Soaking Time Research Articles

The effects of soaking in salted blackcurrant wine on the properties of cheese

The study assessed the effects of soaking hard cheeses and cheese slices in blackcurrant wine on their antioxidant, microbiological, and sensory properties. Soaking increased weekly, the phenolic content by 40.86 ± 0.3 mg GAE/100 g (gallic acid equivalent) of cheese, and their reached the maximum ethanol content of 1.29 ± 0.08 g/100 g. Soaking reduced the amount of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, enhancing microbiological safety. The lactic acid bacteria count significantly decreased during soaking time. The sensory evaluation shows that 45 % of tasters preferred the soaked cheese. Positive correlations were observed between taste and color (in whole-soaked cheese), while negative correlations were revealed among color, smell, and texture (in soaked quarter cheese). The results suggest that blackcurrant wine, containing a wealth of bioactive constituents, has the capacity to augment the favorable attributes of cheese and presents prospects for developing a novel gastronomic offering.

Kinetic aspects of salinity stability of layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte nanofiltration membranes: Impact of soaking time, types of ions and crosslinking

Recent discovery of very high selectivity of Layer-by-Layer (LBL) nanofiltration (NF) membranes for mono/bivalent ions has attracted significant attention, especially for extraction of lithium from salt lake brines. Besides the exceptionally high selectivity, the salinity stability in highly saline solutions (HSS) that often occurred during NF has been largely neglected. Intuitively, because the LBL membranes are assembled in a saline background solution, the assembly disassembles in highly saline environments. To verify above argument, we reported here a comprehensive study on the performance of polystyrene sulfonate (PSS)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and PSS/poly(allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH) LBL NF membranes in HSS by short/long term immersion and dynamic filtration. Greater binding strength of (PSS/PAH)2.5 corresponded to better salinity stability than (PSS/PDADMAC)2.5. Adsorption bridging of divalent Mg2+ with PSS altered PSS conformation and narrowing the pore size distribution. Compared to static immersion, dynamic filtration accelerated the loss of PEs from (PSS/PAH)2.5 at cLiCl = 2 mol/L, but membrane stability was improved by chemical crosslinking. This research highlighted the kinetic aspects in salinity stability and the chemical-physical behavior of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) in HSS. The results offer valuable insights for development of LBL NF membranes for ion separation and resource recovery.

Depuration Method with Various Temperature and Soaking Time in Green Mussels (Perna viridis) Contaminated Cadmium

Aplikasi metode depurasi pada kerang hijau (Perna viridis) pada penelitian ini menggunakan perlakuan variasi suhu dan lama perendaman. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan logam berat kadmium pada kerang hijau di Pesisir Brebes sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan depurasi, persentase perubahan kandungan logam berat kadmium pada kerang hijau dan standar keamanan konsumsi kerang hijau di pesisir Brebes. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan analisis menggunakan uji nonparametrik Kruskal-Wallis dan uji lanjut MannWhitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kandungan logam berat Cd sebelum metode depurasi sebesar 0,10 mg/kg sedangkan sesudah metode depurasi menunjukkan nilai yang bervariasi dan seluruhnya masih dibawah batas baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan sebesar 0,2 mg/kg. Lama perendaman 24 jam menujukkan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan perendaman 48 jam. Kategori nilai EDI dan THQ untuk seluruh perlakuan ialah tidak ada resiko kesehatan yang dapat ditimbulkan. Namun perlu memperhatikan batas maksimum konsumsi sebesar 4,55 ± 0,61 kg/minggu. Hal ini agar tidak berpotensi menimbulkan dampak kesehatan yang buruk akibat konsumsi kerang hijau dari pesisir Brebes yang telah terkontaminasi kadmium.

