcohol is..."; "Near my house, I see alcohol in..." Ten adolescents who live in a quilombola community in the north of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, participated in the group dynamics. The material was submitted to a thematic analysis. Images of alcohol are common in the daily life of adolescents and can be seen in bars drinks, in their homes or in soccer fields; in different moments within the community (weekend barbecues, church celebrations, after soccer); and also in rites of passage, where adolescents first sipped or tasted alcohol with friends or socially with adults. Alcohol in quilombola communities is cultural, and socially accepted, which turns it into a challenge for health professionals to promote health education with these adolescents.

A Proposal for Recycling the World’s Unused Stockpiles of Treated Wastewater Sludge (Biosolids) in Fired-Clay Bricks

Millions of tonnes of leftover biosolids are increasingly stockpiled every year around the globe. Biosolids are a product of the wastewater sludge treatment process. Stockpiles necessitate the use of large areas of increasingly valuable land. Biosolids have many beneficial uses and are currently utilised in agricultural and land rehabilitation applications. However, it is estimated that 30% of biosolids are unused and stockpiled. A second and seemingly unrelated environmental issue is the massive excavation of virgin soil for brick production. The annual production of 1500 billion bricks globally requires over 3.13 billion cubic metres of clay soil—equivalent to over 1000 soccer fields dug 440 m deep or to a depth greater than three times the height of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. This paper investigates and proposes a practical solution for the utilisation of the world’s excess biosolids in fired–clay bricks. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of fired–clay bricks incorporating 25%, 20%, 15% and 10% biosolids have been tested. Bricks were produced from three different biosolids samples collected at Melbourne’s Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP 22) and the Western Treatment Plant (WTP 10 &amp; WTP 17–29). Compressive strength testing indicated results ranging between 35.5 MPa and 12.04 MPa for the biosolids-amended bricks. Leachate analysis was conducted on the bricks before and after firing, and the results demonstrate that between 43 and 99% of the heavy metals tested were immobilised inside the fired bricks compared to the heavy metals tested in the raw mixture. All leachate concentrations were found to be insignificant for the biosolids-incorporated bricks tested in this study. Biosolids can have significantly different chemical characteristics depending on the origin of the wastewater and the treatment procedure. Suitable leachate analysis should be undertaken on biosolids and test bricks before large-scale production is approved. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images illustrate that biosolids-amended bricks have a higher porosity than the control bricks, which corresponds to the lower thermal conductivity values recorded for biosolids-amended bricks. In addition, brick firing energy demands are estimated to decrease by up to 48.6% for bricks incorporating 25% WTP 17–29 biosolids due to the higher organic content of the mixture containing biosolids. The emissions study and comparative Life Cycle Assessment results show that the incorporation of biosolids into bricks is a positive and sustainable alternative approach with respect to all environmental impacts arising from the stockpiling of biosolids and brick manufacturing. Based on the results found in this comprehensive study, this paper proposes the inclusion of a minimum of 15% biosolids content into 15% of brick production in order to completely recycle all the approximately 5 million tonnes of annual leftover biosolids production in Australia, New Zealand, the EU, the USA and Canada. This is a practical and sustainable proposal for recycling all the leftover biosolids worldwide. Utilisation of only 15% of biosolids in brick production would reduce the carbon footprint of brick manufacturing whilst satisfying all the environmental and engineering requirements for bricks.

