Soap Factory Research Articles

A Walking Guide to the Heart of a City

A Walking Guide to the Heart of a City Kazim Ali (bio) In Nazareth an excavation of the ancient city lies underneath the ground. One can walk some of the old streets on Plexiglas platforms or descend into the ruins. Just outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem excavations commence in the Arab town of Silwan, believed now to be the actual ancient city of David, his capital. Under this pretext Arab families are evicted from their homes, expelled from the land. What is a city but: the gathering together of people in geographic proximity. In order to create: energy, synergy, vital communication created by the closeness of bodies and the layering of history on top of history. A city has multiple definitions and in this case every street has three different names. So how do you find directions from one place to another? In the old city of Nablus, the historic soap factories—its primary industry—were reduced to rubble in the siege during the second uprising. You want to believe a city is real: that Abraham and Jacob and Isaac and others really are buried in the holy building in Hebron, called a mosque by some, synagogue by others. But if they are buried there at all, they are in a cave beneath, inaccessible. What are revered by the worshipers are only cenotaphs, constructed recently, relatively speaking. And the conflicts of the past erupt in the present moment. The museum of tolerance is being built on top of a Muslim graveyard. The graves are disturbed. City ruptured: Hebron. A cut across the middle of it rendered as “Zone C,” under control of the Israeli military. Sidewalk with a green stripe down it to clarify on which side the Arabs must stay. For their own safety, it is said. In Hebron we see two boys, probably around seventeen or eighteen years old, bumping chests. They exchange words in English. [End Page 84] One, dressed in blue pants and a red shirt, says, “I was born in this city. You can’t tell me what to do.” The other, dressed in army fatigues and a flak jacket says, “Get out of here or I’ll beat you up.” He shoves the other boy back. “Go ahead,” says the other. “Do what you want to do. See what happens.” Later our guide takes us across the line down one of the alleys to show us a house in which a blind Palestinian woman still lived. Her door is bolted from the outside, and she must knock for the soldiers to permit her to exit. A young Jewish man sees us. He tells the soldiers to arrest our guide. We are across the line in a street reserved for Jews. “I am lucky you are here,” says the guide. “Usually they throw stones at me.” The soldiers approach, calling our guide’s name. We cluster around him tightly and move back to the main street. The soldiers try to maneuver their way into our group but we huddle closer. I press against our guide. He puts his arm on my shoulder and we walk on. While on the side of the school building in Nablus is spray painted: “The University of Hip-Hop.” And “Existence is Resistance.” What do you have when your historic buildings are leveled and factories destroyed? Nablus emptied out by war. Hip-hop floods the streets, and the children dance a scintillating mixture of breakdancing and dabka. And Hebron emptied out. By ancient history. When one says, “It’s ancient history,” one usually means something is “irrelevant.” But in Hebron, all the lost children return. Some after millennia or some after only a few decades, but in any case violence is paid with violence and all deaths are used to keep score. In the fighting of 1948 and later in 1967 most of the Jewish Quarter in Jerusalem is leveled, including the Rabbi Nissan Bak Synagogue, which stood over it for years and years. When the Israeli army fights its way to the Western Wall, its immediate action is to level the Moroccan Quarter that abuts it. They complete the action before the ceasefire is signed...

Evaluation and Mitigation of Industrial Wastewater Pollutants from Soap Factories and Breweries in the Bafoussam City Vicinity (Western Highlands of Cameroon)

The discharge of wastewaters of industries in the Bafoussam city vicinity deteriorate the quality of surface and underground water and soils. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of ecotoxicity in the different industries and ways to mitigate this pollution. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: COD, BOD 5, OM, TP, Cu, Cd, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, EC, Turbidity, NH 4 + and NO 3 - from wastewaters from two soap factories (SWC and SCS) and one Brewery (ASCB) in Bafoussam. Statistical analysis, were made to determine the correlation coefficient R and covariance. R varies from 0.715 to 0.897. These coefficients indicate a positive correlation different from 1; hence, we cannot predict the parameters of an industry based on the parameters of the other. Total heavy metals contents range from 118.66 mg/L for SCS to 39.58 mg/L for the SWC and to 2.45 mg/L for the ASCB. COD ranges from 122 to 959 mg/L; the highest value was obtained in the SCS. These results indicate that the SCS is the most polluting industry. To reduce the pollution we recommended that each industry recycle its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the industry. The Municipal community is also advised to institute sensitization meetings with the promoters of these industries on proper wastewater handling and treatment. Penalties for pollution should be proportional to the degree of pollution.

