Soaking Medium Research Articles

In vitro degradation of 3D-printed polycaprolactone\\biomimetic hydroxyapatite scaffolds: Impact of the sterilization method

In the transition from the laboratory to the clinic, the sterilization of medical devices becomes a fundamental and mandatory step to ensure patient safety. This work evaluates the impact of three different sterilization methods - autoclave, ethylene oxide and gamma irradiation - on the physicochemical properties and degradation kinetics of 3D-printed polycaprolactone\\calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (PCL\\CDHA) scaffolds for bone regeneration. The in vitro degradation test was performed in phosphate buffer saline solution at 47 °C for 18 weeks by recording the evolution of pH, scaffold morphology, swelling degree, mass loss as well as polymer content, molecular weight and crystallinity. The results showed that under thermally accelerated degradation, the scaffolds underwent hydrolytic bulk degradation without altering the pH of the soaking medium nor compromising the morphology and integrity of the constructs. Although the structural integrity of the scaffolds was maintained, autoclaving severely deteriorated the properties of the polymer, resulting in a faster degradation pattern, confirming that it is not an appropriate sterilization method for PCL\\CDHA scaffolds. While ethylene oxide had no significant effect on degradation, gamma irradiation slightly accelerated hydrolysis by chain scission. However, due to the porous nature of the scaffolds, the use of ethylene oxide is inadvisable due to the risk of gas trapping in the pores. Therefore, gamma irradiation, a non-toxic, effective, predictable and reproducible sterilization method, is considered the most appropriate.

Removal of phytic acid in protein via pretreatment of rapeseed meal

Abstract To obtain rapeseed protein with low phytic acid (PA), soy protein isolate (SPI) was used to investigate the interactions between SPI and PA. The influence of pretreatment (soaking using salt solution and dialysis) of the defatted rapeseed meal on the PA and protein content in the final rapeseed proteins was also studied. The results showed that electrostatic interactions dominated the protein–PA interaction, which was affected by pH and ionic strength. Accordingly, the pH and ionic strength in the soaking medium also influenced the PA remained in the rapeseed proteins. The PA content decreased with the ionic strength (400–800 mM) and relatively low PA was obtained at pH 6.0 (soaking environment). Finally, 52.8 % of the PA have been removed and PA content remained in rapeseed protein isolate (RPI) reached about 0.84 mg/g, at the same time, the protein content was maintained around 86.70 %. Overall, soaking using salt solution and dialysis could be an effective method to achieve high quality rapeseed protein with low PA.

Mechanistic understanding of the effect of sodium citrate soaking of red kidney beans on their cooking behaviour

In this study, the role of soaking beans in a sodium citrate solution (a cation chelator) at pH = 4.4 and 41 °C in directing/improving the cooking behaviour of common beans was explored. The cooking behaviour of the pre-soaked red kidney beans was determined and the corresponding changes of phytate, minerals, starch, protein and pectin were quantified. Soaking beans in citrate buffer could accelerate softening of the beans during cooking in deionised water while subsequent cooking of beans in this buffer had a limited additional effect on softening compared to cooking in deionised water. Phytate hydrolysis during soaking in citrate buffer results in a release of Mg2+ and Ca2+. Both cations were leached into the soaking medium, higher amounts being observed for Mg2+ release to the soaking media because of the lower affinity of Mg2+ for pectin. It was observed that the pectin solubilisation rate in beans treated by sodium citrate buffer was positively correlated to bean softening. All of these results point out that soaking in a citrate buffer prohibits pectin Ca2+ cross linking therefore enhancing pectin solubilisation and thus increasing the bean softening rate constants during cooking, while starch and protein were not responsible for texture evolution.

Modification of the properties of a suture thread with a tough gel coating: Abaseline ex-vivo study.