Enhancing side die resistance to thermal shock in automotive casting: a comparative study of FCD550 and SKD6 materials

Enhancement of side die resistance to thermal shock in mold disc car applications was achieved by substituting FCD550 material with SKD6 material. The primary issue addressed is the cracking of side dies due to thermal shock induced by an accelerated production process, leading to production halts and failure to meet large customer orders. The study aims to identify a material that can better withstand thermal shock than FCD550, thereby improving the durability of side dies and the overall productivity of the manufacturing process. The research involved direct production experiments, analyzing the materials FCD550 and SKD6, evaluating die characteristics, and assessing finished product attributes before and after material changes. Laboratory tests and machine-setting trials were conducted, varying production processes and assessing the results. The findings indicate that SKD6 is significantly more resistant to thermal shock than FCD550 in mold disc car applications. The study compared the strength of side die materials using data sheets and adjusted setting parameters under existing cooling conditions. Experimentation involved altering the standard temperature from 520 °C–545 °C to 532 °C–538 °C and reducing the soaking time from a minimum of 270–540 seconds to 332 seconds. This reduced soaking time from 69 seconds to 46 seconds and aging time from 190 seconds to 180 seconds, increasing casting productivity from 194,870 pieces/28 days to 213,311 pieces/28 days across seven machines, thereby fulfilling the customer’s requirement of 200,000 pieces/28 days without side die cracks. Durability testing on five product samples according to TSD5605G standards confirmed the quality as meeting customer specifications

The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Wear Resistance and Hardness of Tool Steel AISI “D2”

The purpose of this paper intended to study different heat treatments in conjunction with a special Cryogenic treatment process and its effect on the wear behavior, and hardness of AISI D2 tool steel. An experimental demonstration of this study was first carried out by a set of specimens left for one week in air after conventional treatment to make stabilization and the other set conditioned at 60°C for one hour before shallow and deep cryogenic treatment. This investigation has shown that an improvement of hardness and wear resistance in deep cryogenic (DCT) process compared to shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) for different soaking time which was approved by micro-structural examination especially in the stabilized specimens. This finding is in agreement with other results found in the research using similar tool steel and other specific cryogenic processes.

Effect of Heat Exposure Time on Tensile Properties in Cold Rolled Steel

This paper presents the effect of heat exposure time on tensile strength of cold rolled specimens. Welding and process annealing are applied to the specimens to investigate their implications. The two processes involve heat and time but in differential amounts. In welding the temperature raises to levels far beyond the melting point of the specimens and cools quickly. The case is different in process anneal the specimen temperature increases slowly to the subcritical level and cools slowly after a specific soaking time. Welded and process annealed in the form of tensile specimens are tested in the tensile machine until fracture. The test results showed that welding and process annealing caused a decrease in yield strength by one third and almost two thirds respectively compared with the as rolled. The fracture of the welded specimen was localized at the heat affected zone near the weld line but was random in all other specimens. Percentage elongation was lowest in the welded specimen compared with other patches of specimens.

Study on the preparation and characteristics of thickened slurry to prevent coal spontaneous combustion

In response to the problems of small diffusion area, short solidification time, and poor flowability of existing fire extinguishing materials in preventing coal spontaneous combustion in goaf areas of western mining areas, this paper studies a thickened slurry with good flowability and fast diffusion ability. The optimal ratio of thickened slurry was determined through orthogonal experiments, and the rheological properties, impregnation characteristics, and wall hanging characteristics of the material were studied. The results showed that when the water to soil ratio was 8:1, and the concentrations of sodium alginate (SA) and apigenin were 0.6 % and 0.5 %, the flowability and suspension performance of the thickened slurry were the best. When the soaking time is 14 days, the best soaking degree of the material can be achieved, with a soaking depth of 0.93 mm. Through wall hanging tests, it was found that the thickened slurry can naturally air dry on the surface of vertically placed coal pillars with a small sliding distance, which has good adhesion and retention characteristics. Further on-site experiments have shown that by injecting thickened slurry, the CO concentration at the return air corner is significantly reduced, indicating that thickened slurry can cover a large area of residual coal in the goaf, prevent contact between coal and O2, and effectively prevent the composite reaction between coal and oxygen.

