Soap Products Research Articles

Pemberdayaan Potensi PKK Cabawan Kota Tegal Melalui Pelatihan Pembatan Sabun Cair di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

The aims of this community service is to provide assistance and training to the PKK for the manufacture of liquid soap products based on waste oil jelantah to improve the understanding and skill of the PKK through the manufacture of liquid soap preparation forms to take a role in breaking the spread of the Covid-19 outbreak and provide motivation for the development of the creative economy. This method of implementation uses training conducted for one month in December 2020 by starting to provide materials, make preparations and evaluation of preparations to result in good liquid soap. Then for the evaluation of participants by holding pretests and posttests to see the increase in participants' knowledge. The results of this activity obtained an increase in science and understanding of the manufacture of liquid soap by 21% regarding the understanding and knowledge that has been given.

Do Hedonic or Utilitarian Types of Online Product Reviews Make Reviews More Helpful?

Online sales can be influenced significantly by customer reviews, and thus there are several studies on what makes an online review helpful to consumers. However, none of those researches address the review helpfulness in the context of hedonic and utilitarian review types. This study examines how product type (hedonic and utilitarian) moderates the relationship between the level of review type (hedonicity and utilitarianity) and review helpfulness. To test the moderating effects, customer review data for perfume and bar soap product was collected from Amazon.com and analyzed by using a text-mining tool (QDA Miner) and a structural equation modeling software (AMOS 22.0). The results of this study indicate that the product type moderates the impact of the review type on review helpfulness when product type and review type are incongruent. Further, results show that the number of sentences in a customer review affects the review helpfulness when product type is utilitarian.

The effect of Ca/Mg/Zn mixing ratio on the research octane number of bio-gasoline during basic soap pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is one of the available technologies to convert oleic basic soap into gasoline-compatible fuel. In this research, the process mentioned was applied using the mixture of Ca, Mg, Zn in the production of oleic basic soap. The reactions were carried out in a batch glass reactor at atmospheric pressure at the temperature of 450 °C. Meanwhile, the basic soaps were made by reacting oleic acid mixed with metal hydroxides. The parameters observed were the Research Octane Number (RON) of bio-gasoline and the hydrocarbon content in the liquid product. The higher the octane number is, the better gasoline resists detonation and the smoother the engine runs. As observed, pyrolysis of oleic basic soap produced gasoline range hydrocarbon. GC-DHA results indicated that the highest RON (89.6) was achieved with Ca/Mg/Zn ratio of 0.15:0.85:1 (Ca-metal ratio of 0.15 mol). The products of the pyrolysis process comprised bio-hydrocarbon, solid residue, water, and gas. The bio-hydrocarbon contents were paraffin (5.9 wt%), iso-paraffin (31.3 wt%), olefin (18.5 wt%), naphthene (25.3 wt%), and aromatic compounds (15.3 wt%).

Do Hedonic or Utilitarian Types of Online Product Reviews Make Reviews More Helpful?

Online sales can be influenced significantly by customer reviews, and thus there are several studies on what makes an online review helpful to consumers. However, none of those researches address the review helpfulness in the context of hedonic and utilitarian review types. This study examines how product type (hedonic and utilitarian) moderates the relationship between the level of review type (hedonicity and utilitarianity) and review helpfulness. To test the moderating effects, customer review data for perfume and bar soap product was collected from Amazon.com and analyzed by using a text-mining tool (QDA Miner) and a structural equation modeling software (AMOS 22.0). The results of this study indicate that the product type moderates the impact of the review type on review helpfulness when product type and review type are incongruent. Further, results show that the number of sentences in a customer review affects the review helpfulness when product type is utilitarian.

Influence of Propanol as Additive with Diesel Jatropha Biodiesel Blend Fuel for Diesel Engine