The mechanical properties of sutures are important for wound closure and meniscus repair. A tough gel coating technology has been developed to modify and functionalize sutures, but its effects on suture degradation remain unexplored. Our aim is to investigate how a tough gel coating mediates the properties of the suture. The Polyglactin910 (Vicryl) suture was chosen because it is widely used, strong, easy to handle, and degradable. This study compared six pristine Vicryl sutures and six coated Vicryl sutures at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. All the sutures were soaked in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), to mimic degradation in physiological conditions, and tensile strength was tested at each time point. The pH of the soaking mediums was measured weekly and compared at 4, 5, and 6 weeks. No significant difference (p = 0.059 and p = 0.576) was found between the absolute and normalized breaking force of coated and pristine Vicryl sutures at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. After 4 weeks of immersion, the soaking medium became more acidic for both suture types. The decrease in pH was less significant for coated Vicryl sutures than for pristine ones (p < 0.001) at 4, 5, and 6 weeks of immersion. Although coating does not affect the strength of Vicryl sutures soaked in PBS, it can effectively act as a buffer to the acidic environment caused by suture degradation, which could help reduce inflammation. Hydrogel coating is a promising technology to modify suture characteristics.

Short-term vancomycin and buffer soaking does not change rabbit achilles tendon tensile material properties

BackgroundAllograft tendons are commonly used during orthopedic surgery to reconstruct tissue that is severely damaged. Soaking the tendon in an antibiotic solution, specifically vancomycin, has been shown to lower the risk of post-operative infections. While some material properties of tendon and ligament after antibiotic soaking have previously been characterized, extensive sub-failure allograft tendon material properties after soaking in antibiotic solutions have not. MethodsForty tendons were dissected from rabbits and soaked in either a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) only solution or vancomycin and PBS solution for five or 30 min. Immediately after soaking, quasi-static tensile experiments were performed in a materials testing system. FindingsTissue nominal stress, Lagrange strain, toe-region properties and elastic modulus were characterized. For all forty tendons, the average elastic modulus was found to be 455 ± 37 MPa, the average transition strain (from toe-region to linear elastic region) was 0.0487 ± 0.0035, and the average transition stress was 9.71 ± 0.79 MPa. No statistically significant differences in any of these material properties were found across soaking medium or soaking time. InterpretationFrom these results, we conclude that soaking an allograft tendon in antibiotic solution for up to 30 min prior to implantation does not change the tensile material properties of tendons, supporting current clinical practice.

Effect of seed coat microstructure and lipid composition on the hydration behavior and kinetics of two red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties.

Bean hydration is a crucial, yet complex process affected both by inherent bean properties (intrinsic) and properties of the soak medium (extrinsic) whose relationship with hydration kinetics are not clear. This work investigated the effect of temperature (30-80°C) on the hydration behavior and kinetics of two commonly consumed Phaseolus vulgaris L. beans-red kidney and small red beans. Both beans have similar morphology (except size), chemical composition and seed coat surface structure but, surprisingly, their hydration behaviors differed markedly. Small red hydration followed a sigmoidal shape (to 70°C) with a prominent lag phase at 30-40°C, while fast hydrating red kidney beans followed a downward concave shape, suggesting different mechanisms of water uptake. The hydration behaviors for red kidney and small red beans were modeled using Peleg (R2 ≥0.97) and sigmoidal (R2 ≥0.99) models, respectively. Water uptake rate increased, while equilibrium moisture content decreased for both bean varieties with increasing temperature. A simplified model was developed for small red beans which can predict hydration as a function of temperature and time with good accuracy ( , R2 =0.99, RMSE=4.5). Microscopic examination of cross sections of seed coats showed nearly double parenchyma layer thickness in small red bean and seed coat lipid analysis showed significantly higher proportion of saturated fatty acids which, together, may be responsible for slower water uptake observed in small red beans. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Hydration is the crucial stage in dry bean processing, which precedes other processes like cooking, extraction, fermentation, sprouting, and consumption. Industrial bean processing is still slow and batch process and needs improvement. This work shows the effect of various bean properties and soaking medium temperature on the hydration behavior of two commonly consumed red beans. The work also modeled the hydration kinetics of two Phaseolus vulgaris L. beans which can be adopted by bean processors for process design and optimization.

