Soaking Duration Research Articles

Evaluating protected species bycatch in the U.S. Southeast Gillnet Fishery

Incidental capture or ‘bycatch’ of non-targeted species is a global fisheries issue that threatens ocean ecosystems and the conservation and recovery of protected species. Many protected species are at a high risk of incidental capture and mortality in commercial fisheries, which could have an impact on already decreasing populations. From 1998 to 2017, U.S. federal fisheries observers aboard fishing vessels in the U.S. Southeast Gillnet Fishery collected data on captures of encountered protected species. Data collected by the observers were used to describe protected species incidental capture within this fishery. A generalized linear zero-inflated negative binomial two-part model (GLM-ZINB) was applied to determine which environmental and fishing characteristic factors influence the probability of incidental capture of protected species including leatherback, Dermochelys coriacea, and loggerhead, Caretta caretta, sea turtles, bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, and giant manta ray, Manta birostris. While a variety of factors were considered in our models, no one single factor was found to influence all protected species. Incidental capture of leatherback turtles was influenced by season, depth, and gillnet depth, while loggerhead turtles were influenced by season, sea surface temperature, and target species of the fishery. Bottlenose dolphin bycatch was most influenced by soak duration, gear type, and season, while giant manta ray captures were influenced by soak duration, gear type, and depth. Environmental factors and fishing characteristics associated with incidental capture of protected species can be used to help guide fishery managers as to what species-specific regulations could be implemented to help mitigate capture.

Effect of soaking duration in hydropriming on seed vigor of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. moench)

Priming or invigoration is treatments on seeds to enhance and improve the appearance of seeds that germinate. Research on priming was conducted in Indonesian Cereal Research Institute (ICERI) seed laboratory from May 2017 until October 2018 to evaluate the effect of soaking duration in hydropriming on sorghum seed vigor. Seed quality parameters includes germination percentages, germination rate, shoot and primary root length, shoot and root dry weight, electric conductivity of seed leakage. Sorghum seed variety of Numbu and Super1 were used as varieties tested. Results showed that priming treatments significantly effect on increasing germination percentage, germination rate, shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weight. The priming treatment with soaking duration 2 hours has positive significant effect on seed vigor, in terms of germination rate, shoot and root length and shoot and root dry weight, and electrolyte leakage.

Quality improvement of post-harvest red rice through grain germination

Red rice is generally consumed without the polishing process, but only milled into brown rice. The results of rice milling are only wasted and used as animal feed, even though there are many nutrients inside that exceed the rice itself. With grain germination technology, it is expected that the nutrients in the husk can be absorbed into the red rice and improving its quality. This research was conducted to determine the effect of temperature and humidity on the immersion and germination of red rice grain and the best treatment to produce germinated red rice. The method of this research was carried out by soaking the grain in the water and then proceed with germination with varied temperature and humidity. The duration of grain soaking was 48 hours then incubated in a gunny sack with 20 °C, 30 °C, and uncontrolled temperature and humidity of 70%, 80%, 90%, and uncontrolled humidity until the grain germinates along 1 cm sprout. The research observed the effect of temperature and humidity on the length of germination. In addition, differences in the quality of rice produced were also observed by comparing the results and the quality standard requirements of rice produced. The results show that, as temperature and humidity increased, the germination time will be shorter. The fastest germination was resulted from a temperature treatment of 30 °C with 90% humidity and the control or without temperature and humidity treatment. Germination with 30°C temperature and 90% humidity, is the best treatment.

Indigofera zollingeriana'nın Tohum Çimlenmesinde Ön İşlem Etkisinin İyileştirilmesi

Indigofera zollingeriana is one of Indigofera species distributed in Indonesia and known as forage crop. Seed is an important factor which influences cultivation of I. zollingeriana due to low seed germination. The objective of the research was to determine the effect of different pre-treatment as chemical scarification (98% of H2SO4, 0.3% of KNO3, glycerine (C3H8O3) at 70oC), hot water at 70oC with different duration of immersion or soaking and mechanical scarification using sand paper on I. zollingeriana’s seed germination. Pre-treatment had significant differences and improved germination percentage, germination speed index and shoot length. The positive correlation was noted between germination percentage and germination speed index.