Fossil fuels are widely recognized as non-renewable energy resources. They play an important role in our daily life because they can be used in various applications such as the production of soap and cosmetics, as an energy source and for transportation. However, the use of these fossil fuels causes negative impacts on humans, animals and the environment. These happen due to the emission of harmful gases into the atmosphere. Not only that, the available fossil fuels are decreasing due to continuous usage by humans. As a result, researchers investigated finding alternative ways to overcome this issue by replacing diesel fuel with biodiesel. Biodiesel is more environmentally friendly relative to diesel fuel. A research study was conducted involving biodiesel. The purpose of this study was to produce Jatropha Biodiesel, as well as evaluate the properties of Jatropha biodiesel and diesel Jatropha biodiesel blended with propanol. The production of Jatropha Biodiesel was done by using two-step transesterification which was an acid-catalyzed transesterification and base-catalyzed transesterification. Different methanol to oil ratios had been used to identify the best ratio to reduce the FFA content in the CJO. 9:1 was the best methanol to oil ratio and then tested with different catalyst weights. It was found that an increase in the weight of catalyst might reduce the amount of biodiesel yield. In addition, this study also investigated and predicted the engine performance and characteristics of diesel Jatropha biodiesel blended with propanol at different blending ratios. The properties of these test fuels were studied. Bomb calorimeter, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis and Diesel Engine test were done. Thus, the calorific value and functional group of the test fuels were identified and determined. The calorific value of biodiesel was much higher than conventional diesel due to the existence of oxygen. This could be proven as the analysis of FT-IR also showed a (C=O) bond which reflected the presence of oxygen. The oxygen helped in combustion besides reducing the hydrocarbon released into the air. These findings were then reflected and related to the performance of diesel engines.

Quality Analysis of Liquid Soap Formulation Made from Virgin Coconut Oil with Addition of White Tea Extract

The production of bath soap based on natural ingredients is still rarely found in the market. Many in circulation still use synthetic materials as active ingredients. In this soap-making formulation using natural antioxidants in the form of white tea extract, anti-oxidants from plant extracts are usually added as additives (1-8% of the final soap composition). The research method used is a response surface methodology with a Central Composite Design (CCD) design. The resulting liquid soap product will be analyzed including physicochemical tests and organoleptic tests. Soap with the most appropriate quality according to SNI fell on the 4th variable, with the addition of KOH of 67 grams and a reaction time of 35 minutes. Variable soap 4 has a pH of 10, a free alkali content of 0.0541%, and an unsaponifiable fat content of 0.37%.

Production and Maturation of Soaps with Non-Edible Fermented Olive Oil and Comparison with Classic Olive Oil Soaps

The study reports the alternative use of non-edible fermented olives for the production of high-quality natural soaps with a fast production process, low environmental impact, and without preliminary treatments for the raw material. Damaged olives, not used as food, were fermented naturally and the oil was extracted by mechanical extraction. The product obtained was not for human consumption due to its high acidity, but it had a low content of peroxides. The non-edible olive oil obtained and an extra virgin olive oil, produced from the same olive cultivar, were subjected to saponification with sodium hydroxide. The soaps were produced with complete (0% of non-neutralized fatty acids) and incomplete (5% of non-neutralized fatty acids) saponification; the amount of sodium hydroxide to be used was determined with the saponification index. The soaps were aged for six months by monitoring pH, color, and behavior in an aqueous solution. The results show that the olives’ fermentation improves and speeds up the soap production and maturation process since the oil obtained from fermented non-edible olives is more suitable for the saponification process than the oil obtained from non-fermented edible olives. Non-edible fermented olives can be used for obtaining natural and high-quality soaps, reusing drupes classified as food waste.

DISTRIBUTION OF HAND SOAP WITH THE AROMA OF EUCALYPTUS FOR PEOPLE AFFECTED BY THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A COMMUNITY SERVICE REPORT

Background: The utilization of liquid hand soap is an alternative to prevent virus transmission in COVID 19 Pandemic. The production of aromatic hand soap and distribution to the public will be an effort to support the prevention of the spread of the corona virus. Methodology: Aromatic hand soap made from eucalyptus is produced and distributed to people in Padang City as an alternative product for people to maintain their personal hygiene. Conclusion: This eucalyptus-flavored handsoap has received a lot of positive feedback. This product can assist people in maintaining their personal hygiene. The public does not like the smell of eucalyptus oil in this hand soap product. The formulation of this product will need to be completed in the future.