Water-induced polymer swelling and its application in soft electronics

Polymer blend system has been commonly applied in a wide variety of applications. Herein, we propose to introduce sugar particles to polymer matrix, which results in a controllable polymer swelling under the action of osmotic pressure upon soaking in water. Taking advantage of this economic and environment-friendly, water-induced polymer swelling process, we have fabricated wrinkled conductive films and 3D structures by depositing conductive materials on the swollen polymer substrates for stretchable strain sensing devices. Several commercial silicone elastomers were utilized in the study. Key processing factors affecting the polymer swelling were investigated, including film thickness, sugar concentration, and temperature of soaking medium. The swelling ratio can be regulated by changing these parameters and the soaking duration. By sputtering gold (Au) on the swollen films (through vapor deposition) or depositing graphene on 3D complex structures companied by polymer swelling (in aqueous dispersion), wrinkled conductive elastomer films and 3D structures have been fabricated. These conductors not only demonstrated high sensitivity in electrical response when subjected to external deformations from 5% up to 100%, but also possessed good stability after long-term stretching/releasing cycles. The excellent electrical properties of these elastomer conductors implied a great potential in applications of flexible and stretchable sensors.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoporous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate

For the past few years, many researchers are focusing on biomaterials fabrication in porous form. The research on porous calcium phosphate has been investigated due to its excellent biocompatibility and better osseointegration. This research paper presented nanoporous biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) synthesised using chemical precipitation method. Triblock co-polymer F127 was used as pore directing agent. The chemical compositions of pure BCP samples were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis which shows common peak of BCP. The pore size distribution (PSD) on the other hand shows that the pore size of the samples mainly distributed at 52.8 nm, 49.6 nm and 32 nm. BCP pellets were soaked in phosphates buffered saline (PBS) and distilled water (DW) for 15 days. The pH of the soaking medium decreases throughout the soaking period due to degradation of BCP pellets, which release hydrogen ions into the PBS and distilled water. BCP degrades faster in distilled water than in PBS. After soaking for 15 days, materials were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to assess the morphological structure before and after in vitro degradation. Apatite formation was discovered on the surface of the BCP pellet that had been immersed in the PBS solution.

Combined Effects of Calcium Addition and Thermal Processing on the Texture and In Vitro Digestibility of Starch and Protein of Black Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).

Legumes are typically soaked overnight to reduce antinutrients and then cooked prior to consumption. However, thermal processing can cause over-softening of legumes. This study aimed to determine the effect of calcium addition (0, 100, 300, and 500 ppm in the form of calcium chloride, CaCl2), starting from the overnight soaking step, in reducing the loss of firmness of black beans during thermal processing for up to 2 h. The impact of calcium addition on the in vitro starch and protein digestibility of cooked beans was also assessed. Two strategies of calcium addition were employed in this study: (Strategy 1/S1) beans were soaked and then cooked in the same CaCl2 solution, or (Strategy 2/S2) cooked in a freshly prepared CaCl2 solution after the calcium-containing soaking medium was discarded. Despite the texture degradation of black beans brought about by increasing the cooking time, texture profile analysis (TPA) revealed that their hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness, and resilience improved significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing calcium concentration. Interestingly, beans cooked for 2 h with 300 ppm CaCl2 shared similar hardness with beans cooked for 1 h without calcium addition. Starch and protein digestibility of calcium-treated beans generally improved with prolonged cooking. However, calcium-treated beans cooked for 1 h under S2 achieved a reduced texture loss and a lower starch digestibility than those beans treated in S1. A lower starch digestion could be desired as this reflects a slow rise in blood glucose levels. Findings from this result also showed that treating black beans with high level of CaCl2 (i.e., 500 ppm) was not necessary, otherwise this would limit protein digestibility of cooked black beans.

