Soaking Duration Research Articles

Comparative examination of leaching kinetics of soluble solids and effluent characteristics in different soaking processes of paddy parboiling

ABSTRACT Paddy was soaked with up to 30% moisture, and hot water soaking (35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 °C) was compared to cold soaking (CS) and submerged aerated soaking (SAS) in terms of the parameters of the paddy grain and the effluent. The investigation demonstrated that hot water soaking yielded the highest total solids (TS) (1.946 ± 0.045 g/L), total dissolved solids (TDS) (1.724 ± 0.013 g/L), and electrical conductivity (EC) (2.651 ± 0.039 mS/cm) values. Elevated dissolved oxygen (DO) (3.72 ± 0.04 mg/L) was observed in the hot water soaking (60 °C) due to the reduction of soaking duration of up to 2 h. By contrast, the SAS maintained a nearly neutral pH (7.35 ± 0.01) and lower turbidity (510.0 ± 1.4 NTU) level compared to the hot water soaking process. The leaching rates and moisture absorption were computed using pseudo-second-order leaching kinetics and Peleg model absorption kinetics, and a higher leaching rate (0.081 g/L min) was detected at 60 °C. The SAS produced higher efficiency with less resource consumption and an environmentally advantageous approach by reducing effluent strength and maintaining total solids in paddy grains. The new knowledge created by the comprehensive evaluation CS, SAS, and hot water soaking of paddy parboiling using leaching models and paddy hydration adds new insights to the development of efficient paddy parboiling methods.

Hormopriming and duration of priming interaction on germination, emergence and subsequent growth productivity performance in pechay

This study investigated the potential of Ficus nota water (FNW) as a natural soaking agent to enhance seed germination, emergence, and subsequent growth performance in Pechay (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis). Utilizing varying FNW concentrations (0%, 50%, and 100%) and seed soaking durations (2, 4, 6 hours), the research aimed to identify optimal treatment combinations for maximizing pre-transplant vigor and post-transplant productivity of Pechy. The results revealed a significant interaction between FNW concentration and soaking time, accelerating germination onset and promoting germination percentage. Notably, the 50% FNW treatment coupled with the 4-hour soaking duration expedited germination by 60% compared to the untreated control. This optimal priming combination also positively influenced seedling height, root proliferation, and biomass accumulation during the pre-transplant nursery stage. Post-transplantation, FNW-primed seedlings exhibited taller stems and broader leaves compared to non-primed controls. However, despite enhancing vegetative growth, priming did not translate into increased biomass yields, suggesting potential trade-offs in resource allocation patterns. The findings highlight the efficacy of FNW in expediting germination and enhancing nursery vigor, while underscoring the need for further investigations into the mechanisms governing the translation of early growth promotion into marketable yields under field conditions. This research contributes valuable insights into the application of natural plant extracts for optimizing seed priming protocols and potentially improving crop productivity.

Effect of Colchicine and Bio-catharantin on the DNA Relative Content and Stomatal Structure of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L. var. Jeliteng)

<p>Black rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L. var. Jeliteng), known for its health benefits compared to white rice, faces challenges in productivity. Among varieties, this black rice is popular in Indonesia but shows low yield. Research on improving black rice through genetic manipulation with antimitotic substances is limited. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effects of colchicine and Bio-catharantin on the germination rate, DNA relative content, and stomatal structure of <em>O. sativa </em>L. var. Jeliteng. Seeds were treated with colchicine (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) and Bio-catharantin (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5%) at soaking durations of 12, 24, and 48 hours. Germination was assayed, ploidy was determined using flow cytometry, and stomatal traits, including size and density, were examined microscopically. The results showed that Bio-catharantin did not exhibit any toxic effects on germination rates, whereas colchicine reduced germination starting at 0.2% concentration. Both chemical agents modified the DNA relative content of Jeliteng black rice. Colchicine generally increased stomatal length and width while decreasing stomatal density, with significant changes at 0.3% concentration for 24 hours. Bio-catharantin also altered stomatal traits, enhancing length and width in most cases but significantly reducing density under certain conditions. Bio-catharantin emerged as a promising alternative to colchicine for inducing chromosomal mutations in plants, offering benefits in altered stomatal structures without the toxic effects on germination, compared to colchicine.</p>

Potential of Liquid Smoke from Corn Cobs as an Antioxidant Source in Mackerel Preservation

This study aims to determine the antioxidant potential contained in liquid smoke using the DPPH method, as well as the effects of the concentration and soaking duration of liquid smoke from corn cobs on phenol content, moisture content, and organoleptic testing. The study first tested the antioxidant activity of liquid smoke from corn cobs by measuring the 50% Inhibition Concentration (IC50) value. Subsequently, liquid smoke was used at various concentrations (0%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) with a 60-minute soaking time, and a 7-day storage period was followed by testing for phenol content, moisture content, and organoleptic properties. Data analysis was performed using SPSS.26 with ANOVA testing. The results showed an IC50 value of 11.642 ppm in the antioxidant test of liquid smoke, indicating its effectiveness in neutralizing free radicals. The addition of liquid smoke to mackerel with different concentration variations affected phenol content, moisture content, and organoleptic properties. The optimal concentration of liquid smoke for use as a fish preservative is 10%

Sustainable Alkali Activation: The Role of Water- and Alkali-Treated Sisal Leaf Wastewaters in Solid- Waste-Based Composite Synthesis.