Metal Ion Improved Properties of Burning Candle

Irvingia gabonensis seed oil was extracted, characterized, and used in the production of metallic soaps of calcium, magnesium, and aluminium for application as hardeners for candle wax. The percentage free fatty acid (as oleic acid) is 2.76, the acid value is 5.50, unsaponifiable matter is 0.12 and the viscosity is 205.70×102 Kgm-1S-1. The seed oil contains eight fatty acids; the most abundant being myristic acid with 54.39% followed by lauric acid with 36.83%. The percentage saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are 93.19%, 6.27% and 0.54%, respectively. The free fatty acid content of the soaps is in the order aluminium soap > magnesium soap > calcium soap. The metallic content of the soaps revealed that aluminium soap has the highest metallic content of 8.10% while that of calcium and magnesium soaps have 0.03% and 0.02% metallic contents, respectively. The melting points of the soaps prepared also followed a similar pattern. The aluminium soap exhibited mild acidic nature while calcium and magnesium soaps were basic. Although the lumens of the metallic soap candles were similar to that of local commercial candles which served as control, the candles had higher melting points and reduced burning rate. It is concluded from these that the metallic soaps make the candles harder and, longer lasting during burning and of greater value to the common user. Production of candles with metallic soaps as additives is highly advocated.

Calculation of the Cost of Production in Determining the Selling Price of Kelle Soap Products Sari Amertha Aan

Determining the selling price of a product based on the cost of production can help find out what the right product selling price is to cover all production costs. This study aims to determine the calculation of the cost of production using the full costing method and to determine the calculation of the selling price set by the Soap Kelle Sari Amertha Business and the selling price based on the calculation of the cost of production according to the full costing method. This research was conducted at the Soap Kelle Sari Amertha Business located in Banjar Petapan, Aan Village, Banjarangkan, Klungkung. The type of research used is qualitative research through interview and observation data collection techniques with data sources using primary data. The data analysis technique in this study is the full costing method. The results of this study indicate that the cost of production according to the Soap Kelle Sari Amertha Business and the cost of production according to the full costing method obtain different results so that there is a difference of Rp 5,825. The comparison of selling prices also shows that there is a difference in results between the selling price according to the Soap Kelle Sari Amertha Business and the selling price according to the calculation of the cost of production based on the full costing method.

INVESTIGATION OF QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS IN SOAP PRODUCED FROM BLEND OF NEEM AND CASTOR OIL

Soap is a chemical compound formed by interaction of fatty acids and metal radicals. Different types of vegetable oils have been found to be good candidates for soap production due to their saponifiable nature. However, edible oils are often expensive to use for soap production due to competing demand between commercial and domestic buyers. So, in this work, blend of nonedible neem and castor oils were used at different proportions to produce various soap samples. The foregoing was achieved via the two well-known processes of soap production, that is; the hot and cold processes. The work investigated the parameters that influence the quality of soap and determined their optimum values using various blends of the oils. Six samples were produced, and their properties analyzed and compared with two commercial samples to determine a blend with the most desirable qualities. The yield, foamability, pH, hardness and cleansing power of the produced soap samples were determined. It was found that the blend of 60 ml neem oil and 40 ml castor oil was the best with a yield of 70.4%, foamability of 11.8 cm, pH of 10.42 and a high cleansing power. The results were found to be consistent with those of the two commercial samples used as controls. Keywords: Castor, cleansing power, foamability, hardness, neem, oil, soap samples

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT THROUGH THE PROCESSING OF LIBUAI SOAP (ANTI-IRRITATION ALOE VERA) IN KAMPUNG MATANG TEUPAH KECAMATAN BENDAHARA KABUPATEN ACEH TAMIANG

Bendahara sub-district, to be precise, Teupah mature village is a location that is the target place for the community service eam to make a product that is beneficial to the community. As we know that in a mature village, the majority of the population are farmers. So that the business opportunity that we provide to the community is to make Libuai Soap (Anti-Irritation Aloe Vera) products. The Libuai bath soap making training targets the local community, especially mothers and young women. This soap is used to clean the skin from dirt, dust, and bacteria that stick to the skin. The objectives of community service activities are: (1) providing training to the local community on how to make anti-irritant aloe vera soap products that are not yet known to the wider community; (2) providing knowledge to the public regarding the prospects and competitiveness of anti-irritant aloe vera soap products compared to other soaps; (3) provide knowledge to the public about the methods that can be used to market anti-irritant aloe vera soap products. Implementation methods in community service activities are planning, process, marketing and evaluation. The results of this activity are in accordance with the predetermined plan and the activities run well and smoothly starting from the planning, marketing, and evaluation processes. It is hoped that with the implementation of this activity the local community can process their own soap with other variations so that they can foster entrepreneurial opportunities.