Utilization Of Crude From Part Of Kepok Banana Trees With Maceration Extraction As Textile Colors

The purpose of this study was to obtain a natural textile dye taken from the sap from the banana tree part. To obtain the yield yield of dyes and the intensity of the sap collection is done by maceration extraction process. The part of the banana tree taken by the sap is the stem, stem and fruit stalk. This research was conducted with the sorting stage, namely thinly slicing stems, midribs and fruit stalks. The results of sorting are dried in the sun for 5 days in the sun then crushed until smooth with a size of 60-80 mesh. The powder was extracted by maceration by immersing each stem, stem and fruit stalk with soaking media: aquades, methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate for 5 days with manual stirring. The filtrate is distilled so that it gets concentrated liquid and in the oven to become a dye powder. In the powder, yield and color testing are done using a spectrophotometer UV Vis. The most optimal yield produced is on the banana fronds with methanol media is 22.8248%.. The most optimal color intensity obtained in banana fronds with ethanol maceration media is 0.505.

Preparation of antibacterial polyester–cotton absorbents; the effects of star-shaped functional oligomers

Antibacterial absorbent fabrics were prepared through by the immersion of polyester polyester–cotton fabrics in a soaking media, containing novel functional acrylic monomers and various antibacterial agents. 2-acrylamido 2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and a novel functional star-shaped oligomer (FSO) were used as monomers for inducing the absorbency and compatibility to the fabric. FSO in two steps and employing condensation reaction between glycerol and lactic acid via multi-step microwave irradiation was synthesized. Bio-based materials, such as gallic acid and tannic acid, were used as antibacterial agents to induce antibacterial activity to the cotton fabric. ATR-FTIR, H NMR, SEM, contact angle, as well as antibacterial activity, absorbency in distilled water and saline solution have been employed for further evaluation. The swelling capacity of the modified absorbent fabric H1 (AMPS/FSO: 50:/50 wt%) was up to 21.1 g/g−1 in distilled water, and 6.1 g/g−1 in saline solution. Antibacterial properties tests of these absorbent fabrics showed a good antibacterial behavior, against Staphylococcus aureus.

Soda lime silicate glass and clam Shell act as precursor in synthesize calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glass to fabricate glass ionomer cement with different ageing time

Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) is produced from an acid-base reaction between various type of alkaline glass powder and polymeric acid. In this research, calcium fluoro-alumino-silicate (CFAS) glass was derived from waste materials such as soda-lime-silica (SLS) glass and clam shell (CS) which are sources of silica and calcium oxide respectively. The polyacrylic acid (PAA) is used to produced mobile carboxyl group and then, react with metal ions on the surface of CFAS glass. To study the influence of ageing time on physical, structural and mechanical properties of GIC, deionized water was used as a soaking medium. The density results increase throughout the ageing time from 7–28 days. The density of GIC at 7 days shows 1.622 g/cm3 and increasing to 1.789 g/cm3 at 28 days. However, the molar volume shows the opposite action comparing with the density of GIC. The molar volume shows continue decreasing from 357.63–324.25 cm3 mol−1. From the XRD result, GIC was indicating amorphous structure during ageing range between 7–28 days. FTIR analysis shows this phenomenon occurs due to the deformation of Si−OH bonding and formation of Si-O-Si simultaneously in the presence of water which is influence the mechanical strength of GIC. The mechanical properties of GIC increase by ageing time through the compressive test from 42.23–50.28 MPa. Thus, the observed results in this study promise the GIC derived from waste materials have a high potential in dental application due to excellence structural and mechanical properties against ageing.

Effect of soaking time on water absorption behavior of dehulled soybean dhal

The effect of soaking time on water absorption behavior of dehulled soybean dhal (variety-JS-335) was studied at the Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, CAET, Parbhani to see the variation of water content (gm), moisture content (%, d.b.) and water absorption(%). Samples of soybean dhal (20gm) were soaked in water in the ratio of 1:3(w/v) at 15 oC, 25 oC and 35 oC water temperatures up to saturation point. During this experiment the amount of absorbed water increased as soaking time and temperature increased. During soybean hydration, the water is absorbed to a maximum of 140.78% in 4 hours, 3 hours and 2 hours at 15 oC, 25 oC and 35 oC, respectively. Initial water uptake was high due to high water concentration gradient between the soaking medium and dry cotyledons of the seeds. However, the rate of water absorption steadily decreased as the soaking process continued.

