Soap Emulsion Research Articles

Corrosion Rate Analysis of API 5L Gr B Steel Pipe in Acetic Acid Contained Crude Oil Treatment System by Using Amine Base Organik Corrosion Inhibitor

Corrosion is the main problem in the processing of crude oil containing soap emulsion by using acetic acid based demulsifier. This study aims to analyze corrosion of API 5L Gr B steel pipe in the solution of 90% brine and 10% crude oil with addition of 2000 ppm of acetic acid based demulsifier at various concentration of amine based organic inhibitor. Corrosion testing was conducted using weight loss coupon. SEM and EDS analysis were performed to investigate corroded specimen. The weight loss results indicate that amine based organic inhibitor made the steel resistant to corrosion with an inhibitor effectiveness of up to 96.67% at a concentration of 40 ppm. SEM observation following with EDS analysis identifying the presence of inhibitor and corrosion product protection layer.

Helopeltis theivora (Heteroptera, Miridae) as a pest of betel vine (Piper betle)

Tea mosquito bug (TMB), Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Heteroptera, Miridae) has been recorded for the first time from Kerala, India, as a pest of betel vine (Piper betle L.). Nymphs and adults feed on the tender leaves making it unfit for consumption and sale. Angular water-soaked patches which later appear like shot holes were the symptoms of infestation. Neem oil soap emulsion (0.2%) was effective against the pest. The infested plot was not near tea or cashew plantations, which ruled out the possibility of opportunistic incidence of H. theivora on P. betle. Hence, it is evident that H. theivora has to be reckoned as a pest of betel vine. The current observation on betel vine is important as many of the betel vine growing states in the country are also known for large scale cultivation of tea. Host shift from tea to betel vine and vice versa in these areas may pose a challenge to the production of both the crops. An IPM module with safe organic pesticides has to be developed for contingencies in future.

Emulsions of long-chain fatty acids as fruit sizing and ripening agents for gibberellin-A3-treated rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton syn. V. ashei)

Some rabbiteye blueberry cultivars (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton syn. ashei) lose ≤67% of their berries to a floral polymorphism (z1-5) that reduces male and female function by deforming corollas, stamens, and pistils. These deformities give flowers an asymmetric shape, and if severe enough, could cause sterility. Overcoming sterility and associated yield loss in ‘Premier’ flowers was possible with two applications of an exogenous plant growth regulator (PGR), 250ppm gibberellin-A3 (GA). Interestingly, the dual emulsifier and surfactant chosen for our GA dips, 0.5% coconut oil soap, behaved like a PGR by inducing adventitious embyony, possibly apomixis. Resulting berries were 20–25% heavier and matured 7–14 days earlier. Fruit sets as high as 80–90% stemmed from the emulsion's GA ingredient. Yet, the heaviest seed-rich berries either resulted from cross-pollinated flowers or from unpollinated ones treated with GA/coconut oil soap emulsion (hereafter known as the emulsion). A second greenhouse experiment incorporated chemical dips containing four concentrations of coconut oil soap, five component fatty acids with medium length to long-chain aliphatic tails (C10–C18), and three new cultivars. Again, these replicated trials achieved similar results. GA stimulated high fruit set, while coconut oil soap plus its component long-chained fatty acids produced heavier faster growing berries for unpollinated blooms of ‘Austin’, and ‘Prince’. ‘Tifblue’ flowers however yielded seedless fruit, indicating genotypic sensitivities to exogenous GA.

Application Study of Cationic Polymethyl Acrylate Emulsion as Papermaking Sizing Agent

The cationic polymethyl acrylate (CPMA) emulsion which was prepared with no soap emulsion polymerization was used with petroleum resin sizing agent in bleached wheat straw pulp and wood pulp as papermaking sizing agent. It was showed that by the experimental results that when the dosage of composite sizing agent composed of CPMA emulsion and anionic petroleum resin sizing agent was 0.2% absolute dry pulp, sizing degree and white degree of handsheet made of bleached wheat straw pulp were improved 33% and 5.2%ISO respectively. It was also showed that when the dosage of composite sizing agent was 0.2% absolute dry pulp, sizing degree and white degree of handsheet made of wood pulp were improved 37% and 4.2%ISO respectively.