EVALUATION OF ALLANBLACKIA FLORIBUNDA SEED OIL FOR POTENTIAL USE IN SOAP MAKING.

Allanblackia floribunda seed oil was extracted and used for soap production, as an alternative to palm oil and other frequently used vegetable oils in industries. The physico-chemical properties of the oil in terms of density, melting point, saponification value and iodine value were measured using American oil chemists’ society (AOCS) standard methods. Medicated Allanblackia floribunda soap was produced by reaction of the oil produced with caustic soda, water, pine oil, chloroxylenol, colour, fillers of different percentages. The physiochemical parameter measured show that the oil has iodine value of 39, melting point of 37 0C, density of 0.914 g/ml, peroxide value of 0.86 mEq/kg, saponification value of 198 mgKOH/g, moisture content of 0.16 % and percentage free fatty acid of 1.15%. The values of the physico-chemical properties of Allanblackia soap made were: soap weight = 81.8 g, soap texture - soft, foam height = 59.6 ml, percentage moisture content = 8.56 %, percentage free caustic alkali = 0.01 %, percentage alcohol insoluble matter = 4.0 %, percentage water insoluble matter = 1.6 % and percentage total fatty matter = 72.0 %. There were little deviations in the values of the parameters of the soap produced with the Allanblackia floribunda seed oil from that of the commercial medicated soaps (tetmosol and dettol) analysed. The results from the study show that the soap produced from Allanblackia floribunda seed oil is good and can serve as an alternative to palm oil.

Natural Laurel Soap

Food and cleaning products are the most basic living materials. Soap is a cleaning agent. The first known record of the production of soap, belong the Sumerians in BC 2500 years. Soap making has been developed and has survived to the present day. The products of olive and laurel plants are used in the construction of natural laurel soap. Olive and daphne are typical plants of the Mediterranean climate. Olive is among the first plants to be tamed. The laurel plant grows naturally in the Mediterranean climate. The laurel plant is not cultured. The construction of the natural laurel soap used today is transferred to the literature and presented to interest of the researchers and developers.

RANCANG BANGUN MESIN PENGADUK SABUN CUCI CAIR UNTUK MENGOPTIMALKAN WAKTU PRODUKSI PADA INDUSTRI RUMAH TANGGA

Indonesia's economy during the second quarter of 2020 getting a contraction about 4.19 percent, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This decline has an impact on the economic sector, one of which is MSMEs which contribute 15.75 percent annually to economic growth. Liquid soap is one of the MSMEs products that needs improvement because of this impact. This research was purposed to develop the process of mixing liquid soap ingredients with an electric-powered stirrer machine to obtain a constant mixing process, and produce a homogeneous mixture of liquid soap. The results of this research succeeded in making a liquid soap mixer machine using “L” shape plate frame with dimensions of length x width x height about 610 x 530 x 900 mm. The power of the stirrer machine about 0.25 HP using an electric motor, with rotation speed of 1400 rpm on electric motor and 343.4 rpm on stirrer, and produces a torque for stirring the concentrate of liquid soap about 3.42 N.m. The results of the production of liquid soap with the machine show an increased in production time about 30.9%, and the product have characteristics of a thicker liquid soap, than manual production, for the same production volume.

INVESTIGACIÓN COMERCIAL SOBRE PREFERENCIAS DE LOS CLIENTES AL PRODUCTO JABÓN TOCADOR LIS

Market research is a current topic that allows us to get closer and closer to satisfying the needs of customers. The objective of this paper is to develop a commercial investigation to find out the preferences of customers regarding the Lis toilet soap product. To fulfill this objective, the following methods and techniques were used: document analysis, direct observation, brainstorming, combined sampling procedure, customer surveys, perception importance matrix, and computer tools such as Microsoft Visio 2010, SPSS statistical software and EndNoteX7 for managing bibliographic references. Among the main results, it is obtained that the characteristics of the product that the company must pay the most attention are: durability, aroma and texture, for this it is proposed that the entity review its production system and the product formula in order to improve the aforementioned characteristics.