Soap Factories in Nablus: Palestinian Heritage (Turâth) at the Local Level

Heritage in Palestine has always been intertwined with political issues, in reaction to colonization or linked with the struggle against Israeli occupation. This paper questions the various scales (national and local) of Palestinian heritage through a particular aspect of Palestinian culture: soap factories in Nablus. After the destruction by the Israeli army of two soap factories in Nablus in 2002, a new interest and discourse developed about these buildings as icons of Palestinian national heritage. This paper questions this new discourse by comparing it to local practices of heritage in Nablus. It argues that the connection between soap factories and Palestinian heritage oscillates between local anchorage and affirmation of national identity.

Zmiany struktury przestrzennej obszaru Zabłocia w Krakowie objętego lokalnym programem rewitalizacji

Cracow’s area of Zabłocie, covered by the local revitalization programme, was formed during the development of industrial plants in 18 th and 19 th century. The local business activities included the Factory of Nets, Furniture, Ferrum Constructions and Ornament Goods owned by Józef Gorecki, whose products, even today, embellish the interiors of the Old Theater, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, or the Cracow’s Soap Factory owned by Czesław Śmiechowski (currently Miraculum), which was the largest plant of this type in Krakow. The area of Zabłocie also housed the city’s largest distillery plant, “Cracow Vodkas”, as well as the Polish Healthy Bread Manufacture “Ziarno”. After the Second World War the post-industrial Zabłocie changed its production profile from technically simple to technologically advanced goods. Gorecki’s factory was replaced with “Telpod”, which, following political transitions of the 1990’s, was declared bankrupt. During the political transformation as well as at the end of the nineties, Zabłocie became “the forgotten” area of Kraków. The ongoing deterioration of post-industrial buildings as well as spacial and infrastructural chaos influenced the deepening processes of the area’s functional structure within the territory of the city. It was only the municipality, which objective was to bring the district out of crisis and which based its politics on passing of both local plan of spacial economy and local revitalization programme, that generated investors’ interest in the area. Currently Zabłocie is undergoing revitalization works on post-industrial buildings which, thanks to new functions, can be again incorporated into the area’s spacial structure. With regard to the above, the objective of this essay is to present structural changes which the district has undergone over the course of recent years and which have significantly influenced its functional transition from post-industrial to the one oriented on development of small and medium enterprises sector and housing.

Molecular Characterization and Surfactant Utilization of Scolecobasidium Isolates from Detergent-Rich Indoor Environments

Scolecobasidium, generally found in outdoor samples, were isolated from detergent-rich indoor environments. The isolates from bathrooms and washing machines, because of their exposure to detergents, might be genetically and biologically distinct from outdoor isolates. In this study, 11 Scolecobasidium isolates from detergent-rich indoor environments were examined to find the genetic and biological differences between the indoor and outdoor isolates. One isolate from a wall of a soap factory, showing similar conidia morphology with S. constricta, was phylogenetically distinct from the other Scolecobasidium spp. The 10 isolates from washing machines and bathrooms were identified as S. humicola, but these were classified into 2 groups that differed from the reference strain of S. humicola from leaves. All 11 isolates and the 4 reference strains of S. constricta and S. humicola grew on the medium containing sodium oleate and polyoxyethylene-(9)-lauryl ether, but the reference strains of the other Scolecobasidium spp. grew only on the medium containing sodium oleate. The results showed that S. humicola and S. constricta could utilize both surfactants generally included in soaps or synthetic detergents as nutrients. A further implication is that the genetic variation found in the S. humicola isolates from detergent-rich indoor environments can occur as a result of adaptation to such an environment.

Port Sunlight, essai architectural et social

The purpose of this article is to examine the city of Port Sunlight, its history, design and originality. Created by William Lever in 1888 in order to house his newly-built soap factory, Port Sunlight is part of the numerous “factory villages” built in the wake of the industrial revolution according to philanthropic and utilitarian principles. But this article intends to show that Port Sunlight differs from other factory towns. Its careful design, elaborate architecture and public facilities epitomize the aesthetic and philosophical trends of the period and reveal a strongly ambivalent attitude towards industry and the type of landscapes it had created. Announcing Ebenezer Howard’s garden cities, Port Sunlight endeavours to solve the material problem of working class housing while also addressing other more spiritual needs.

