Soap Solutions Research Articles

Decontamination of Organophosphates: Efficacy of Oxime Incorporated Palm Oil based Liquid Soaps for Methyl Parathion Neutralization

Organophosphates (OPs) are a group of poisonous chemicals that are commonly used as pesticides and at times as chemical weapons. Decontamination of these compounds from the contaminated surfaces is an important step in their poisoning incident management but techniques that are commonly used currently, washings with soap solutions are not effective as the contaminants are still active in the waste solutions. Addition of an active ingredient such as an oxime which acts as a nucleophile in the soap solutions will enhance the ability of the washing liquids to hydrolyse OPs to convert them into innocuous compounds. This article describes a procedure to synthesize and characterize oxime-incorporated palm oil-based liquid soaps with an oxime concentration in the range of 0.05–1% and the results of their evaluation for their decontamination efficacy to degrade the OPs into non-toxic compounds. The soaps were formulated from palm oil and stable with the pH of 11.0, which is within the pH range for decontamination purposes. Upon mixing the soap solutions with Methyl Parathion (MP), the MP degrades slowly with the formation of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) after 24h which appears at peaks 400nm of the UV-Visible spectrum. However, in the presence of 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide (2-PAM) with concentrations of 0.05% to 1.0%, the degradation is immediately observed involving the 2-PAM/MP complexation, in addition to the formation of p-NP after 24h. Furthermore, with the concentration of 2-PAM of 0.5% to 1.0%, the degradation does not produce p-NP but dimethylthiophosphate (DMPT) suggesting that the oxime content in the soap is sufficient to neutralise the MP. Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that the addition of the 2-PAM at the right concentration into the soaps significantly enhances their ability to efficiently decontaminate MP.

Integrated developmental and green social work field education to control fall armyworm Infestation in maize crops in Malawi

In Malawi, fall armyworm (FAW) infestation in maize crops is a problem of public importance as it reduces maize yields and exacerbates household food insecurity. In addition to pest resistance, the use of synthetic pesticides to control FAW negatively affects the health of farmers and the environment. Biochemical pesticides from plants contain naturally non-toxic chemotypes and are effective in controlling pests. Tephrosia vogelii plants contain these bioactive phytocompounds that have pesticidal properties. Geographical location and plant species influence the occurrence of phytocompounds in Tephrosia vogelii. Farmers in Sub Sahara-Africa are using Tephrosia vogelii as a pesticide but there are mixed research findings regarding its effectiveness in controlling FAW pests. This study was informed by developmental and Green Social Work frameworks to compare the effectiveness of Tephrosia vogelii leaves extracts, Belt 480 SC, and soap solution in controlling FAW in maize gardens. The study employed a randomized complete block design with four replication gardens and was conducted from November 2022 to March 2023. A social work field education student was assigned to coordinate the project. The study affirmed that the sampled Tephrosia vogelii leaf extracts contained pesticidal chemotypes. The results of field gardens suggest that Tephrosia vogelii leaf extracts have similar potency to Belt SC 480 chemical pesticide. It has been identified that Boom detergent soap is not as effective as Tephrosia vogelii leaf extracts. The study has social work field education implications for empowering practicum students to gain community mobilization skillsets, to participate in environmental justice advocacy, and to uphold social work values.

Pengaruh perendaman larutan basa sabun cair pencuci piring terhadap pewarnaan indigosol pada kain mori primissima

In making batik using indigosol dye, an oxidation/fixation process is required with the addition of HCl or sunlight. HCl can have an adverse effect on fabric. Therefore, alternative chemicals are used in this process using dishwashing soap. This study aims to determine the effect of soaking in dish soap on the indigosol dyeing process. The variables in this study are the results of dyeing batik cloth with dye from indigosol and fixation using sodium nitrite and HCL. The level of success is indicated by the level of fabric fragility. This research uses an experimental research method. An experimental research method is a method that aims to test the influence of a variable on another variable or test the causal relationship between one variable and another. The experimental method used in this research is a pure experimental method (true experimental). namely experiments that most closely follow procedures and fulfill experimental requirements, especially those relating to controlling variables, control groups, providing treatment or manipulating activities and testing results. The results of this research are that dishwashing soap solution can be used as an alternative acid neutralizerthat does not damage the color of the fabric.