Study on Synthesis of Cationic Polymethyl Acrylate Emulsion

Emulsion copolymerization of methyl acrylate, styrene, acrylamide, acrylonitrile and homemade cationic monomer was studied. A series of clean cationic polymethyl acrylate emulsion were synthesized using no soap emulsion polymerization. Influence of polymerization conditions such as cationic monomer ratio, electrolyte addition amount, the dosage of initiator on synthetic latex performance and the strengthening effect to paper pulp was studied. It was showed by experimental results that sample No.3 which particle size and zeta potential was 0.142 μm and +29.2 mv respectively was the optimal sample latex. When the dosage of latex No.3 was 1.0% to absolute dry pulp, tensile index and ring crush index of paper was increased by 14.6% and 17.8% respectively.

Application as Papermaking Organic Particulate Retention Agent of Cationic Polymethyl Acrylate Emulsion in Bleached Wheat Straw Pulp

Cationic polymethyl acrylate emulsion which was prepared with no soap emulsion polymerization was used in bleached wheat straw pulp as papermaking retention agent. The main influence factors on retention effect, such as dosage of polymethyl acrylate emulsion, pH value of the bleached wheat straw pulp, reaction time after adding the polymethyl acrylate emulsion and stir velocity were discussed in detail. Experimental results showed that optimal application conditions were that first step was adding cationic emulsion which dosage was 0.64% relative to dry fiber, stir velocity was 1400r/min, 90s for reaction, second step was adding anion components which dosage was 0.16% relative to dry fiber, stir velocity was 750r/min, 60s for reaction, pH value was 4.5~5.0. The cationic organic particles system has good retention aid effect which one pass retention was 96.4%.

Comparative Study of Jhamarkotra Soap Emulsion and Tall Oil Soap Emulsion as Flotation Collectors

Soaps of mixed fatty acid origin or soap-light diesel oil (LDO) emulsion are used as collectors in the froth flotation of salt type minerals (for example – apatite, fluorite, dolomite, etc.). Detergents are sometimes used along with soaps to reduce the consumption of soap and also to improve the process efficiency. In the present investigations effect of different reagent regimes on flotation of a siliceous phosphate ore was studied. Flotation tests were carried out using mixed fatty acid soap and tall oil. Both the reagents were used as emulsions with light diesel oil in the ratio of 1:1.2. Tests were also carried out with promoters (Alfa Olefin Sulfonate [AOS], Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate [LABS] and Urea) along with these reagents to evaluate the process efficiency. While AOS and LABS are detergents, urea is a polar non electrolyte reagent known to act as hydrotrope. It is noted that mixed fatty acid soap-LDO emulsion (SL emulsion) shows better process efficiency than tall oil-LDO emulsion (TL emulsion). The highest recoveries (>90%) were achieved when mixed fatty acid was used in conjunction with promoters. The experiments with promoters yielded higher recoveries rather than mixed fatty acid or tall oil used alone.

Neem-tree ( Azadirachta indica Juss.) extract as a feed additive against the American dog tick ( Dermacentor variabilis) in sheep ( Ovis aries)

Acaricides can be conveyed to ticks via the blood of their hosts. As fruit and kernel extracts from the Meliaceae family, and, in particular the tetranortriterpenoid azadirachtin (AZA) inhibits tick egg production and embryogenesis in the Ixodidae ticks, we investigated the effects of Neem Azal ®, an extract containing 43% AZA, given as a feed additive to lambs artificially infested with engorging adult Dermacentor vairiabilis ticks. After tick attachment, the lambs were allotted to three dietary treatments: AZA0 (control, n = 10), AZA0.3 ( n = 5), and AZA0.6 ( n = 5), with feed containing 0%, 0.3%, and 0.6% AZA on DM basis, respectively. In half of the AZA0 lambs, ticks were sprayed on day 4 after attachment with an ethanol:water:soap emulsion containing 0.6% AZA (AZA0S). In spite of its very pungent odor, the neem extract was well accepted by all but one lamb. No differences were found between treatment groups in liver enzymes in blood, and there was no indication of toxicity. The plasma AZA concentrations after 7 and 14 days of feeding AZA were (4.81 and 4.35 μg/mL) for the AZA0.6 and (3.32 and 1.88 μg/mL) for the AZA0.3 treatments, respectively ( P < 0.0001). Treatments were not lethal to ticks, but tick weights at detachment were 0.64, 0.56, 0.48, and 0.37 g for ticks from the AZA0, AZA0.3, AZA0S, and AZA0.6 treatments ( P < 0.04), respectively, suggesting that blood AZA impaired blood-feeding. The highest mortality rate after detachment was for AZA0.6 ( P < 0.09). As AZA affects embryo development and ticks at the molting stages, we expect that following treatments of hosts for longer periods, one-host ticks will be more affected than the three-host tick D. variabilis.