Optimization of novel two-step curing method for die stack epoxy bonding to reduce voids in Ball Grid Array packages for high-density interconnect applications

This research explores the optimization of epoxy curing parameters to minimize void formation in 3-IC-Chip-MAPBGA packages, a subset of BGA packages, crucial components in high-density interconnect applications. The study utilizes a systematic approach involving design of experiments (DOE) assisted by statistical JMP tool to manipulate curing profiles, aiming to achieve void reduction while preserving adhesion properties. Various analytical techniques, including X-ray imaging, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), die shear strength tests, and C-Sam analysis for delamination, are employed to analyze void formation, material characteristics, mechanical properties, and structural integrity. The findings demonstrate that the sample with a 2nd step curing profile, identified as sample#3, which includes a ramp time of 15 min, a 1st step curing temperature of 90 °C with a soak time of 20 min, and a 2nd step ramp time of 20 min, exhibits the most favourable outcome in void reduction. This sample shows a notably lower void presence of 3.66 % and the highest die shear strength of 126 MPa. In contrast, the control sample, serving as a reference, displays a void percentage of 7.28 %, nearly twice as high as that of sample#3, and much lower die shear strength of 80 MPa at 25 °C. Adopting the curing profile of sample#3 also leads to a substantial 18.75 % reduction in cycle time compared to the control sample. The study highlights the importance of balancing curing parameters to mitigate void formation and maintain optimal mechanical properties, offering valuable insights for improving the reliability of high-density interconnect applications.

Evaluating dolphin interactions with bottom-set net fisheries off Southern Iberian Atlantic waters

The present study, covering 2018–2022, evaluated the cetacean interactions with a bottom-set net fishery along the mainland Portuguese Southern coast (Algarve), estimating bycatch, depredation, gear damage and net length influence on Landing per Unit Effort (LPUE). The fishery employed various métiers (gillnets - mesh sizes: < 60, 60–75, 80 and 220 mm; trammel nets - 120 inner and 640 mm outer panels). Observations from 655 hauls revealed depredation by bottlenose dolphins in 17.7 % of hauls, while bycatch (isolated events of 4 bottlenose dolphins and one common dolphin) occurred in < 1 %. Depredation typically results in heavy damage to the net and occurs throughout the year, with elevated rates observed during the spring and winter months. Depredation rates varied among métiers, being higher in gears targeting red mullet and hake. The impact of depredation on LPUE varied based on net length and the targeted fish species. However, when comparing LPUE in hauls without depredation, there was no significant influence on the total and hake LPUE for nets shorter or longer than 6 km (p > 0.05). Interestingly, in hauls targeting red mullets without depredation, nets shorter than 6 km had a significantly higher LPUE (p < 0.01) compared to nets 6 km or longer, suggesting that longer nets increase fishing effort due to prolonged soaking times and a higher likelihood of depredation.

Effect of roasting temperature and soaking time on the nutritional, antinutrional and sensory properties of protein-based meat analog from lupine

White lupine is a legume crop rich in adequate valuable nutrient profiles especially used as a possible source of proteins where animal-based proteins are scarce. However, there is little documented information about the effect of processing conditions to produce lupine protein-based meat analog. This study explores the impact of roasting temperature (raw, 130, 140, and 150 °C) and soaking time (raw, 2, 4, and 6 days) on the chemical compositions, physical quality, and sensory attributes of meat analog. The result showed that roasting at 140 °C and soaking for 4 days significantly increased (p˂0.05) the proximate and mineral contents of the meat analog. The highest protein content (82.46 %) was obtained at T2t2 (roasted at 140 °C and soaked for 4 days). While the lowest protein content (62.47 %) was observed at T3t3 (roasted at 150 °C and soaked for 4 days). Similarly, the highest (93.17 %) and lowest (79.47 %) cooking yields were obtained at T2t2 and T3t3 respectively. Roasting and soaking conditions also showed a significant effect (p˂0.05) on the anti-nutrient contents of meat analog. The highest overall sensory acceptability (6.40) of the meat analog was observed at T2t2. The research suggests that suitable processing conditions can enhance the nutritional profiles of lupine protein-based meat analog, potentially enabling its industrial production and global market entry.