Перспектива застосування хімічних окислювачів для нейтралізації та дегазації фосфіну в морській фумігації вантажів

ABSTRACT. The transportation of grains, legumes and other regulated articles requires mandatory fumigation. Toxicological safety of fumigation team and crewmembers of the sea merchant fleet is a mandatory condition for fumigation. Hazardous waste is generated on board the ship during the work of the fumigation team. The development of a technique for phosphine residues degassing in containers, fumi-sleeves, etc. on board of a ship is an important scientific and applied task. Аim of the research. Study the possibility of application of well-known oxidizers (hydrogen peroxide, chloramine, ozone, potassium permanganate) for neutralizing and degassing of phosphine and phosphine-containing poison fumigants in marine cargo fumigation, conduct an analysis of redox reactions of degassers with phosphine and assess the toxicity of chemical reaction products. Materials and Мethods. The analysis of phosphine content was carried out by the method of stationary gas chromatography on the Tsvet-160 chromatograph, as well as by the method of electrochemical analysis using the Pac III – PH3, Accuro (Germany) and ToxyPro (USA) portable devices. An analytical review of the literature was performed, laboratory-experimental and field studies for degassing of phosphine and poisonous fumigants during marine fumigation of grain and fodder cargoes were conducted on ships of the bulk fleet and in the seaports of Odesa, Chornomorsk, and Yuzhne. The results. It is shown that, contrary to existing methods, water and its soap solutions do not have destructive and neutralizing properties in relation to phosphine and phosphine-containing preparations. Their use for phosphine degassing is impractical and dangerous. Conclusions. The application of aqueous solutions of typical oxidizers (chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and potassium permanganate) for degassing used containers from phosphine-containing preparations and fumigants on board ships can be recommended for use in national and international practice of maritime fumigation of cargo. Keywords: maritime fumigation, poison fumigants, phosphine, chemical oxidizers, degassing of containers from fumigants, simultaneous extinguishing and degassing of fumi-sleeves from phosphine fumigants

Physicochemical Properties of African Black Soap Prepared with Alkali Derived from (Empty) Oil Palm Fruit Bunches

The use of oil palm biomass in black soap production was carried out. The soap was prepared using different oils; Palm kernel oil (PKO), Tallow oil (TO), Palm oil (PO), Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and their blends (PKO:PFAD:TO:PO) at 0.5 ratio each. The physiochemical properties of the different oils and their blends were studied. The moisture content, bulk density, foaming stability, pH, solubility of metallic salts and surface tension of the different black soaps produced were analyzed. The results of the oils and their blends had free fatty acid values between (2.56 - 49.48) %, saponification values of (231.4 - 450.20) KOH/g and relative densities of (0.97-1.008) g/ml. The results indicated that the moisture content ranged from (6.0 -7.4) % for all soaps, with the lowest (6.0%) observed in PKO, the highest (7.4%) observed in soaps made with PO and PKO:PFAD:TO:PO blends. The bulk density of the soaps ranged from (0.55 - 0.94) g/cm3. The PKO: PFAD soap had the highest foam stability of 7.4cm and PKO soap (2.08cm) the lowest. The soap produced with various oils and their blends showed a neutral pH in the range of 7.25 -7.38. The metallic salts NaCl, KCl and HgCl2 were soluble in the soap solution with no precipitate formed while MnCl2, PbCl3, and CuCl2 salts precipitated out of the soap solution. The surface tension of water was lowered at different rates by the soaps. The black soap produced with the oils and their blends met the standard quality specification for commercial soaps within the geographical area of manufacture.

Calibration of absorption coefficients of liquid solutions for measuring liquid film thickness by absorptiometry

Abstract Infrared absorptiometry is a widely used non-intrusive method for measuring the thickness of liquid films. The accuracy of that measurement depends crucially on having high-accuracy data of the absorption coefficient of the laser light used, which is, however, not easily available, especially for the wavelength range where the absorption is strong. Here we propose a method to calibrate the absorption coefficients in such cases. By measuring the light intensity reduction while scanning through a liquid film formed in a wedge, whose angle can be adjusted and determined a priori from interferometry, the absorption coefficient of the liquid can be accurately obtained without the need to create a flat liquid film with exact known thickness. The method is verified by calibrating the absorption coefficient of pure water at an infrared wavelength and the result agrees very well with the values found in the literature. As a demonstration of the application of the method, the absorption coefficients of soap solutions with different compositions were calibrated and used to measure the thicknesses of draining soap films. The results from the absorptiometry are in good agreement with the film thickness measured simultaneously from interferometry.