Coolbox Design Modification for Traditional Fishing Vessel Using Sengon Wood Sawdust and Potassium Hydroxide-Soaked Coconut Coir

This research modified coolbox by mixing sengon wood sawdust and potassium hydroxide-soaked cocofiber. By considering its composition, potassium hydroxide content, and soaking duration, this research was done to find the optimum amount of those three variables to make the best insulator. The best insulator was chosen based on its thermal conductivity, density, and economic value, and the easiness in the making. From the experiment, the chosen composition consists of 30% sengon wood sawdust and 70% potassium hydroxide-soaked cocofiber with content of 15% and soaking duration of 2 hours. With thermal conductivity of 0,352W/mK, density of 0,303gram/cm3, and specimen production cost of Rp607,41, this material was used for composition reference in the making of the coolbox. The experiment of coolbox lasted for 35 hours with 71 temperature data retrievals. The coolbox experiment used 500 gram tuna fish and 2500 gram ice as cooler. The result showed that the lowest temperature for ice inside coolbox was 0,3°C, the lowest temperature of fish was 5°C, and the lowest temperature in coolbox chamber is 17°C. With the ratio of 1:5 for fish and ice, the coolbox insulation using sengon wood sawdust and potassium hydroxide-soaked cocofiber was able to maintain fish temperature below 20°C for 27,5 hours. Meanwhile, the styrofoam coolbox was able to maintain fish with the same condition for 35 hours.

Effect of seed priming on bitter gourd with different sources of phosphorus at various soaking durations

Effect of seed priming on bitter gourd with different sources of phosphorus at various soaking durations

Experimental Study on Parameters of P-20 Steel in CNC milling machine

Milling is the most common form of machining process used in the production of moulds/dies, due to the high tolerances and surface finishes by cutting away the unwanted material. The selection of Pre-hardened steel (P-20) is widely used in production of moulds/dies because of less wear resistance and are used for large components. Due to extensive use of highly automated machine tools in the industry, manufacturing requires reliable models and methods for the prediction of output performance of machining processes. The major objective of the present study is experimental analysis of machining parameters in end milling for surface roughness by considering the input parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, cryogenic soaking duration.

Effects of varying the soaking duration of Eosin Blue sensitized TiO2 photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

In the present work, Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are fabricated using synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles as photoanode and organic synthetic dye (Eosin Blue (EB)) as a sensitizer. The soaking duration of TiO2 photoanodes in EB dye are varied [24 h (S1), 36 h (S2), 48 h (S3), and 60 h (S4)] and the efficiency is calculated. From XRD, the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles show a tetragonal crystal structure with anatase and rutile phase and it is confirmed by micro-Raman analysis. The average crystallite size is found to be ∼8 nm and it is confirmed by TEM. BET analysis shows that the specific surface area of the sample is 147.128 m2 g−1. From FTIR, the strongest peak observed at 460 cm−1 confirms the bending vibrations of Ti-O. The thermal decomposition and the phase transitions of synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles are analyzed by TGA. From UV–vis studies, the optical absorption of EB sensitized TiO2 is red-shifted. From the PL analysis, the excitonic emission band is observed at 376 nm and the oxygen vacancies are observed at 414, 465 and 530 nm. From J-V characteristics, maximum efficiency of 2.3 % is observed for DSSC fabricated with TiO2 photoanode sensitized with EB dye at the soaking duration of 48 h (S3).

Optimization of process parameters in CNC milling of P20 steel by cryo-treated tungsten carbide tools using NSGA-II

ABSTRACT This article proposes an extensive experimental and microstructural analysis to study the consequences of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) soaking duration on tungsten carbide end mill cutter on the machinability of P20 mold steel. A Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM) is utilized to collect data for the study. Cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and milling cutters subjected to various soaking durations are taken as important process variables which are a function of performance measures viz. tool wear rate (TWR), material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (R a). It is observed that cutting speed, feed, depth of cut and cryogenic treatment exhibit a considerable effect on performance measures. In the present study, NSGA-II multi-objective optimization technique is used to obtain the optimal process parameters of end milling process to enhance the productivity of the process. For this purpose, the developed RSM model is coupled with NSGA-II in MATLAB.

Promoting seedling growth in Kagzi lime through pre-sowing treatments

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of gibberellic acid on seedling growth in Kagzi lime at Regional Horticultural Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during the year 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design with factorial concept with sixteen treatments and three repetitions. Freshly extracted kagzi lime seeds (S1) and those stored for 15 days (S2) were soaked for 12 hours (D1) and 24 hours (D2) in aqueous solution of gibberellic acid at different concentrations i.e. 200 ppm (G1), 300 ppm (G2), 400 ppm (G3) and 500 ppm (G4). Freshly extracted kagzi lime seeds had significantly higher leaf area, total chlorophyll content, tap root length, tap root diameter, shoot dry weight and total dry weight. For all above mentioned characters, a soaking duration of 12 hours proved significantly better over 24 hours. GA3 at 500 ppm recorded significantly the highest leaf area, total chlorophyll content and tap root diameter. Further, for tap root length, shoot dry weight and total dry weight, significantly highest values were recorded under 400 ppm GA3 treatment. Shoot root dry weight ratio was significantly lower in case of freshly extracted seeds, GA3 at 200 ppm and a soaking duration of 12 hours when taken as separate factors. The interaction effect between storage treatments, different concentrations of GA3 and soaking duration was found non-significant for all parameters chosen in this study.