Two-staged time-dependent materials for the prevention of implant-related infections

Infection is a main cause of implant failure. Early implant-related infections often occur in the first 4 weeks post-operation. Inhibiting bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation at the early stage and promoting subsequent implant osseointegration are important for implant success. Our previous studies demonstrated that dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) provided dental materials with antibacterial effects. In the present study, DMADDM and hydroxyapatite (HA) are loaded on to the titanium (Ti) surface via poly dopamine (PDA) self-polymerization. This local DMADDM-delivery Ti is referred as Ti-PHD. Here we report the two-staged capability of Ti-PHD: (1) in the first stage, releasing DMADDM during the high-infection-risk initial period post-implantation for 4 weeks; (2) then in the second stage, enhancing osteogenesis and promoting osseointegration. Ti-PHD has a porous surface with higher average roughness and greater hydrophilicity than pure Ti. Its biocompatibility is verified in vitro and in vivo. During the first 4 weeks of release, both DMADDM remaining on Ti surface and DMADDM released into the soaking medium greatly reduced the adherence and growth of pathogens. This is further confirmed by the prevention of bone destruction in a rat osteomyelitis model. After releasing DMADDM for 4 weeks, Ti-PHD promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and new bone formation around the implants in vivo. This article represents the first report on the two-staged, time-dependent antibacterial and osteogenesis effects of Ti-PHD, demonstrating its potential for clinical applications to inhibit implant-associated infections. Statement of SignificanceThe present study develops a two-staged time-dependent system for local dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) delivery via Ti implant (referred to as Ti-PHD). DMADDM and hydroxyapatite (HA) are loaded on to the Ti surface with poly dopamine (PDA). Ti-PHD can release DMADDM during the high-risk period of infection in the first stage, and then promote osseointegration and new bone formation in the second stage. This bioactive and therapeutic Ti is promising to inhibit infections and enhance implant success.

Heating Effects of Microwave Radiation on Disposable Materials in the Presence of Various Soaking Media

Heating Effects of Microwave Radiation on Disposable Materials in the Presence of Various Soaking Media

Effect of beverages with different alcoholic concentration on composite resins

Objective: To evaluate if alcoholic beverages can cause color change in composite resins, if the alcoholic concentration influences this variation besides analyzing within the composite resins tested, which would present greater color stability when subjected to the experiment. Material and Methods: 90 specimens of three different composite resins (IPS Empress Direct, Grandio®So and Filtek Z350 XT) were immersed in distilled water (control group), red wine and vodka. The samples were 2 mm thick and 8 mm in diameter, photopolymerized for 20 s on each side, polished with sandpaper, silicon carbide tip and felt disc with prophylactic paste and immersed in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h prior to subgrouping. For the evaluation of the color variation, the formula prioritized by the CIEL *a *b* system was used. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 95% significance. Results: The lowest variations occurred with the Grandio®So resin when exposed to wine, and Filtek Z350 XT when exposed to vodka. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in water (p &lt; 0.01) and in red wine (p &lt; 0.01), but not in vodka (p &gt; 0.05). The soaking medium that most caused staining was red wine. Conclusion: Red wine was the drink that generated the highest staining in all the resins tested, vodka did not change color stability significantly, the alcoholic concentrations tested did not directly influence the color change and the composite resin Grandio®So presented greater color stability when exposed to red wine. KeywordsAlcoholic beverage; Color; Composite resin. KEY WORDS: Alcoholic beverage, color, composite resin.