To evaluate the efficacy of dishwashing soap (DWS) solution, coconut oil, cedarwood oil and limonene as a substitute to xylene in routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) staining procedure

To evaluate the efficacy of dishwashing soap (DWS) solution, coconut oil, cedarwood oil and limonene as a substitute to xylene in routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) staining procedure

Capillary waves and dendritic instability on radial Hele–Shaw displacements

The displacement of a fluid by another less viscous one in isotropic quasi-two-dimensional Hele–Shaw cells typically leads to viscous fingering patterns characterized by repeated tip-splitting and side-branching. When anisotropy is present, the viscous fingering patterns are replaced by dendritic instability. In isotropic cells, Couder et al. [“Dendritic growth in the Saffman-Taylor experiment,” Europhys. Lett. 2, 437 (1986)] induced the growth of a dendritic finger by placing a small isolated bubble in contact with the tip of a finger. Moreover, in rectangular displacements, Kopf-Sill and Homsy [“Narrow fingers in a Hele–Shaw cell,” Phys. Fluids 30, 2607–2609 (1987)] observed for specific ranges of modified capillary numbers, Ca, that narrow fingers develop into dendritic patterns after carefully cleaning the Hele–Shaw cell with a soap solution. In the current work, by injecting air to radially displace a lubricant oil with strong adsorption properties, we observe for the first time the growth of dendritic instability in displacements confined in isotropic Hele–Shaw cells in the absence of air bubbles driving the fingertip. These structures are driven by the formation of capillary waves inside the finger adjacent to the Hele–Shaw surfaces. Furthermore, we compare displacements of different materials at similar high Ca values and obtain significantly different morphological results, indicating the pattern formation may not scale with this parameter in this range. Discrepancies are explained based on both wetting and inertia effects.

Disinfection Ability of Aqueous Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) Extract against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Inoculated on Maxillofacial Silicone - An In Vitro Study

Abstract Background: Patients who use maxillofacial prostheses often encounter difficulties cleaning them thoroughly daily. Traditional cleaning methods may not work and could change the prostheses’ physical properties. Therefore, it is essential to look for alternative disinfection methods. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus inoculated on maxillofacial silicone. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty silicone discs, 5 mm diameter, 2 mm thick, were made with maxillofacial Factor II A-2000. Samples were divided into four main groups, each with three subgroups of 10 samples. Each subset was inoculated with C. albicans, S. aureus clinical strains, and the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains. The specimens were incubated at 37°C for 72 h and then soaked in three disinfectant solutions: a neutral soap solution for 30 s, 0.2% chlorhexidine for 10 min, and aqueous tulsi for 10 min. The disinfection ability was determined based on the number of surviving cells by methoxy-nitro-sulfophenyl-tetrazolium carboxanilide assay, and the results were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and the post hoc Tukey’s test. Results: There were no significant differences in the ability to disinfect between neutral soap, 0.2% chlorhexidine, and tulsi extract when tested against clinical and ATCC C. albicans and clinical S. aureus. The P > 0.05 indicates that the differences between the disinfection abilities were not statistically significant. However, the 0.2% chlorhexidine disinfectant showed better results when used on Staphylococcus ATCC strains, with a P < 0.001. Conclusion: A 10% aqueous extract of tulsi can be used as a disinfectant for clinical and ATCC strains of C. albicans and the clinical strain of S. aureus.

Evaluation of pongamia oil soap against red spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch and its effect on mite predators in brinjal ecosystem

The efficacy of pongamia oil soap was tested on red spider mites and on its predators (rove beetle, Oligota sp. and predatory gall midge, Feltiella acarisuga Vallot). Pongamia oil soap at 0.6, 1, 2 and 3 per cent along with neem oil 0.6 per cent, soap solution 0.5 per cent and thiamethoxam 25 WG were investigated and observations were recorded on, a day prior to and, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after spray application. The results revealed that pongamia oil soap @ 3, 2 and 1 per cent shown mite population reduction up to 86.50, 84.57 and 79.27 per cent respectively. Richness of mite predators didn’t vary significantly at one day after spray and the maximum population was observed in soap solution - (4.33/5 plants). Population of mite predators was relatively high at 14 days after spray with soap solution (35.67 per five plants) which was at par with pongamia oil soap @ 0.6, 1 and 2 per cent.

Evaluation of Enzyme Agarose Gels for Cleaning Complex Substrates in Cultural Heritage.