Role of Naphthenic Acids in Emulsion Tightness for a Low-Total-Acid-Number (TAN)/High-Asphaltenes Oil

The emulsion stabilizing properties of a low-total-acid-number (TAN) crude oil, which had initially been attributed to asphaltenes and calcite precipitation, were re-analyzed with regard to the role of organic acids. Despite high asphaltenes content, this crude oil exhibits features classically observed with acidic oils, such as the increase in emulsion stability upon pressure decrease/pH increase or the poor efficiency of demulsifiers. The potential for a significant role of organic acids was confirmed by the high interfacial activity of indigenous acids, as extracted from the crude oil by means of an ion-exchange resin. This was further addressed analyzing the molecular chemistry of the interfacial layer and its rheology. The interfacial material was found to be composed of a mixture of asphaltenes and organic acids. These acids exhibit a wide range of structures (mono- versus dicarboxylic, fatty versus naphthenic and benzoic) and molecular weights (from 200 to 700 g/mol), contrary to the medium molecular weight fatty monocarboxylic acids that are generally believed to cause “soap emulsions”. The interfacial rheology is indicative of a 2D gel, with an assumed glass transition temperature of approximately 40 °C. In conclusion, this study shows that a co-precipitation of asphaltenes and organic acids can promote the build up of a very cohesive interface. The disruption of this interface not only requires the drainage of individual molecules but also a collective yield of the gel. This paper is part one of two: it confronts physical and chemical data, the latter being further detailed in an associated paper.

Techbits: Naphthenate Deposits, Emulsions Highlighted in Technology Workshop

Techbits Pau, France was the scene for a recent SPE Applied Technology Workshop (ATW) titled "Managing Naphthenates and Soap Emulsions." From 10–13 March 2008, more than 70 attendees discussed the flow assurance challenges that naphthenate deposition presents, as well as the current state of the art in mitigating their formation in the field. Colin Smith, senior consultant with Maxoil Solutions and ATW Committee Member, opened the workshop with a scene-setting discussion on the fundamentals of naphthenate sludge and emulsion formation. If left unchecked, naphthenate deposits may cause fouling or plugging of production equipment such as flowlines and separators, and the formation of stable emulsions may prevent efficient oil/water separation, increasing separator residence times. The problem is more common than the industry might think, according to Smith; naphthenate deposits are present in 10% or more of North Sea crudes, while 30% of southeast Asian crudes and 20% of west African crudes demonstrate soap emulsion or sludge problems. Smith mentioned that naphthenates were first clearly identified in oilfields in the 1960s, but research and development (R&amp;D) efforts began in earnest in the mid-1990s. The first session of the workshop highlighted the fundamentals. Johan Sjoblom, Professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), examined the current understanding of the different types of acids in a crude oil that can lead to naphthenate formation and sludge or emulsion problems. Monoacids (those acids with one carboxyl [COOH] group) tend to stabilize emulsions and concentrate in the oil phase or sludges, while tetracids (those with four COOH groups) can stabilize oil/water emulsions and tend to react with metallic ions such as calcium (Ca2+) to form deposits that harden irreversibly. Christian Hurtevent, an expert in physical chemistry and deposits with Total, discussed his company's experience with emulsion formation based on oil density and acid type. In general, Total has observed biodegradation and deposit problems in problem crudes with lower API values (&amp;lt;30), while higher API problem crudes tend to demonstrate emulsion stability challenges. The company has used an ultrasonic scanner to evaluate emulsion phase behavior, which has suggested how various naphthenic salts aggregate in a crude oil/water mixture. Ingemar Uneback, Application Development Manager for Akzo Nobel, proposed how derivatives of naphthenic mono acids could be extracted from crude oil and used as favorable starting blocks in chemical synthesis. In the formation of surfactants, for example, several monoacids demonstrate excellent surface active properties, low viscosity, good oxidative stability, and favorable biodegradability for environmentally sensitive applications. Uneback stated that Akzo Nobel has begun testing naphthenic monoacids as surfactants with promising results for potential application in fuels, agrochemicals, oilfield process chemicals, and asphalts.

Determination of arsenic and mercury in sunflower oil by electrothermal atomic absorption

A simple and fast method for the determination of arsenic (As) in sunflower oil by electrothermal atomic absorption (ETAAS) is described. The optimal instrumental parameters for ETAAS measurement of As species in stable and homogeneous soap emulsions prepared from oil samples with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) have been established. The limit of determination is 5 ng g-1 total As in sunflower oil. A second approach involving extraction of As and mercury from sunflower oil and consequent ETAAS measurement is also described. Simultaneous quantitative extraction of As(III), As(V), monomethylarsonate (MMA) and dimethylarsinate (DMA) as well as Hg(II), monomethylmercury(II)chloride (MMC), dimethylmercury (DMM), diethylmercury (DEM) and diphenylmercury (DPM) is achieved by using an extraction mixture comprising of 0.1M NH3/0.01M EDTA. Pre-reduced palladium is applied as an effective modifier for the next ETAAS measurement of all extracted species. The method of standard addition is employed for calibration. The accuracy and reproducibly of the methods was established by spike and recovery experiments and parallel analysis of sunflower oils from the marketplace. Limits of determination of 2 ng g-1 for As and 3 ng g-1 for mercury were obtained.