Synthesis of Polymer−Biohybrids: From Small to Giant Surfactants

Amphiphiles or surfactants, more popularly known as soaps, are among the oldest known chemical compounds used by man. Written text on a clay tablet dated to 2200 B.C. indicates that the Babylonians were familiar with soap-like substances. According to the Ebers papyrus (1550 B.C.), the ancient Egyptians bathed regularly in a mixture of animal oils, vegetable extracts, and alkaline salts, and a soap factory with bars of scented soap was found in the ruins of Pompeii (79 A.D.). In modern times, the use of soap has become universal, and we now understand reasonably well what happens when soap molecules are dispersed in aqueous solution and how the cleaning properties of soap work. The latter is related to the surface-active behavior of soap molecules, which is a result of their amphiphilic, also called amphipathic, character. Although the cleaning aspect is still an important issue, scientists are increasingly focusing on other properties of soaps, for example, self-assembling behavior and how this can be used in the design and non-covalent synthesis of new (macro)molecular architectures. These new molecules can be employed in nanotechnology and drug delivery, among other applications. This Account will focus on three different classes of amphiphiles. The first is the low molecular weight amphiphiles, also called classical amphiphiles in this context. A short overview will be given on the research carried out by our group and others on the self-assembly behavior and properties of these compounds; in particular, we focus on the ones that can be stabilized by polymerization (polymerized vesicles). Next, we will introduce the still relatively young field of superamphiphiles, macromolecules consisting of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic polymeric block. Finally, and this constitutes the main part of this Account, we will provide an overview of a new class of amphiphiles, the so-called giant amphiphiles. These macromolecules have an enzyme or protein as the polar head group and a hydrophobic polymer as a tail. We will finish the Account with conclusions and an outlook to the future.

Nikolai Konstantinovich Kulchitsky (1856–1925)

Nikolai Kulchitsky is best remembered for his identification of the Kulchitsky (enterochromaffin) cell. His life spanned a teaching and scientific career at Kharkov University, employment as the Imperial Minister of Education for all Russia, work in a soap factory and flight from the Russian Revolution to London, and a position at the University College with Elliot Smith. His subsequent contributions to the anatomic delineation of dual nerve-endings in the muscle were highly regarded, although his identification of the enterochromaffin cell (1897) remains his enduring scientific legacy. The observation of a cardinal neuroendocrine cell of the gut formed the basis for the subsequent delineation of the diffuse neuroendocrine system and provided the cellular framework on which the discipline of gut neuroendocrinology would be established. Kulchitsky's mysterious demise in a bizarre lift-shaft accident at UCL on his 69th birthday tragically terminated a life of service to science.

Liesborn in Amsterdam. Jacob de Wits Porträt des Liesborner Abtes Gregor Waltmann von 1716

AbstractIn 1971 the Museum Abtei Lieborn of the Warendorf area came into possession of a remarkable and qualitative Portrait of Gregor Waltmann (1661-1739), who had been the abbot of the Benedictine Abbey of Liesborn between 1698 and 1739. During its restoration, the portrait could be identified as a signed work of the Amsterdam painter Jacob de Wit (1695-1754), dated 1716. To this day the only known portrait of De Wit was the Portrait of Pater Aegidius de Glabbais of 1718 (collection Commissie Monumentenzorg Minderbroeders Franciscanen Nederland).This article reconstructs the provenance of the Portrait of Gregor Waltmann, which was most likely assigned to Jacob de Wit by Gregor's brother Jan Woltman in Amsterdam. Most likely the abbot himself never saw his portrait; there is no account of a journey to Amsterdam in 1716, nor is there evidence that Gregor Waltmann knew the catholic painter personally. De Wit returned to Amsterdam from Antwerp in 1715 and devoted himself with success to portrait painting and was initially supported by the catholic community.In the early nineteenth century the portrait was still owned by the Woltman family, who had emigrated to Amsterdam from Lüdinghausen, Westfalen in the 1690s and who over generations had run the soap factory De Vergulde Hand. While the name of the painter over the course of time became forgotten, the catholic family kept the memory of the in 1739 deceased abbot alive with a memorial note.Hardly known outside the county of Münster the signed and dated portrait is an important prerequisite for the determination of further, possibly still preserved portraits of Jacob de Wit.