Oleic acid treatment of rice grains reduces the starch digestibility: Formation, binding state and fine structure of starch-lipid complexes

Rice contains abundant starch and contributes to a rapid rise in postprandial blood glucose levels. Hence, it is crucial to directly modify rice grains for resistant starch (RS) content elevation while preserving their morphology. In this study, rice grains were treated with 6%–18% concentrations of oleic acid (OA) and 8–20 h of soaking time to promote the formation of starch-lipid complexes, thereby reducing rice digestibility. In OA-treated rice, the OA molecules exist in three binding states. OA-treated rice exhibited a significantly higher complexation index and OA content than natural rice. RS content increased from 20.50% to 32.46%. X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy revealed the development of amylose-OA complexes within the rice grains and a V-crystalline structure of up to 3.62%. Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis showed enhanced molecular ordering and structural stability of rice starch. Overall, OA treatment effectively promotes RS formation within rice grains, consequently reducing rice digestibility.

Experimental investigation of the influence of mine water on mechanical properties of resin grout

Resin grout is widely used in geotechnical and underground engineering, and is often affected by different mine water solutions. This study considered the effects of different mine water solutions and soaking times on resin grout. Soaking tests and uniaxial compression tests were conducted to investigate the changes in the solution pH, relative specimen mass, and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and the deterioration of the resin grout’s mechanical properties caused by the mine water solution was analyzed. The corrosion mechanism of resin grout under the action of different mine water solutions was investigated through scanning electron microscopy tests. The results reveal that the pH value of the solution and the relative mass of the specimen gradually stabilized as the soaking time was extended, and the final solution was weakly alkaline. The increase in the acidity and alkalinity of the solution and the extension of the soaking time led to a gradual decrease in the UCS and elastic modulus of resin grout under the action of mine water. As the soaking was prolonged, the resin grout properties deteriorated to different degrees and Poisson’s ratio increased. Moreover, owing to the different types and degrees of mine water action on resin grout in different mine water environments, the changes in the resin grout microstructure were also different. The defined damage parameters can express the damage process of the resin grout’s UCS quantitatively under the action of mine water solution. Finally, beneficial engineering application countermeasures are proposed for different resin grout types used in roadway support applications in coal mines.

Multiscale Dynamic Diffusion Model for Ions in Micro- and Nano-Porous Structures of Fly Ash: Mineralization Experimental Research

The leaching concentration of alkaline ions plays a crucial role in the efficiency of the CO2 mineralization reaction in fly ash. The multi-scale structural characteristics of micro–nano pores in fly ash are the primary factors that control the leaching and diffusion rate of alkaline ions. However, the existing theoretical models do not account for the multi-scale pore structure, leading to challenges in accurately describing the ion diffusion in fly ash and predicting the reaction rate and efficiency of CO2 mineralization. To address this issue, a multi-scale dynamic diffusion model of ions was developed based on the micro–nano pore structure of fly ash. This model established the relationship between the ionic leaching rate and pore structure, as well as macroscopic changes over time, which were validated through experiments. Mineralization experiments with varying soaking times and uniaxial compression experiments on mineralized specimens were conducted to investigate the relationships among soaking time, ion leaching concentration, mineralization degree, and mechanical strength. The results elucidated the impact of alkaline ion concentration on the mineralization degree and mechanical strength of fly ash materials, offering theoretical insights to enhance mineralization and material properties.

Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on Isothermal Oxidation of Ni-based Fe-33Ni-19Cr Alloy