Invasive

Invasive Catharina Coenen (bio) What are these?" Judy asks. She bends way down, peers over the gold rims of her spectacles at something green beside the path. My eyes dash away from her, scan patch snow between silver trunks of beech and birch to find the dogs, team-digging for chipmunks by a stump. Clots of soil and rock are hitting leaf-duff in rhythmic spurts. They'll be busy for awhile. [End Page 22] I crouch next to Judy for a closer look. Tiny white flowers, about a dozen in a bunch, a fairy bridal bouquet ascending from a rosette of heart-shaped leaves. Some smaller leaves wind in a spiral staircase up the flower-bearing stem. I hook my glasses into my sweater collar, get down on hands and knees, bring my good right eye in close: four petals, six stamens. "Some mustardy thing." I need to bring the little flowers home to reference books and tea to extend my diagnosis beyond family resemblance, pin down a species name—but I won't pick them if there are just a few. Unfolding my achy back and dampish knees, I put my glasses on, then look around. There are four. No, five. I know I've never seen them here; but still, those tooth-edged leaves do resonate—familiar shapes I cannot place. Judy has been walking dogs along these trails since before blueberry bogs succumbed to soccer fields. If she thinks these rosettes of saw-toothed hearts are new arrivals to these woods, then they are new. For now, I'll have to leave them be. The dogs dig deeper, taking turns at the same hole. Judy and I return to talk of flowers waking from their winter's nap—this morning, the clump of bloodroot we transplanted from her yard to mine sent up first leaves, furled like umbrellas as they push from softening ground; soon it will be time to look for blue Hepatica. Since we've started talking botany on daily walks, what I am planting in my garden has become a subject of earnest inquiry, as have my curtains, my cutlery, my compost pile, the health of my family in Germany, and anything I've ever cooked. Swept up in shared bouts of farmer's market shopping, canning, and impromptu barbecues, I've stopped wondering how long teaching college biology can keep me happy on the northern edge of Appalachia, three thousand miles from home. [End Page 23] Today, the chipmunks' burrow proves too deep for digging dogs. Judy and I pick up our pace, take the shortcut across the parking lot between the college football and baseball fields; Judy mustn't be late for her doctor's appointment. "Call me when you get back," I say. Her symptoms, reported over many weeks, have puzzled me—evening chills and fevers that resolve by morning, a pain she describes as "a stitch in my side." "Or, I can tell you tomorrow," Judy says. ________ The dogs have treed a squirrel. Two weeks have transformed fairy bridal bouquets into candelabras by our path. Like dollhouse-cucumbers, green fruits curve skyward from stems that have shot up knee-high. Two neat seams that split the oldest fruits signify siliques—another mustard hallmark. Judy's scans are back. "Diverticulitis," the doctor said, a small pouch on the colon that swells and gets infected off and on, not too unusual in late middle-age. Some intravenous antibiotics should calm the ooze and swelling, clear things up. The squirrel jumps, catches another branch; dogs rage below to no avail. There's a squirrel highway in this canopy, and each nodding twig asserts escape. ________ My dog's high-pitched yelps, hot on a rabbit's brushy tracks, lead me away from our familiar round of trails. Summer-green privet covers the mad zigzag of his dash and Judy cannot help me look. After four weeks of fevers and recurring pains her doctors, out of drugs to try, went radical; a [End Page 24] surgery has clipped that oozing pouch—she should come home in just another week. I follow fading yelps and rustles down an unfamiliar trail, then stop to...

A São Paulo das mil e uma várzeas

A cidade de São Paulo das primeiras décadas do século vinte foi radicalmente tomada pelo jogo de bola. Das várzeas às ruas e terrenos baldios praticava-se uma profusão irradiante, com variações incontáveis, de futebóis. O centro espacial desta cidade preenchida de futebol se deu nas várzeas dos rios Tiête e Pinheiros, onde existiram centenas, talvez milhares de campos de futebol amador, e alguns destes organizaram-se como clubes. Este texto busca abordar esta cidade dos campos de várzea e procura entender os fundamentos e as razões que produziram seu desaparecimento, um processo brutal que vai do (espaço) lúdico ao lucro.

Life cycle assessment of PV‐battery systems for a cloakroom and club building in Zurich

AbstractThe Office for Building Engineering of the City of Zurich plans the construction of a cloakroom and club building. The building and the floodlights of the surrounding soccer fields use electricity mainly in the evening. That is why the installation of a photovoltaic (PV) system in combination with a battery storage system is evaluated in the pre‐project phase. The environmental footprint of the PV system with multi‐crystalline silicon modules and of current, future, and second‐life lithium‐ion batteries is quantified within the life cycle assessment of the building. The self‐consumption share of PV electricity increases from 31% to 62% if a 60 kWp PV system is complemented by a 100 kWh battery storage. The complementary grid electricity mix strongly influences the environmental impacts of electricity consumed by the cloakroom and club building. The installation of a PV system and a battery storage leads to a 10% to 17% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared with the full coverage of the electricity demand by the average Swiss supply mix. The addition of a current battery system does not yield any further reduction compared with the “PV only” option. With the renewable electricity mix of the City of Zurich, the installation of a PV system and a battery storage leads to higher environmental impacts of the electricity consumed by the cloakroom and club building, irrespective of the type of battery used. A future increase in energy density, production optimisations, and second‐life batteries bear a significant potential to reduce the environmental impacts of battery storage systems.