Cost Accounting in Early Regulated Markets: The Case of the Royal Soap Factory of Seville (1525-1692)

Regulated markets and state-owned monopolies characterized the economies of many Southern European territories around the end of the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance. Although this economic form was of considerable importance in implementing public policy at the time, investigation into the functioning of cost accounting in such contexts has been consistently neglected in accounting research. In this paper, we examine the role of cost systems in early regulated markets by focusing on the case of the soap production and distribution monopoly in the City of Seville, Spain. In 1423, the King of Castille granted the soap monopoly to the Duke of Alcala as a reward for his war achievements, but pricing decisions rested in the hands of the local government. Disputes between the Duke of Alc ala and the local government (the parties) about the fair price of a pound of soap were negotiated after the development of tests that replicated the soap production process and determined its cost through complex calculations.

Treatment of Oily Wastewater Using Dissolved Air Flotation Technique

Oil/water emulsion is found in the wastewater effluent streams coming from various sources, such as the petroleum refineries, the discharge of bilge and ballast water, workshops, petrol stations, rolling mills and from edible oil and soap factories. The oil recovery process adopted will depend on how the oil is present in the water stream. Oil can be found as free floating oil, as an unstable oil/water emulsion and also as a highly stable oil/water emulsion. Free oil in wastewater is readily removed by gravimetric separators, while unstable oil/water emulsions can be mechanically or chemically separated. Stable emulsions and in particular those involving water soluble oily wastes require sophisticated methods to satisfy treated water legal requirements. This study is dedicated to the application of dissolved air flotation (DAF) for the removal of emulsified oils from oily wastewater. A dissolved air flotation unit has been designed for this purpose and the ultimate goal is to explore the technical viability of this technique. The design and then construction of the dissolved air flotation pilot plant has been conducted to treat 1.0 m3/hr of oily wastewater. The performance of the DAF system has been investigated using synthetic oil emulsions and true wastewater where three different types of oil have been managed. The various operating conditions have been tested to define the most appropriate conditions for processing oil/water emulsions. The effect of coagulant addition on the oil separation in the presence of an emulsifying agent is investigated.

Works of Heart: Building Village through the Arts

Children, Youth and Environments Vol. 17 No. 4 (2007) ISSN: 1546-2250 Works of Heart: Building Village through the Arts Lynne, Elizabeth and Young, Suzanne (2006). Oakland, CA: New Village Press; 143 pages. $24.95. ISBN 0976605406. Building vibrant communities is high on social and civic agendas. Models of programs and projects are increasingly becoming recognized through literature, media and internet. A leading voice is New Village Press, a publishing house dedicated to producing books dealing with community building, community development, and community-based art. Lynne Elizabeth is current director of the press and one of the editors of Works of Heart. In the preface she praises the late Jane Jacobs for having the courage to include the emotion “love” as the vibrant glue for what really makes community work successful and the inspiration for the book’s title. In this small, power-packed, inspirational book there are nine case studies which demonstrate the potential and possibilities in community-based arts projects. Easily accessible and informative, it is a benefit for students, artists, educators, designers, planners, civic leaders, non-profit professionals, and volunteers interested or involved in community endeavors. This compendium illustrates initiatives for grassroots community building through the arts. It comes from community membership infused with passion and caring to make their corner of the world a little better. It speaks of the interactions, the struggles, the joys, and the ultimate sense of satisfaction in making a difference in a community. Tom Borrup, a New Village Press author cited below, in the book’s introduction, entitled “Creating Community with What’s Underfoot” credits the artists profiled in the book for their propensity for attention to their surroundings. ...They notice the sights, sounds, and experiences of everyday life and use them as source materials. They find value in what others 439 overlook....The artists in this book all share a common quality: They bring together generosity of the heart with the ability to dig deep to find the vision, the wherewithal and the raw materials to improve life in the communities and world in which they live (Elizabeth 2006, 11). Individuals interested in sustainability will find creative impulses sparked by the resourcefulness of material usage and adaptability in the projects. Works of Heart is a tribute not only to the communities with the courage to engage in forward-thinking approaches for community change but to the artists who participated in the projects. The artists, as agents of social change, become stewards of their community. Passion drives the artists to discover unusual resources. Their organizational skills (including engaging the community at large and coordinating the project) and perseverance are paramount for the success of the project. Evidence of their commitment, dedication and ingenuity are common to all the projects. The community-based artist moves from the “me” in individual creative endeavors to the “we” in community collaborations. Through their vision, problems and issues become awe-inspiring artistic statements. The brilliant examples of their community projects in this book serve to encourage project managers to include artists in initial design and planning, and to provide inspiration for future community projects. The table of contents organizes the nine exemplary projects under three different categories: Creating Place, Celebrating Culture, and Artist as Activist. For easy reference, each project has a brief description of its scope. This brief synopsis provides quick identification of cases for readers with similar interests. In Works of Heart, each project description includes salient information such as location, organization, artist(s), process, financing, materials, and anecdotal information, as well as outstanding color photographs and resource information. The included projects demonstrate a broad spectrum of scope, complexity, scale, diversity, and geographic location: A beehive collective in Maine tackling global economic issues; Fairplay Middle 440 School in Oregon getting a facelift with mud murals; an expressive garden refuge for a cancer center in San Francisco; an international art and poetry contest based in Berkeley to bring understanding of the natural landscape; an artist’s journey into the Bronx, celebrating its rich Italian cultural heritage; a faith-based quilting project in Boston; the salvaging of an abandoned soap factory in Minneapolis for an emerging artist art gallery; the transformation of abandoned lot in Philadelphia...

