Soap Gels Research Articles

Formulation of biobased soap gels from waste-derived feedstocks

Novel thermoresponsive biobased soap gels are formulated from waste fats and oils to prevent their disposal and mitigate their environmental impacts.

Community Training in Jatimas Semarang Through Ethnobotany-Based Conservation and Utilization of Lerak (Sapindus rarak DC.)

Lerak (Sapindus rarak DC) has many benefits, including washing soap, vegetable pesticides, foaming agents for toothpaste, essential ingredients for soap gels, and antibacterial agents. Along with the many uses, it must be balanced with conservation activities to maintain the sustainability of lerak resources. This study aims to determine the usefulness of lerak (Sapindus rarak DC) and generative conservation efforts of lerak in the Jatimas community, Mijen, Semarang. This community service-based research was conducted in January-February 2021 in Jatimas, Mijen, Semarang. The research method uses the ethnobotany approach, conservation, and literature study, which is equipped with interviews and direct observations. The results show that the community uses lerak as herbal soap, jewelry washing agent, and insecticide. Through this community service program, the community has carried out generative conservation of lerak through seeds.

Stability Conditions and Mechanism of Cream Soaps: Effect of Polyols.

Fatty acids, fatty acid potassium soaps, polyols and water are essential ingredients for producing stable cream soaps. The solution behavior of the above four components system has been studied to elucidate the effect of four sorts of polyols (glycerol, 1,3-butylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400 and dipropylene glycol) on the stability of cream soaps. It has been revealed that the lamellar liquid crystalline one-phase converted to a two-phase of a lamellar phase and an isotropic aqueous solution by the addition of a few percent of 1,3-butylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400 and dipropylene glycol, whereas the lamellar one-phase was remained by about 50 wt% of glycerol in the aqueous solution. The X-ray data at room temperature showed that the existence of 1:1 acid soap (1:1 mole ratio of potassium soap/fatty acid) crystals in the 1,3-butylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400 and dipropylene glycol systems, whereas that the coexistence of 1:1 acid soap crystal and a lamellar gel phase (swelled lamellar gel structure) in the glycerol system. The phase transition peaks from coagel to gel (Tgel) and from gel to liquid state (Tc) were appeared in the above four polyol systems by DSC measurements. It was confirmed from the combined data of SAXS and DSC that the existence of anhydrous 1:1 acid soap gels (or with small amount of bound water) in the all polyol systems, whereas the coexistence of the anhydrate gel and the swelled gel with a lot of intermediate water in the only glycerol system. This swelled gel structure would be contributed to stabilize the dispersed anhydrate acid soap crystals in cream soaps.

Changes in the surface characteristics of artificially aged mastic varnishes after cleaning using alkaline reagents

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of a selection of alkaline reagents, including solutions, pastes and soap gels, used to remove an artificially aged mastic film applied over a primed canvas. Surface changes were examined using visible light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ammonia, whether in solution or gelled with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), required a pH of 10 or higher to remove varnish at an appreciable rate, whereas ammonia in wax paste worked at pH 9. Soap gels based on deoxycholic acid (DCA) were effective at pH 9·5. The rate of removal increases significantly with the addition of benzyl alcohol, while anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A9C) and 9-fluorenone-4-carboxylic acid (9FOC) soap gels of pH 7·9 worked quickly without the addition of alcohol. Where reagents with a pH of more than 9 were used, some erosion of the priming was observed under SEM. Examination of the topography of residual varnish after treatment and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measuremen...

THE EFFECTS OF SELECTED SOLVENTS AND SOAPS ON A SIMULATED CANVAS PAINTING

AbstractA selection of solvents and reagents including soap gels was used to remove varnish from a prepared surface, comprising a paint layer and three varnish layers. Cleaning reagents were applied with a swab in a manner similar to that used by paintings conservators. Surfaces were examined before and after cleaning using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Solvents either swelled all three varnish layers rapidly or were not effective. Soap gel formulations worked more slowly on the varnish film without apparent swelling. Undercutting of the upper varnish layer was observed after cleaning using deoxycholic (DCA) and abietic (ABA) soap formulations, which were not specific to the uppermost layer. Gel mixtures based on anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A9C) and 9-f1uorenone-4-carboxylic acid (9FOC) soaps were tried. The rate of action of the gelled soaps was influenced by alkalinity and the inclusion of solvent in the formulation. Residues of deoxy...

Choline and acetylcholine induce interdigitation of hydrocarbon chains in dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol lamellar phase with stiff chains

In some soap gels [l] and in L-DPPG-water system [2] lamellar phases have been observed in which the hydrocarbon chains, stiff and parallel to each other, interdigitate; in other words, the CH3 ends of the chains of one layer are near to the polar groups of the opposite layer (see fig. 1C). From the operational standpoint these phases are characterized by: (i) The thickness of the lipid bilayer, which is almost one-half of the value expected for the non-interdigitating phase L/3; (ii) The area per polar group at the lipid-water interface, which is 4-times the cross-section of one stiff chain; (iii) The intensities of the reflections. Moreover, 3 types of organization of the hydrocarbon chains have been observed; these are characterized by a family of sharp reflections in the 0.240-0.780 A ’ range, and correspond to 3 types of two-dimensional lattices: p6, cmm and pgg. A detailed description of these phases can be found in PI. NH4 became available to us [5,6] we searched for the interdigitated phase but failed to observe it. This negative result prompted us to study other batches of L-DPPG-NH4, also from Serdary; again we failed to observe the interdigitated phase. Similarly, Watts et al. [3,4] who studied a L-DPPG-water system as a function of pH, did not report the interdigitated phase. This discrepancy between our early observations and those of all subsequent studies was puzzling. An explanation could be sought in the presence of some impurity in the sample used in our early work: since the preparation of that sample involved a DPPG-glycerol transesterification step, a likely candidate is choline. We demonstrate here that indeed choline, as well as acetylcholine promote interdigitation; we show in [13] that the antibiotic polymyxin B has the same effect.