Effect of soaking medium on the physicochemical properties of parboiled glutinous rice of selected Laotian cultivars

ABSTRACTThe effect of various soaking mediums, viz. water (control), 3% NaCl and 0.2% acetic acid, and without soaking on the physicochemical properties of parboiled selected glutinous (TDK8 and TDK11) and non-glutinous (Doongara) was investigated in the present study. Results showed that the chemistry of soaking had a significant effect on the head rice yield (HRY), grain hardness, crystallinity, color, pasting and thermal properties, textural attributes, and glycemic index of these rice varieties. Soaking with NaCl and acetic acid significantly increased the grain hardness and HRY than control and without soaking treatments. Acetic acid and NaCl soaking significantly affected crystalline regions of starch resulting in reduced crystallinity in X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal endotherms in DSC analysis. NaCl soaking induced swelling of starch granules resulting in high peak and final viscosities. However, acetic acid restricted swelling resulting in reduced peak and final viscosities. NaCl and acetic acid soakings also resulted in increased hardness and adhesiveness of cooked grains than normal water soaked and un-soaked parboiled rice samples. Interestingly, change in textural attributes was prominent in parboiled glutinous rice. The color difference value for fresh parboiled samples was significantly lower for acetic acid soaked samples compared to NaCl soaked and un-soaked samples probably due to bleaching effect of acetic acid. Moreover, parboiling also resulted in significant reduction in glycemic index of glutinous rice. These findings revealed the potential application of parboiling with modified soaking techniques to improve the grain quality.

Heating Effects of Microwave Radiation on Disposable Materials in the Presence of Various Soaking Media

The ability of various soaking media in enhancing the temperature of waste materials, once they are exposed to microwaves has been investigated. Such information helps development of microwave techniques to destroy viruses, spores and other microorganisms by temperature enhancement if they may not be affected by microwave radiation itself. Oily media were observed to have higher elevation in temperature; however, they have the inherent drawback of sticking into the inner surface of the container. Such drawbacks can be minimized by using enclosed non-stick container for the microwave application. Among aqueous fluids, commonly found detergent solution showed the best performance in raising the temperature. Such material has many other advantages such as, low cost, non-toxic nature, environment friendliness, ready availability etc.

Influence of environment on testing of hydraulic sealers

In vitro material testing is undertaken by conducting a series of tests following procedures outlined in international standards. All material properties are measured in water; however biological behavior is undertaken in alternative media such as Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) or simulated body fluid. The aim of this study was to characterize four dental root canal sealers and study their properties in different media. Four dental root canal sealers were assessed. They were characterized by a combination of techniques and the sealer properties were tested as specified by ISO 6876 (2012) and also in alternative media. The sealer biocompatibility was measured by cell function and proliferation assays of elutions. All sealers complied with ISO specifications. The material properties were effected by the type of soaking medium used and the surface micromorphology and elemental composition were dependent on the soaking solution type. Both BioRoot and MTA Fillapex showed cytotoxicity which reduced at higher dilutions. The material chemistry, presentation, environmental conditions and testing methodology used affected the sealer properties. Standards specific to sealer type are thus indicated. Furthermore the methodology used in the standard testing should be more relevant to clinical situations.

Thermal lens spectrometry applied for a sensitive detection of silver-stained protein bands in polyacrylamide gels

Proteins separated by gel electrophoresis are commonly quantified by colorimetric analysis of the protein band stain intensity. For the most sensitive stain (silver), the minimal protein amount, needed for the optical visualization of the band, is around 1ng. This study investigates the use of thermal lens (TL) spectrometry for the quantification of subnanogram protein amounts. The developed dual laser TL sensor is set up in collinear geometry; it includes a HeNe probe beam, a 450nm diode laser pump beam, and a gel holder. After silver staining, the polyacrylamide gel is scanned by the sensor while kept soaked in water, and in 50% (v/v) methanol/water. During scanning, the TL signal of each band is recorded in function of its position. The TL sensor can detect protein amounts as low as 0.1ng in water, and 0.05ng in 50% methanol/water. The limit of detection ranges from 8 to 50pg, depending on the soaking medium and the staining strength. The theoretical results, predicting the sensitivity enhancement in methanol/water, are in agreement with the results. In conclusion, thermal lens spectrometry proves to be a valid method for the detection of subnanogram protein amounts in polyacrylamide gels, and its application can be extended to other soft gel matrices.