Expletives as solidarity signals in FTAs on the factory floor

Drawing on Politeness Theory and the Community of Practice model, we examine the uses and functions of the expletive fuck in interaction between workers in a New Zealand soap factory work team. The factory team was extensively recorded in their daily interactions to obtain a corpus of 35 h of authentic workplace talk from which a small number of paradigmatic interactions are selected for discussion in this paper. Particular attention is given to the way in which the expletive fuck is used in two face threatening speech acts, direct complaints and refusals, and its contrasting function in the speech act of whingeing. The analysis focuses on the complex socio-pragmatic functions of fuck and its role as an indicator of membership in a specific community of practice.

Cost accounting in early regulated markets: The case of the Royal Soap Factory of Seville (1525–1692)

Regulated markets and state-owned monopolies characterized the economies of many Southern European territories around the end of the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance. Although this economic form was of considerable importance in implementing public policy at the time, investigation into the functioning of cost accounting in such contexts has been consistently neglected in accounting research. In this paper, we examine the role of cost systems in early regulated markets by focusing on the case of the soap production and distribution monopoly in the City of Seville, Spain. In 1423, the King of Castille granted the soap monopoly to the Duke of Alcalá as a reward for his war achievements, but pricing decisions rested in the hands of the local government. Disputes between the Duke of Alcalá and the local government (the parties) about the fair price of a pound of soap were negotiated after the development of tests that replicated the soap production process and determined its cost through complex calculations. Drawing on the insights of institutional sociology, we found that the test and its accompanying cost calculations provided credibility to the parties before their external constituents. Our data also revealed that the parties engaged in active agency with the King of Spain in order to shape the constitutive elements of the tests in their favor. In this way, they were able to manipulate to their own ends the use of newly purchased versus inventoried materials in the soap test and to incorporate into the total cost what present-day terminology would call the opportunity cost of the buildings, investments in inventory and machinery, and various employee expenses not previously considered.

Growth pattern and the industrial development of the lagos region, nigeria

This paper examines the nature, growth and spatial pattern of industries within the Lagos Region. Industrial activities in this region grew progressively over the year from mere brickwork, palm oil mills, printing press, soap factory, and metal container factory to capital intensive manufacturing. Indeed, the number of industrial establishments increased from 122 in 1962 to 637 in 1993. Lagos developed into Nigeria's leading industrial center; especially following the expansion in its service and administrative sectors. Whereas, chemicals and pharmaceutical; and basic metal, iron and steel and fabricated metal products industry groups dominate in industrial scene, wood and wood products (including furniture); and non-metallic mineral products are rare. The spatial pattern shows that industrial establishments vary amongst the industrial estates/areas, and also among the industry groups. Ikeja/Ogballsheri industrial estate/area dominates the industrial scene.