This study starts from the need to remove a mix of proteins, oils and natural resin, called beverone in the Italian literature, from the back of canvas paintings. The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of two different agarose/enzyme gels containing, respectively, a trypsin derived from porcine pancreas and a lipase from Candida rugosa, both in an aqueous solution of deoxycholic acid-triethanolamine soap. Enzymes were selected because of their action on peptide and ester bonds, effectiveness at maintaining a weak alkaline pH and low cost. Several series of model samples, resulting from a combination of rabbit skin glue, linseed oil and colophony, were prepared to test the enzyme gels with two different values for each of the following variables: agarose concentration, application modes and time of application. Measurements of weight loss after the gel application and Fourier transform infrared analysis were conducted to underline the hydrolysis occurring due to the enzyme gels and their effectiveness. Results confirmed what has been found in the literature and improved our knowledge about the action of agarose enzyme gels on complex substrates (hydrophilic/hydrophobic). The gels applied fluidly, with a longer contact time and a lower agarose concentration, are more effective. Furthermore, trypsin gels provided better results on substrates with oil and glue, while lipase gels turned out to be more effective on substrates made of a mix of oil, glue and colophony.

Utilization of Coconut Shells Activated Charcoal in Making Solid Soap from Used Cooking Oil

Research on the utilization of coconut shell activated charcoal in making solid soap from used cooking oil by adding variations in the concentration of coconut shell activated charcoal by 3%, 5%, 10% and without purification. So, several parameters can be determined to test the quality of used cooking oil, namely PV, free fatty acid (FFA), color, moisture content, and odor based on SNI 3741: 2013. The parameter value of used cooking oil without purification on PV is 15,1607 mekO2/ kg. FFA, which is 0.8244 mgKOH / g. Water content is 0.1321% b / b. Smell that is not normal. The resulting color is 10.28 red / 87.00 yellow. Value The parameters of the quality of cooking oil produced from the treatment process after the addition of a variation of coconut shell activated charcoal by 10% can reduce the PV of 5.5247 mecO2/kg. FFA which is 0.2817 mgKOH / g. Water content is 0.0798% b / b. The smell becomes normal. The resulting color is 3.40 red / 35.00 yellow. It can be concluded that the concentration of the addition of coconut shell activated charcoal, which is optimal in the processing process, is by adding coconut shell activated charcoal by 10% in used cooking oil to meet the cooking oil quality standards according to SNI 3741: 2013. Solid soap-free fatty acids were not detected in the study of making solid soap from purified cooking oil. The soap solution was pink when the testing process was titrated with KOH solution 0.1 N. This is presumably because the fatty acids in used cooking oil have reacted all with NaOH so that the free fatty acids cannot be measured.

Efficacy of Pongamia Oil Soap against <i>Earias vitella</i> and <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> in Okra

Field evaluation of pongamia oil soap against Earias vitella and Helicoverpa armigera infesting okra was carried out during 2018-19 at the Instructional farm in College of Agriculture, Padannakkad. The treatments consisted of 0.6, 1 and 2% pongamia oil soap, Neem oil soap (0.6%); soap solution (0.5%); quinalphos (0.05%) and control (water). Fourteen days after the third application the shoot damage was found lowest in quinalphos 25EC 0.05% (7.32) followed by pongamia oil soap 2% (12.86) and fruit damage was found lowest in quinalphos 25EC 0.05% (6.41) followed by pongamia oil soap 2% (9.60). The reduction in fruit and shoot damage may be due to the feeding deterrency of pongamia oil which remained effective for seven days and thereafter declined.

Modification of Jute Fiber with Vinyl Acetate and Methyl Vinyl Ketone for Textile Applications

In the present study, the bleached jute fiber was been modified with Vinyl Acetate (VA) and Methyl Vinyl Ketone (MVK) by graft co-polymerization in an aqueous medium using potassium persulphate as an initiator, under the catalytic influence of FeSO4 in the presence air to improve physicochemical properties. The maximum graft yield and grafting efficiency at the optimized condition for VA and MVK are 26.0%, 11.1% and 10.4%, 3.7% respectively. The graft yield and grafting efficiency of VA-modified fiber were higher than that of MVK-modified field fiber. The grafted fiber was characterized by FTIR, SEM and TGA. FTIR spectra of VA and MVK modified fiber have peaks at 1741cm-1 and 1714cm-1 respectively than the unmodified jute indicating the incorporation of vinyl monomer with the cellulosic jute fiber. By observing thermograms, the degradation temperature of bleached jute fiber was 318.7�C and that for VA and MVK modified fibers was 320�C and 325�C respectively. The breaking strength of bleached fiber was 16.02kg/yarn but VA and MVK modified fibers were 17.3 and 17.00kg/yarn respectively. The dye absorption by modified fiber was slightly decreased than bleached fiber due to the increased hydrophobicity. The wash fastness with soap solution decreased with the increase in washing temperature. The color fastness test of dyed bleached and modified jute fibers spotting with alkalis, and acids were satisfactory with some exceptions. Thus, the modification improves the physicochemical properties of the jute fiber for textile applications.