This project studies the influence of different grain sizes of Ni-based Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy obtained from heat treatment procedure on high temperature isothermal oxidation. Heat treatment procedure was carried out at two different temperatures, namely 1000℃ and 1200℃ for 3 hours of soaking time, followed by quenching in the water. These samples are denoted as T1000 and T1200. The heat-treated Ni-based Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy was subjected to an isothermal oxidation test at 950℃ for 150 hours exposure. Oxidized heat-treated alloys were tested in terms of oxidation kinetics, phase analysis and surface morphology of oxidized samples. Oxidation kinetics were determine based on weight change per surface area as a function of exposure time. Phase analysis was determined using the x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and surface morphology of oxidized samples was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, the heat treatment procedure shows varying grain sizes. The higher the heat treatment temperature, shows an increase in grain size with a decrease in hardness value. The oxidation kinetics for both heat-treated samples showed an increment pattern of weight change and followed a parabolic rate law. The oxidized T1000 sample recorded the lowest parabolic rate constant of 3.12×10–8 mg2cm–4s–1, indicating a low oxidation rate, thus having good oxidation resistance. Phase analysis from the XRD technique recorded several oxide phases consisting of Cr2O3, MnCr2O4, and (Ti0.97Cr0.03)O2 oxide phases. In addition, a uniform oxide layer is formed on the oxidized T1000 sample, indicating good oxide scale adhesion, thereby improving the protective oxide behavior.

Synthesis of hydroxyapatite/activated carbon composite with bioactivity property and copper ion removal efficiency

Hydroxyapatite/activated carbon composite (HAP/AC) was synthesized via a one-pot method for an adsorption removal of copper ions (Cu2+) in water. The surface area, average pore size and pore volume of HAP/AC were found to be 296.41 m2 g−1, 3.5929 nm and 0.1509 cm3 g−1, respectively. The HAP/AC showed the Cu2+ removal efficiency of 99.68 % with the adsorption capacity of 299.05 mg g−1 at the initial concentration of 300 mg L−1, 50 °C and pH 5. The adsorption capacity of HAC/AC was higher than that of HAP and bare AC. The interaction between Cu2+ and HAP/AC adsorbent was suggested to be complexation, cation exchange, and electrostatic interaction. The adsorption followed the Freundlich isotherm model, indicating a non-uniform distribution of adsorption sites that led to multilayer adsorption with various binding energies. The adsorption kinetics fit well with the Pseudo-second order model with the amount of Cu2+ ions adsorbed at an equilibrium of 357.14 mgg−1. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic with an increase in the randomness at the solid-liquid interface. In addition, the bioactivity test of HAC/AC showed that the growth of the newly-formed apatite increased with soaking time, demonstrating its potential in orthopedic implantology.

Comparative analysis of colchicine and bio-catharanthine as mutagenic agents for polyploid generation in wild passion fruit (Passiflora foetida)

Wild type Passiflora foetida or a bush passion fruit is unappealing plant with small fruit size (2-3 cm) to be cultivated as a fruit crop. Plant breeding by polyploidization may improve plant production including increase the fruit size. Many researchers have used colchicine as plant chromosome-modifying agent for polyploidization. However, this potent mutagen is very expensive in developing countries and toxic. Hence, an alternative mutagen needs to be considered, such as the natural bio-catharanthine. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of colchicine and bio-catharanthine mutagens in polyploidization of P. foetida plants. Experiment was arranged in split-plot design with three replications. Main plot was combination of the mutagens and concentrations, the subplot was soaking durations. Twenty-five seeds each were soaked for 1-, 2- and 3-days in distilled water as control, colchicine (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%) and bio-catharanthine (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) solutions. Result showed, bio-catharanthine concentration of 1% at immersion durations of 3-days and 1.5% at 1-, 2- and 3-days could only produce 89, 56, 74, and 71% grade 1 mixoploid plants accordingly. On the other hand, colchicine succeeded in obtaining tetraploid plants at concentration of 0.15% with 3-days soaking time even though at lower result (5%). Lower colchicine concentrations with shorter or the same soaking period could only produce 5% grade 2 mixoploid plants. Colchicine with one-tenth lower concentration than bio-catharanthine concentration is still more efficient in inducing polyploidy. Further research by involving bio-catharanthine concentration and varying the soaking time must be pursued to obtain higher-level ploidy.