Ageing of TotalFill BC Sealer and MTA Fillapex in Simulated Body Fluid.

Objective:The bioactivities of TotalFill BC and the MTA Fillapex sealers were evaluated.Methods:Sixty horizontal root sections were enlarged to size 5 Gates Glidden and randomly divided into six groups (n=10 in each group). In Groups 1–3, sections were filled with TFBCS, while sections in groups 4–6 were filled with MTAFS. Specimens from groups 1 and 4 were soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) for one day, those from groups 2 and 5 for one week, and those from groups 3 and 6 for two months. All specimens were processed for scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination. Apatite precipitation on sealer and sealer–dentine interfaces was quantified using image analysis software (ImageJ). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was used to analyse calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) contents of surface precipitation on which calculation of the calcium phosphate (Ca/P) ratio was based.Results:TFBCS samples, regardless of the duration of SBF soaking, yielded a significantly higher surface area of precipitation compared to MTAFS (P<0.05); such precipitation increased over time, and the differences among the three time-points were also statistically significant. Following one day of SBF soaking, MTAFS samples showed only limited precipitation that started to appear after one week. EDX showed that Ca content and the Ca/P ratio of surface deposits on TFBCS samples increased over time with no difference between one week and two months of SBF soaking. The Ca content and Ca/P ratio of surface deposits on MTAFS were significantly lower than that of TFBCS samples regardless of the SBF soaking time.Conclusion:Ageing TotalFill BC sealer in SPF can induce considerable apatite formation. In addition, the TotalFill BC sealer surface showed high Ca2+ ion release as reflected by the formation of apatite with a high Ca/P ratio. These bioactivity features increased over time. In comparison, the MTAFS appears to have lower and delayed bioactivity.

Effect of Priming on Seed Quality of Soybean [&lt;i&gt;Glycine max&lt;/i&gt; (L.) Merrill] Varieties at Assosa, Western Ethiopia

Benishagul state of Ethiopia is a potential place for soybean seed production but, seed quality production is the major problem under this place. So that, the use of seed priming techniques before seed sowing has been the best solution to overcome seed quality problem. Experiment was carried out at Haramaya University seed science laboratory. The objective of the experiment was to determine the effect of priming on seed quality of soybean varieties. The experiment had three varieties (Belessa95, Wello and Gishama), three priming types [GA3 (100PPM), KH2PO4 (50 PP) and water] and three priming durations (0, 6, 12 hours) were evaluated using a randomized complete block design for field experiment. Seed were harvested and seed quality analysis was tested at laboratory by using completely Randomized Design in three replications. The result of the study showed that highly significant (P≤0.01) difference between interaction of varieties by, priming type and soaking durations for Seedling dry weight, seedling vigor index-2, speed of germination, Electrical conductivity and field emergence index and significant (P≤0.05) difference for seedling vigor index-1 were observed. Varieties by priming type interaction showed highly significant (P≤0.01) difference for seedling dry weight, seedling vigor index-2, speed of germination, electrical conductivity and field emergence index. The highest shoot length were observed for Belessa95 varieties primed with GA3 (16.31cm) and the highest root length were observed for Belessa95 varieties (6.98cm) and seed primed with water (7.22cm). The highest seedling dry weight was recorded when Belessa95 variety primed with water for 12hr (250 gm). The highest seedling vigor index1 was recorded when Gishema variety primed with KH2PO4 for 6hr (2202.20), the highest seedling vigor index2 was recorded when Belessa95 variety primed with water for 12hr (23673) and the highest Speed of Germination was recorded when Wello variety primed with water for 6hr (42.89). Colletotrichum dematium, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium spp, Alternaria spp, Tricodormal spp, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp, Cladosporium spp, Curvularia lunata, Rhizoctonia bataticola, Rhizopus spp, Macrophomina spp, yeast, Chaetomium spp, Sphacelomia glycines and Xanthomonas campestri were disease identified from seed sample. Soybean varieties primed with water and GA3 priming medias exhibited the better results in improving seed quality followed by KH2PO4. Hence, Water priming was recommended to user to overcome the problems of poor crop emergence and establishments under adverse environmental condition.