Effects of permethrin on ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in ornamental nurseries.

Exotic ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), such as Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford), and Xylosandrus compactus (Eichoff) are serious pests in southeastern ornamental nurseries. Preventative pyrethroid trunk sprays effectively reduce boring damage. However, it is unclear how pyrethroids such as permethrin prevent attack. Thus, the objective was to determine how permethrin-treated bolts interact with invading ambrosia beetles. In 2022, a study with 2 independent trials was conducted in a nursery on red maple (Acer rubrum L.), bolts during March and April, respectively. The treatments were (i) nonbaited, nontreated bolt, (ii) ethanol baited bolt, (iii) nonbaited bolt + glue [painted on bolt], (iv) ethanol baited bolt + glue, (v) ethanol baited bolt + glue + permethrin, (vi) ethanol baited bolt + glue + permethrin + verbenone, and (vii) ethanol baited bolt + glue + verbenone. Ambrosia beetles trapped on glue, beetles which fell into the pail with soap solution under the bolts, and entry holes on bolts were quantified. Permethrin prevented beetle attacks but did not reduce the number of ambrosia beetles landing on the treated bolts. Verbenone reduced ambrosia beetles from landing on the bolts but did not prevent boring into bolts. The numbers of ambrosia beetles in soapy water were not significantly different among treatments. Ambrosia beetles are landing on permethrin-treated bolts but not boring into the bolts, implying that fresh permethrin residues may not be necessary for ambrosia beetle management.

Formulation And Evaluation Of Herbal Soap

The majority of commercial soaps contain ingredients that may hurt skin. Natural herbal soaps can be a good substitute. In terms of medicine and commerce, herbal products have gained relevance on a global scale, and their use has grown due to their efficacy and safety. The most common skin infections in people are caused by bacteria, necessitating careful attention for treatment, improved skin preservation, and maintenance of healthy, youthful-looking skin. Some herbal plant extracts have properties that are antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and so forth. The current study's goal is to create antibacterial poly herbal bath soap using ingredients like Curcuma longa, citrus limon, olea europaea, crocus sativus L., vitellaria paradoxa, cocos nucifera (L.), Prunus amygdalus dulcis, and ricinus communis, among others. Good results were seen when the manufactured Polyherbal soap was tested for several physicochemical parameters like ph and foam retention time. Plants are easily accessible, have positive skin effects, and provide producers with advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and side effects that are minimal or nonexistent. The purpose of this research is to create an antibacterial poly herbal bath soap using Curcuma longa, Citrus limon, and Olea europaea because some herbal plant extracts have antibacterial qualities. After the polyherbal formulation was created, it was evaluated for pH, moisture content, saponification, foaming index, foam retention duration, ethanol soluble matter, and antibacterial activity using various soap solution concentrations and comparing them to standards. Additionally, the assessment tests revealed that the herbal soap has good antibacterial outcomes.

Testing Ink Resistance on Ballpoint and Stamp Based on Regulation of The National Archives of The Republic of Indonesia No. 7 Year 2018

The use of ballpoint ink and stamp ink is particularly important in the future condition of archives. The ink on the paper is degradable due to natural aging during conservation. It cannot be stopped but must be maintained. This paper aims to examine the durability of ink on ballpoint pens and stamps based on the Republic of Indonesia's National Archives Regulations. Ink samples were soaked in deionized water and soap solution (1% v/v) for 1 hour to identify faded ink on the surface of the paper. Chemical composition of ballpoint ink and stamp ink were analysed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and physical characterization using Video Spectral Comparator (VSC). The results of this study are the ballpoint pens commonly used in ANRI for handwriting and signatures that fade easily. Ballpoint pen inks that do not fade are Standard Lexion LX-105 and Pilot Super GP while ink that does not fade is the Archives Section stamp. The results of the GCMS analysis found 15 chemical compounds with the main compounds being long fatty acid esters. The result of VSC analysis is that each ink has distinct colour characteristics when exposed to Infrared at 645nm.