Viscoelasticity in aqueous soap gels

The viscoelastic properties of some aqueous soap gels have been measured, and explained in terms of their molecular structure.

Peptization of Aluminium Soap Gels.

Peptization of Aluminium Soap Gels.

Mechanism of Peptization of Aluminium Soap Gels in Hydrocarbons.

Mechanism of Peptization of Aluminium Soap Gels in Hydrocarbons.

Certain Metallic Soao-Petrolatum Ointment Bases

Eight metallic soaps have been used to produce ointment bases by gelling the following vehicles: (a) white petrolatum, liquid petrolatum, anhydrous lanolin; (b) white petrolatum, liquid petrolatum, and (c) liquid petrolatum. The bases were studied at 8°, room temperature, and 45°. Penetration results indicate that gels of metallic soaps with heavy liquid petrolatum produced the most desirable preparations. Consistency changes were very slight over the above temperature extremes. These ointment bases are superior to white petrolatum both in thermo-stability and elegance. Anhydrous lanolin in these newly developed bases provides water-absorption capacity with no incompatibility. These new metallic soap gels proved to be superior or equal to other liquid petrolatum gels currently advocated as ointment bases. One hundred seventy-six ointments were prepared for compatibility observations. They represent eleven different medicaments tested with the various soap gels. A vast majority of the ointments prepared from metallic soap bases did not show the loss of homogeneity associated with white petrolatum base ointments. With the proper selection of the metallic soap gel ointment base, any of the eleven medicaments studied can be successfully compounded.

Light scattering in soap-solvent systems

The depolarisation factorsρu,ρv andρh of the light transversely scattered from sodium oleate-xylene systems have been measured during and after gel-formation. It has been observed that the particles in these systems increase in size and anisotropy during and after gel-formation. The observed results have been explained on the basis of the existing theory of the formation of soap gels in organic solvents. The size of particles in these gels does not seem to depend on the concentrations of the gel-forming systems.

Soap gels in non‐aqueous media. III. The setting time, syneresis, and gel‐strength of gels of some sodium soaps in organic solvents

Summary The setting time, syneresis, and gel‐strength of gels of sodium palmitate, sodium stearate, and sodium oleate in toluene, xylene, cymene, pinene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, p‐chlorotoluene, n‐amyl, n‐ and i‐butyl, n‐ and i‐propyl, and benzyl alcohols, o‐cresol, glycerol, anisole, and phenetole, have been measured. For gels in any given solvent the setting time and extent of syneresis decrease with different soaps in the order, NaOl>NaStr>NaP, and the gelstrength increases in the order, NaOl<NaStr<NaP. for solvents belonging to a homologous series the setting time and extent of syneresis of soap gels increase and the gel‐strength decreases as the series is ascended. An explanation for this behavior is offered in terms of the constitutive properties of the solvent molecules.

The Effect of Additives on the Physical–Chemical Properties of Soap Gels in Organic Solvents

The Effect of Additives on the Physical–Chemical Properties of Soap Gels in Organic Solvents

Studies in inorgano-organic gels in pinene

Measurements of the time of setting of several alkali soap gels in pinene under different conditions show that they behave like organic gels; the time of setting increases with increase in temperature, and decreases with creasing concentration. The plots of logt≈ 1/T are straight lines, suggesting that Arrhenius's equation is applicable to these systems; the values of the Heat of Activation have been calculated for each system. Setting points have also been measured. Molecular weight determinations show that a solution of either soap in pinene is a true solution at its boiling point.

The Scattering of Light in Colloidal Solutions and Gels

THE scattering of light in colloidal solutions is a fundamental property, which depends upon the size, shape, and nature of the colloidal particles, and is therefore expected to reveal the intimate changes taking place in those systems under different conditions. I planned about three years ago to investigate the different colloidal-chemical problems by a systematic application of the light-scattering technique. Some of the problems which have been so far investigated are: (1) the mechanism of the formation of colloidal solutions from molecularly dispersed material; (2) phenomena like the ageing and coagulation of sols; (3) studies in soap solutions and gels; (4) mechanism of the swelling of gels, and so on.

The effect of sodium ricinoleate upon bacterial toxins, and the value of soap-toxin mixtures as antigens.

The present study is a continuation of the work published by Larson and Nelson on the effect of castor oil soap upon bacterial toxins. It was shown that sodium ricinoleate possessed the property of detoxifying soluble toxins as well as endotoxins. In the present paper an attempt is made to analyze the mechanisms of the detoxifying action of soaps, and further, to study the antigenic properties of toxins which have been thus detoxified. The work was begun by subjecting diphtheritic toxin and tetanus toxin to the action of the sodium salts of a large number of fatty acids as: ricinoleic, oleic, stearic, palmitic, myristic and lauric acids, and two acids with uneven numbered carbon chains, ennenoic and hendecenoic acids. Our procedure was to mix the toxin with an equal volume of a one per cent soap solution except in those cases where a one percent solution of soap gels, in which cases weaker solutions were used. It was found that the soaps of oleic, stearic and palmitic acids had no detoxifying action whatever on bacterial toxins. The soaps of lauric, myristic, ennenoic and hendecenoic acids possess some detoxifying action upon toxins, but do not compare with sodium ricinoleate in detoxifying properties.