Thermal and mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced composites

This paper presents the thermal and mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced composite (BFRC) derived from Gigantochloa scortechinii. The bamboo fibers were prepared through chemical treatment by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) followed by physical milling method. The thermal characteristics of the bamboo fiber and its polymer composite were analysed using a thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric. The functional groups and crystallinity of the fiber were analysed with Fourier transform infrared and x-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Meanwhile, the fiber morphology was examined using a scanning electron microscope. The BFRCs with fiber volume fractions ranging from 0 % to 40 % embedded in three thermoset resins (epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester) were subjected to tensile and flexural tests and the fracture pattern was examined. The NaOH concentration of 10 % with soaking duration of 48 h was found to produce a bamboo fiber with the highest ultimate tensile and modulus strength. The tensile and flexural properties of all the BFRCs were found to be directly proportional to the fiber volume fractions. It was found that the bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composite (BFREC) with 40 % fiber volume fraction exhibited the highest tensile and flexural strength compared to polyester and vinyl ester composites. The method of bamboo fiber composite preparation in this work may serve as a useful guide to produce a strong BFRC for external strengthening of buildings and structures.

On issue of equivalence of methods of accelerated aging to natural by example of modeling climate impacts by freeze-thaw cycles

In this paper, the problem of establishing a correlation dependence between the actual operating conditions and accelerated aging of the material in the laboratory is set. As an example, the material considered is penoplex working in the system of ventilated façade for establishing the dependence of the selected strength in transverse bending. To find out the impact of climatic factors on the properties of the penoplex, a special stand was installed, which was operated in the conditions of the Tambov region for one year. As an accelerated aging, three alternate freeze-thaw schemes were considered. The schemes differed in the duration of soaking and freezing of the sample. The obtained results allow us to assert that various freeze-thaw simulation schemes lead to various changes in the characteristics of the material and before starting the simulation in each case it is necessary to establish an equivalent relationship.

Rapid synthesis of oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic alloys through Spark plasma sintering

Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic alloys of composition Fe-16Cr-2Al-2W-0.3Ti with varying additions of Y2O3 (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 wt%) were fabricated by mechanical alloying (MA) and Spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique swiftly. The influence of SPS temperature in phase evolution and densification kinetics of ODS ferritic alloy was studied at two different temperatures of 900 °C and 950 °C with 5 min soaking duration at the imposed pressure of 50 MPa. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study was carried out on milled powders and sintered bulk samples. XRD confirmed that alloying has taken place and revealed the nano-crystalline nature. Additionally, crystallite size and micro strain were also evaluated. Uniaxial compression test was performed on sintered bulk samples to understand the mechanical properties of these ODS ferritic alloys.

Influence of Various Processing Parameters on the Microbial Community Dynamics, Metabolomic Profiles, and Cup Quality During Wet Coffee Processing.

Post-harvest wet coffee processing is a commonly applied method to transform coffee cherries into green coffee beans through depulping or demucilaging, fermentation, washing, soaking, drying, and dehulling. Multiple processing parameters can be modified and thus influence the coffee quality (green coffee beans and cup quality). The present study aimed to explore the impacts of these parameters, including processing type (depulping or demucilaging), fermentation duration, and application of soaking, on the microbial community dynamics, metabolite compositions of processing waters (fermentation and soaking) and coffee beans, and resulting cup quality through a multiphasic approach. A large-scale wet coffee processing experiment was conducted with Coffea arabica var. Catimor in Yunnan (China) in duplicate. The fermentation steps presented a dynamic interaction between constant nutrient release (mainly from the cherry mucilage) into the surrounding water and active microbial activities led by lactic acid bacteria, especially Leuconostoc and Lactococcus. The microbial communities were affected by both the processing type and fermentation duration. At the same time, the endogenous coffee bean metabolism remained active at different stages along the processing, as could be seen through changes in the concentrations of carbohydrates, organic acids, and free amino acids. Among all the processing variants tested, the fermentation duration had the greatest impact on the green coffee bean compositions and the cup quality. A long fermentation duration resulted in a fruitier and more acidic cup. As an ecological alternative for the depulped processing, the demucilaged processing produced a beverage quality comparable to the depulped one. The application of soaking, however, tempered the positive fermentation effects and standardized the green coffee bean quality, regardless of the preceding processing practices applied. Lastly, the impact strength of each processing parameter would also depend on the coffee variety used and the local geographical conditions. All these findings provide a considerable margin of opportunities for future coffee research.