Correlation between pH and irritant effect of cleansers marketed for dry skin.

Although it is important that dermatologists and the general population know the irritation potential of products marketed for dry skin used for body cleansing, this information is not usually available. To assess the irritative effect of different soaps and liquid cleansers recommended for sensitive skin. To study the correlation of the irritation effect of each substance with its pH and with the presence or absence of syndet in the product. Seventeen products marketed for dry skin and 12 common soaps used by the general population were studied. Fresh soap emulsions (8%) were applied to the volar side of the right forearm of 30 individuals with sensitive skin for 5 consecutive days using aluminum chambers. The appearance of irritation (erythema, scaling and fissures) was recorded, scored, and expressed in an Irritation index (IrIn). The pH of each solution was measured. Products with a low IrIn were White Dove (Dove, Lever Pond's, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), Dove Baby, Cetaphil (bar) (Cetaphil, Gulderma Lab., Forth Worth, TX, USA), Dove liquid cleanser for hands, Dove pink, and Aderma (Adenma, Pierre Fabre, Dermo-Cosmetique, Boulagne, France). Most corresponded to syndet products. Among the most used brand-name soap, Camay Classic (Camay, Procter & Gamble de Mexico, México, U.F.) had the lowest IrIn. Dove Baby was the only product with a neutral pH. A significant correlation between pH and the IrIn of cleansers was found (P < 0.006). Most products recommended for sensitive skin have a considerable irritation effect, which is related to the pH of the product. Better regulation of advertisement specifications including the pH level and type of cleanser contained is necessary for the majority of soaps and cleansers.

Return to de Feijter and Vrij's formula for line tension at thin liquid films

A mechanical model description is presented of the transition zone between a thin soap (emulsion) film and its adjacent meniscus. The mechanical state of the system is described by introducing three surfaces of tension- two of them are at the surfaces of the film and the transition zone and constant surface tensions are attributed there; the central surface of tension divides the distance between the other two surfaces of tension in inverse ratio of their surface tensions. The disjoining pressure like the capillary pressure acts always normal to the phase surfaces of tension. This model is applied for calculating the line tension of the contact line film/meniscus. Thus a new way of deriving the formula of de Feijter and Vrij for line tension at thin liquid films is presented. The asymmetric case of emulsion films is also considered.

Machine for preparing soap emulsions

Machine for preparing soap emulsions

Factors Affecting the Activity of Phenolic Disinfectants

Low challenge phenol coefficient and high challenge use-dilution tests were made on a neutral cocoanut oil soap emulsion of o -phenylphenol and aqueous solutions of sodium o -phenylphenate prepared in the laboratory from the phenol using a stoichiometric amount of NaOH as well as with increasing amounts of excess NaOH. The phenol had considerably greater activity in both test methods when emulsified with the neutral soap than when converted to the phenate and dissolved in water. Use dilution test results against Salmonella choleraesuis with both the phenol and the phenate were within the range which would have been predicted from the Salmonella typhosa coefficient results employing the conventional conversion multiple of 20 to determine the maximal number of parts of water to which one part of germicide could be added. With the emulsified phenol this was also true where Staphylococcus aureus was employed in both procedures. With the aqueous solution of the phenate the maximal safe use-dilution by the phenol coefficient found for S. aureus and the same conventional conversion procedure was roughly five times higher than the maximal safe use-dilution found by the use-dilution method. Results with aqueous solutions of the phenate to which increasing amounts of excess NaOH were added showed no significant differences in the phenol coefficient method with either S. typhosa or S. aureus . In the use-dilution method, significant decreases in activity were found as the excess NaOH was increased to 4% with both S. choleraesuis and S. aureus . Although the pH values of aqueous solutions of the phenate were raised as the amount of free NaOH was increased, the decreases in pH observed as the dilution with water was increased were such that only small differences existed at the high critical killing dilutions found in the low challenge phenol coefficient method, whereas rather large differences existed at the lower critical killing dilutions in the high challenge use-dilution method.