Fabrication of Nano-Silver–Silver Ion Composite Antibacterial Agents for Green Powder Coatings

Nano-silver is characterized by broad-spectral, strong and stable antibacterial properties, which make it a promising material in coating applications. However, the efficiency of nano-silver is generally low in the coating of films. Here, we developed a series of highly active and durable silver ions–nano-silver antimicrobial agents for powder coatings. To optimize antimicrobial activity and durability, two different nano-silver generation methods, i.e., in situ and ex situ methods combined with different carrier materials, i.e., zeolite with high ion-exchange ability and montmorillonite of layered structure were adopted and investigated. All four antibacterial additives show high activity with a reduction rate of over 99.99% and R value of over 5. The ex situ generated nano-silver antibacterial agents with both carriers exhibit higher activity in the initial antibacterial property and antibacterial durability that the coating films are able to maintain over 99% antimicrobial reduction after 20 cycles (1200 times) of soap solution wiping. They also show a lower yellowish color difference of less than three compared to the films with in situ generation method. The one with montmorillonite as carrier shows the stronger antibacterial property with an R value of 5.88 and slightly better film appearance of lower color difference, smaller reduction in gloss and increase in haze as compared to zeolite carrier due to the layered structure.

Synthesis, theoretical studies and viscosity correlations of ricinoleic acid based methyl ester soap solution

The use of vegetable oils for industrial applications needs chemical modification to improve its properties. For coolants and lubricant applications, the viscosity of vegetable oils plays a vital role which decides the heat dissipation and flow characteristics of vegetable oils. In this study, the viscosity prediction modeling of binary mixtures has been made using refutes empirical relations. The blend viscosity from the model depends on the blend ratios of the unsaturated fatty acids in castor oil and methanol. This blending of castor oil and methanol follows KOH assisted transesterification process to form Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) soap solution. The transesterified blend mixes have been experimentally analyzed for viscosity using Brookfield viscometer. The measured values of viscosities of the blend mix have been compared with viscosities obtained from refutes binary blend mix model. The percentage deviation between the experimental viscosities and Refutes viscosity prediction model is about 10.76%. The prepared FAME soap solution can be used as coolants and lubricants in manufacturing industries.

Field Survey of Trunk Line Heating Gas Leaks in Commercial Broiler Houses

Highlights Producers can spend less than 30-min per house to check for trunkline leaks and should check annually or when a drastic increase in fuel usage occurs. Leaking fittings on 101 houses surveyed were not correlated with either house age or floor area and averaged 6.9% ± 0.6% per house. Leaks seemed to be more about regulator quality and installation craftsmanship with variation across farms and houses within farms. Producers should get written verification from contractors/installers that newly constructed houses are free of leaks. Rigid gas piping systems should include periodic union fittings to allow for easy repair of leaks. Abstract. A field survey was conducted on 23 farms (101 broiler houses ranging in age from new to 33 years old) in central and south Alabama to evaluate the presence of gas leaks on the high-pressure trunk line. Gas trunk lines usually run on the outside of poultry houses exposing them to temperature fluctuations that cause expansion and contraction of the rigid steel piping. Each threaded connection has the potential to leak. A soap solution in a hand sprayer was used to spray each connection and evaluate the presence of a leak through bubble formation. Leaking fittings were evaluated as percentage of total fittings to account for variation across houses. Pearson correlation matrices were used to determine correlations of house age and floor area on total number of fittings and percentage of leaking fittings. Total number of fittings ranged from 36 to 170 per house and was strongly correlated to floor area [r(99) = 0.70, p < 0.0001]. Larger floor areas require more heaters and longer piping systems. Percentage leaking fittings ranged from minimum of 0% to maximum of 32% per house and was not correlated with either house age [r(99) = 0.03, p = 0.74] or floor area [r(99) = 0.05, p = 0.65] for the houses surveyed. Leaks seemed to be more about regulator quality and installation craftsmanship with variation across farms and houses within farms. Of houses surveyed, the overall mean leaking fittings was 6.9% ± 0.6%. Poultry producers should get written verification from the gas line contractor/installer that newly constructed houses are free of leaks before operating the farm. It would be useful for poultry producers to check for leaks annually to verify system integrity and to monitor any developing leaks. Keywords: Broiler house, Gas leaks, Heating fuel, Natural gas, Propane.