Kinetika Reaksi Pembuatan Sabun dan Pemurnian Gliserol dari Limbah Alkali Sabun: Review

Soap is a product that commonly used as a cleanser and can be made through a saponification reaction between fat and base with glycerol as byproduct. The reaction kinetics of soap production is the study of how fast the soap production and it is an important part in reactor modeling and the optimization of operating conditions. On the other hand, glycerol is a byproduct of soap production which can be applied into various derivative products so that the glycerol purification process from soap production process is important to do. This review discusses the reaction kinetics of soap production and glycerol purification from alkaline soap waste. In general, the kinetics curve of the soap-making reaction consists of three stages, namely the induction period, the constant velocity period and the decreasing velocity period where the base concentration in the soaping reaction was related to the reaction rate. The lower base concentration used, the soap production reaction will slower. The soap production reaction had low activation energy and identified as second order reaction. In the process of purifying glycerol from alkaline soap waste, three main stages were generally used, namely neutralization, alcohol separation and glycerol purification.

Increasing the value added of production citronella oil and carrageenan in Rungkut Barata Surabaya

In this PKM program, our partner is residents in Rungkut Barata, Surabaya, East Java Province. This community has generated the production of citronella oil. However, the product only in the form of citronella oil in a simple package. Citronella oil from the refining process is one of the jobs for the people in Rungkut Barata where to improve welfare, a product diversification process is necessary. Seaweed is forms of algae that grow in the sea and has the biological activity for health. Carrageenan is the product result of seaweed extraction that have several function as thickener, emulsifier, suspension, and stabilizer. The pharmaceutical industry uses carrageenan for the manufacture of drugs, syrups, tablets, toothpaste, and shampoo. The cosmetics industry uses it as a gelling agent or binding agent.
 Based on interviews and observations in the field, there are 2 main focuses of the problems currently faced by partners, namely: 1) lack of knowledge about non-consumption seaweed and 2) product diversification of seaweed and citronella oil which have an added value.
 Some of the things planned by the PKM team are innovating citronella oil to be aromatic soap as well as providing training and mentoring for financial analysis, soap packaging and marketing. The purpose of this activity is to transfer knowledge of making soap, develop the creativity of the partner, increase the soap production and improve the welfare of the partner.
 This activity was realized with an approach in the form of making a sustainable cooperation program until the end of PKM, creating a family atmosphere between the two and understanding that the problems experienced were a shared problem so that they could be solved together according to the level of responsibility to achieve the expected benefits, namely increased yields, production and productivity and competitiveness, independence and welfare of the community.

PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI SOSIALISASI URGENSI MEREK BAGI USAHA MIKRO, KECIL MENENGAH DI DESA SUMBEREJO KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TIMUR

Community service focuses on outreach activities regarding the urgency of the trademark for UMKM, especially in Sumberejo Village, East Lampung Regency. The community, especially the women of the recitation group in the village, started the business of making soap from the waste that was around them, namely used cooking oil. The soap product is expected to have a brand so that it will increase selling value, facilitate promotion, guarantee product quality, and show the origin of the product. The purpose of carrying out community service activities is to make the community economically empowered with products that have markings to distinguish goods produced in trading activities. The implementation of community service uses the lecture method to convey socialization material about the urgency of the trademark for UMKM, after that a discussion is held in the form of questions and answers with the audience. The output of this activity is to increase public understanding of the urgency of trademark on products and the public to have registered trademark for their products.

PEMBINAAN USAHA KECIL MENENGAH DALAM PEMBUATAN SABUN COLEK DI TEMBESI TOWER KELURAHAN TEMBESI

UKM (small and medium enterprises) in the Tembesi Tower, Tembesi sub-district, are not developing well. This is indicated by the low turnover obtained by each UKM (small and medium enterprise) in 1 month. customer expectations. New products must be made so that these small and medium businesses can survive and continue to exist. The new product must have a distinctive and good quality so that the product positioning is clearer and able to compete with other products on the market. This service activity aims to provide a solution to this by creating a new product in the form of a dab soap that is safe for health and environmentally friendly. Some soaps circulating in the market only prioritize cleaning power, but the chemical content in the soap is harmful to health and the environment. The impact of conventional soap on health is irritation of the skin which, if left for a long time, the irritation will turn into eczema. In addition, conventional soap also harms the environment because the raw material for soap comes from petroleum which is difficult to be broken down by bacteria. Community service activities are carried out in the form of coaching. The service team expects to increase the income and advantages of UKM (small and medium businesses) in the Tembesi Tower and to be able to create jobs or open a business with a revolutionary cream soap product design.