Pollution prevention in the oil and soap industry: a case study

Industrial audit of a complex oil and soap factory has been carried out. The factory produces edible oils, fatty acids, soap, crude, industrial and pharmaceutical glycerin, powdered detergents, animal fodder, sodium and potassium silicates, sodium hypochlorite and hypochloric acid. The audit shows that there were a wide range of pollution prevention opportunities which could be implemented with significant financial advantages for the factory as well as reducing environmental pollution. Cost benefits for the recommended environmental improvements have been estimated. Many of the improvements had short payback periods.

Pollution prevention in the oil and soap industry: A case study

Industrial audit of a complex oil and soap factory has been carried out The factory produces edible oils, fatty acids, soap, crude, industrial and pharmaceutical glycerin, powdered detergents, animal fodder, sodium and potassium silicates, sodium hypochlorite and hypochloric acid. The audit shows that there were a wide range of pollution prevention opportunities which could be implemented with significant financial advantages for the factory as well as reducing environmental pollution. Cost benefits for the recommended environmental improvements have been estimated. Many of the improvements had short payback periods.

Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Ceramic:Metal Wetting

Surface phenomena, including wetting, have surely fascinated humans foi millennia. The breakup of a falling stream of water and the behavior of froths, both driven by surface energy, certainly caught the interest of people long before records were kept. The Phoenicians are credited with inventing that remarkable wetting agent, soap, in about 600 B.C., and a 2000-year-old soap factory was unearthed in the ruins of Pompeii.It is hard to pinpoint the first scientific studies of surfaces and wetting, but it is a good guess that the earliest scientists, or natural philosophers, were interested. In 1805 Young noted that in a system consisting of a liquid and a solid phase, the former will wet the latter to a degree dictated by the surface energies of the system. If a liquid drop rests on a solid substrate, as shown in Figure 1, the wetting angle, θ, characterizes the wetting of solid by liquid. The fundamental relationship between wetting angle and surface energy in equilibrium was given by Young as:where γsv is the surface energy of solid, γsl is the solid-liquid interfacial energy, γlv is the surface energy of liquid, and θ is the wetting angle.

The Enlightened Paternalist in Action: William Hesketh Lever at Port Sunlight Before 1914

This article argues that religion as an instrument of company welfare and entrepreneurial control survived into the twentieth century. At Port Sunlight, Cheshire, in 1907 William Hesketh Lever, later first Viscount Leverhulme, employed over 3,000 in his soap factory and housed 3,600 in his adjacent company village. Among the numerous and relatively splendid welfare benefits he supplied was a church building, Christ Church, Port Sunlight. Significantly Lever determined the style of worship and conditions of membership. Moreover he personally selected the first minister, a Wesleyan and a Christian Socialist. By appointing the minister as his company welfare officer Lever obviously hoped to control all the religious instruments of value formation in the company village. If church membership was a reliable indicator, Lever failed miserably. After a decade of experiment he turned increasingly to the instrumentality of the masonic lodge.

THE APPALLING INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS TO WHICH AMERICAN WORKING CHILDREN WERE EXPOSED IN 1900

In 1900 one-third of the workers in our Southern mills were children. For the United States at large about twenty percent of all children between 10 to 15 years of age were employed as full-time factory workers. At the turn of the century child labor was a practice encouraged by industry, agreed to by parents, and generally ignored by government. To call attention to the evils of child labor, John Spargo, an American reformer and author, published his impassioned book entitled, The Bitter Cry of Children, in 1906. In it he wrote: It is a sorry but indisputable fact that where children are employed, the most unheathful work is generally given them. In the spinning and carding rooms of cotton and woollen mills, where large numbers of children are employed, clouds of lint-dust fill the lungs and menace the health. The children have often a distressing cough, caused by the irritation of the throat, and many are hoarse from the same cause. In bottle factories and other branches of glass manufacture, the atmosphere is constantly charged with microscopic particles of glass. In the wood working industries, such as the manufacture of cheap furniture and wooden boxes, and packing cases, the air is laden with fine sawdust. Children employed in soap and soap-powder factories work, many of them, in clouds of alkaline dust which inflames the eyelids and nostrils. Boys employed in filling boxes of soap-powder work all day long with handkerchiefs tied over their mouths. In the coal-mines the breaker boys breathe air that is heavy and thick with particles of coal, and their lungs become black in consequence.