Parametric optimization of deep cryogenic treatment for the wear response of implant material UNS R56700: Taguchi's approach.

Using the Taguchi's robust design of experiments methodology, this article presents the systematic identification and optimization of most influential parameters of deep cryogenic treatment process to minimize the specific wear rate of UNS R56700 (Ti6Al7Nb). In addition to the different soaking durations (0-96 h) at 77 K and different tempering temperatures (room temperature, 403-523 K), three commonly used variables of pin-on-disk test, namely, sliding speed (1.047-2.723 ms-1), contact pressure (0.641-1.282 MPa), and sliding time (600-2280 s) were chosen to conduct the tests. During dry sliding conditions, pin-on-disk tribo-tests were performed to slide Ti6Al7Nb on the surface of UNS 52986 (En31) material as per standardized ASTM G99 guidelines. Experimentally measured wear rate values were converted to signal-noise ratio to statistically analyze the influence of five control variables using pooled analysis of variance and F-test. Statistically found influential control variables are confirmed experimentally. The results show that sliding speed, contact pressure and soaking duration are the most significant factors influencing the wear rate. In contrast, the parameters, that is, tempering temperature and sliding time, exhibit a lower level of influence. Microstructural characterizations done using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques suggested that deep cryogenic treatment favors the refinement of grain size of present phases with reduction in β-stabilization (β-phase) in Ti6Al7Nb. The possible reasons for the improvement in wear rate of Ti6Al7Nb underlying the morphological alterations have been explained.

The Effect of Grain Germination to Improve Rice Quality

The stages of post-harvest processing have a very large influence on the yield and quality of rice produced. At the time of grinding grain, the high nutritional content in husks and bran are often wasted and used as animal feed. Through the process of germination of grain, the nutrient content in husks and bran can be used to increase the nutritional content of rice. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of grain immersion and germination on the quality of rice produced. The method of this research was germinating grains by variation of soaking and incubation time. The duration of grain soaking, 12, 18, and 24 hours and incubation time period, 18, 24, and 30 hours. The parameters of this research, including ash content, protein, thiamin, and mineral content such as Fe and Mg. The data of this research was processed and tested by complete randomized design with one factorial. The result showed, ash and protein content of rice was a significantly different at 5% level on each treatment. For other parameters, thiamin was significantly different at 1% level on each treatment. The best treatment during the germinating grains process towards the quality of rice was soaking at 12 hours and incubation time 30 hours with length of grain sprout was 1 cm.

Polynomial and nonparametric regressions for efficient predictive proxy metamodeling: Application through the CO2-EOR in shale oil reservoirs

An integrated optimization workflow combining Particle Swarm and Non-parametric Proxy Metamodels was adopted with reservoir simulation to optimize oil production in CO2-EOR in shale oil reservoirs. The cyclic-CO2 flooding optimization consisted of injection, soaking, and production durations over the prediction period. Also, Minimum bottom hole pressure, maximum oil production rate, and water cut were optimized for the production wells, and maximum bottom hole injection pressure and maximum gas injection rate were optimized for the injection wells. To reach the optimal solution, 176-candidate solutions were created as training experiments with 4 successive iterations of approximately 20 experiments each. The optimal solution increased oil production by 322,675 surface barrels. Next, a 2nd order polynomial regression, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines and Random Forest Model proxy models were constructed to metamodel the large reservoir simulator. The polynomial proxy has the least prediction error among other approaches to simplify the reservoir evaluation and optimization process.

Morphological and Anatomical Changes by Cochicine in Seedling of Impatiens balsamina L.

Impatiens balsamina L. is a plant that is widely cultivated in Bali. The flower of this plant is used as a component of offering in Hindu religious ceremonies. The flower petals are thin and wilt easily, therefore genetic modification is needed to get better quality. This research aimed to study the effect of 0.01% colchicine with soaking periods of 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours to seedlings of I. balsamina. Seeds of I. balsamina were germinated and sprouted seeds were treated with 0.01% colchicine for 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours. The sprouted seeds were then transfer to polybag with soil media. The experiment was designed with randomized blok design with five replicates. Observations were done on plant height, length and width of leaf, stem diameter, number of stomata as well as observation on plant stem cortex cells. Results showed that colchicine reduced plant height at three weeks after planting, while plant stem diameter increased. Control plants had the smallest leaf length and width. The number of stomata decreased at plants derived from colchicine treated sprouted seeds and the lowest stomatal number observed was at soaking duration of 24 hours.