Factors Affecting the Activity of Phenolic Disinfectants

Low challenge phenol coefficient and high challenge use-dilution tests were made on a neutral cocoanut oil soap emulsion of o-phenylphenol and aqueous solutions of sodium o-phenylphenate prepared in the laboratory from the phenol using a stoichiometric amount of NaOH as well as with increasing amounts of excess NaOH. The phenol had considerably greater activity in both test methods when emulsified with the neutral soap than when converted to the phenate and dissolved in water. Use dilution test results against Salmonella choleraesuis with both the phenol and the phenate were within the range which would have been predicted from the Salmonella typhosa coefficient results employing the conventional conversion multiple of 20 to determine the maximal number of parts of water to which one part of germicide could be added. With the emulsified phenol this was also true where Staphylococcus aureus was employed in both procedures. With the aqueous solution of the phenate the maximal safe use-dilution by the phenol coefficient found for S. aureus and the same conventional conversion procedure was roughly five times higher than the maximal safe use-dilution found by the use-dilution method. Results with aqueous solutions of the phenate to which increasing amounts of excess NaOH were added showed no significant differences in the phenol coefficient method with either S. typhosa or S. aureus. In the use-dilution method, significant decreases in activity were found as the excess NaOH was increased to 4% with both S. choleraesuis and S. aureus. Although the pH values of aqueous solutions of the phenate were raised as the amount of free NaOH was increased, the decreases in pH observed as the dilution with water was increased were such that only small differences existed at the high critical killing dilutions found in the low challenge phenol coefficient method, whereas rather large differences existed at the lower critical killing dilutions in the high challenge use-dilution method.

Polymerization of styrene in emulsion under the influence of the initiating system of cumene hydroperoxide-triethylenetetramine

1. The kinetics of reaction of cumene hydroperoxide with triethylenetetramine in soap solutions and emulsions was studied. A dependence of the reaction rate on the concentration of the reaction components was established and some suppositions were made about the reaction mechanism. 2. The kinetics of polymerization of styrene in emulsion under the influence of the cumene-hydroperoxide-triethylenetetramine system was studied. It was established that the effectiveness of the initiating action of this system is quite small.

Use of Adsorption Columns in the Analysis of Soap and Detergent-stabilized Emulsions

METHODS at present available for the determination of the total materials in aqueous emulsions involve cracking the emulsion, separating the non-aqueous phase by solvent extraction or filtration, and weighing the products prior to analytical investigation. The need for a rapid means of isolating the components of such systems has led to the development of a technique employing adsorbents containing an ion-exchange resin, whereby the separation of an oil-in-water emulsion (for example, wool-scouring liquors) can be achieved. This has been suggested previously1 as being applicable to large-scale cracking and recovery of emulsified grease from industrial effluents.

Copolymerization of butadiene‐styrene by means of an oxygen, dodecyl mercaptan, and iron and cobalt pyrophosphates system

AbstractCopolymerization of butadiene‐styrene in soap emulsion can be initiated by the interaction of oxygen and mercaptans catalyzed by traces of ferrous pyrophosphate and cobalt salts. A recipe is described which effects conversions of 53% within 36 hours at −1°. The resulting rubber is very soluble in benzene and has an intrinsic viscosity in the range of 3.5–4.36.

Indian Research Fund Association

THE report of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Indian Research Fund Association (New Delhi) for the year ended December 31, 1946, gives some account of the researches carried out during the year on cholera, malaria, nutrition, leprosy, plague, pharmacology, maternity and child welfare, filariasis and other"subjects, and includes the reports of the advisory committees as Well as a list of papers published under the auspices of the Association, and the programme of researches and miscellaneous grants recommended for the financial year 1947–48. A cholera inquiry commenced at the Central Research Institute, Kasauli, is concerned with the substance and variability of the vibrios which may affect the efficiency of the vaccine used in cholera prophylaxis. The insecticide and mosquito repellent inquiry under the director of the Malaria Institute of India, Delhi, has covered the preparation of D.D.T. emulsion concentrates and aqueous suspensions, and field trials of D.D.T. solution, emulsions and suspensions and of ‘Gammexane' solutions as residual sprays, as well as of turpentine, turpentine-toluene, and turpentine-rosin soap emulsions. A mammalian malaria inquiry covered studies of the experimental mosquito transmission of Plasmodium cynomolgi to Macaca muletta monkeys and the course of the infection and of the transmission of P. cynomolgi by blood and tissue sub-inoculation during the incubation period following sporozoite injection. An investigation of adult Anopheles stephensi was initiated at the School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta, and another on the control of sand-flies, Phlebotomus argentipes, by spraying with D.D.T.