Multi-objective optimization framework for deepwater riser jetting installation parameters using deep reinforcement learning

Optimizing conductor casing jetting installation in offshore oil and gas exploration is essential for underwater wellhead reliability. Traditional models often struggle with the complexities of this process, characterized by jetting drilling and soaking phases. To address this issue, a novel approach using deep reinforcement learning is introduced for comprehensive optimization of jetting parameters, enhancing deep-sea drilling efficiency. The methodology begins with an orthogonal simulated experiment to compile a robust dataset. Following preprocessing, including feature extraction and parameter scaling, a predictive model is developed to correlate installation parameters with jetting and soaking time. A composite action-value Q-learning (CAPQL) based multi-objective reinforcement learning framework is employed, establishing a Markov decision process environment for simultaneous optimization of jetting time and soaking periods. Applying this framework to selected deep-sea wells demonstrates a significant decrease in jetting drilling time (average 46.18%) and soaking time (22.57%), with the predictive model achieving a 99.32% average fit. This approach effectively navigates parameter interdependencies, ensuring optimal outcomes across diverse objectives. These findings present a groundbreaking approach for conductor casing jetting, offering greater precision and efficiency in offshore drilling operations and the potential to redefine industry standards.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Environmental Water on the Mechanical Properties and Deterioration Process of Underground Engineering Masonry Mortar

Urban underground engineering is generally buried at a shallow depth and suffers long-term environmental water effects such as rainfall, rivers, underground pipeline leakage, and groundwater. The mechanical properties of the structures are affected by constant deterioration, which seriously hinders the safe, healthy, and sustainable development of the city. On the basis of on-site investigation of civil defense engineering, this article simulates the water environment conditions of mortar in underground engineering in the laboratory and conducts manual sample preparation in the laboratory. Then, water, H2CO3, NaCl, and Na2CO3 solution or wet–dry cycles are used to corrode the sample, respectively. A uniaxial compression test, Brazilian splitting test, analyses of the acoustic emission signals and electromagnetic signals, and magnetic imaging testing are performed, respectively. The results show that an increase in the action time of environmental water leads to a gradual increase in the uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of cement mortar, but it will decrease over a long period of time. Different environmental water components can also lead to a different performance of soaked mortar. The uniaxial compressive strength R, tensile strength σt, and elastic modulus E of mortar samples exhibit values in different solutions in the order of H2CO3 solution &lt; NaCl solution &lt; Na2CO3 solution &lt; water. A moderate solution soak time can enhance the mechanical properties of the mortar, but this effect decreases at long time scales. The effect of wet–dry cycles on the mechanical properties and degradation process of mortar is significant. With the increase in wet–dry cycles, the porosity of mortar continuously increases. The cumulative ringing count, energy, amplitude, and impact number of acoustic emission signals always increase when the samples are loaded to failure. The uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus first increase and then decrease. The experimental results lay the foundation for further investigating the performance changes in mortar under complex water environments in underground engineering.

Study on the Long-Term Durability and Leaching Characteristics of Low-Consumption Cement Backfill under Different Environmental Conditions

The high consumption and high cost of cement are the bottleneck problems that limit the development of cemented tailings backfilling technology. The low-consumption cement backfill is immersed in a weak acid/alkaline groundwater environment for a long time. Reducing the consumption of cement can easily lead to problems such as a sudden decrease in strength and the leakage of heavy metals. Through the monolithic leaching test in static and uniaxial compressive tests, the heavy metals’ leaching concentration and the compressive strength of low-consumption cement backfills in different pH soaking solutions were measured at different soaking times. Results show that a lower cement concentration will result in a lower CTB compressive strength and a higher rate of heavy metal leaching. Long-term exposure to an acidic/alkaline environment will lead to the instability and destruction of the CTB structure. A microscopic examination reveals that the creation of hydration products can improve the structure’s compactness while also lowering the internal porosity of CTB but can also solidify heavy metal ions in various ways. A first-order reaction/diffusion model (FRDM) can better evaluate the leaching behavior of CTB. This study helps to improve backfilling technology, thereby contributing to the creation of sustainable mining geotechnologies.

Optimization of tempering temperature and soaking time of SCM440 steel horn in ultrasonic-assisted metal inert gas welding

Optimization of tempering temperature and soaking time of SCM440 steel horn in ultrasonic-assisted metal inert gas welding