The intricate composition of wastewater impedes the recycling of agricultural and industrial effluents. This study aims to investigate the potential of sisal leaf wastewater (SLW), both water-treated (WTSLW) and alkali-treated (ATSLW), as a substitute for the alkali activator (NaOH solution) in the production of slag-powder- and fly-ash-based composites, with a focus on the effects of WTSLW substitution ratios and sisal leaf soaking durations. Initially, the fresh properties were assessed including electrical conductivity and fluidity. A further analysis was conducted on the influence of both WTSLW and ATSLW on drying shrinkage, density, and mechanical strength, including flexural and compressive measures. Microstructural features were characterized using SEM and CT imaging, while XRD patterns and FTIR spectra were employed to dissect the influence of WTSLW substitution on the composite's products. The results show that incorporating 14 wt% WTSLW into the composite enhances 90-day flexural and compressive strengths by 34.8% and 13.2%, respectively, while WTSLW curtails drying shrinkage. Conversely, ATSLW increases porosity and decreases density. Organic constituents in both WTSLW and ATSLW encapsulated in the alkaline matrix fail to modify the composites' chemical composition. These outcomes underscore the potential for sustainable construction materials through the integrated recycling of plant wastewater and solid by-products.

Optimization of Process Parameters for Healthy and Nutritious Instant Ready-to-Cook Black Soybean Dal Premix

This study focuses on optimizing the process parameters for producing an antioxidant-rich, ready-to-cook black soybean dal, encompassing the stages of soaking, cooking, drying, and grinding. Black soybean seeds were soaked in aqueous solutions containing 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% concentrations of NaCl and NaHCO3 separately, with soaking durations ranging from 2 to 12 hours at 30°C.

Optimizing Seed Priming Duration and Copper Levels for Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Germination and Vigour

Background: An experiment was carried out in the STR Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, MP, during the Rabi season of 2022-2023 to determine the impact of seed priming time and copper levels on seed germination and vigour characteristics of the coriander seedlings. Method: The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications and 12 treatment combinations of Copper levels (0, 300, 400 and 500ppm) and soaking duration (14, 16 and 18 h). Results: The outcomes demonstrated that priming treatments had a noteworthy impact on seedling germination and vigour traits. Significantly higher germination (82%), least mean germination time (7.9 days), maximum germination index (22.83), longest radicle (17.30 cm) and plumule length (13.09 cm), maximum vigour index-I (2374.05 cm) and vigour index-II (12.29 g) and lowest mortality rate (18%) was observed when seeds were primed with Cu @ 500 ppm soaking for 16 h. Success of crop production depends on quality of seeds and it’s germination percentage. Quality of seed susceptible to diverse climatic conditions resulting poor vigour and germination. Since availability of quality seed of coriander is very low, seed priming is an excellent technique which improves germination and better crop stand.

Experimental research on damage characteristics of red sandstone under the combined action of temperature, water and stress

In order to study the damage properties of red sandstone under combined action of temperature, water and stress, the uniaxial compression test was carried out for red sandstone after immersing in water for 0.5 h, 1 h and 3 h at 25 ℃, 55 ℃, 85 ℃ and 95 ℃, the mechanical properties, characteristic stress points, acoustic emission RA-AF parameters and failure forms of red sandstone were analyzed, the damage constitutive equation was established, and the damage properties of red sandstone were studied. The results showed: (1) temperature could significantly improve the saturated water content percentage of red sandstone. With the increase of temperature, the saturated water content percentage showed a trend of increase first and then decrease, and was the largest at 55 ℃; with the increase of temperature, the mechanical parameters (peak intensity, elasticity modulus, and stress at start point of expansion) decreased first and then increased, and was the smallest at 55 ℃; (2) the ratio of crack initiation stress to peak stress (σci/σf) initially increases and then decreases with rising temperatures for the same soaking duration. Conversely, it initially decreases and then increases with extended soaking time at the same temperature. The RA-AF acoustic emission signals predominantly occur in the tensile region at each stage account for a relatively large proportion, with the proportion of signals in the shear region significantly increasing as soaking time extends, corresponding well with the observed damage patterns. (3) By considering the damage due to temperature and water as Initial damage to red sandstone and the damage due to stress as load-induced damage, a damage variable based on the Weibull distribution function was established. The comprehensive damage constitutive equation derived from this can be applied to water-saturated red sandstone below 100 ℃. The findings provide theoretical reference for practical engineering applications.

Interaction of Curing and Soaking on Collapse Potential of Nanoclay-Treated Soil

This study examines the combined impact of pre-test curing and soaking periods on the soil's resistance to collapse those results from treating gypseous sand with varying amounts of nanoclay. The soil comes from the Iraqi city of Najaf. The soil sample is mainly sand. The nanoclay named "Montmorillonite K10" is used, and it is non-toxic. The tests are performed with a computerized Oedometer. The collapse potential is estimated according to a single Oedometer test (SOT), where the specimens are initially dry and then soaked under a stress level of 200 kPa. Four data sets related to the percentages of 0, 3, 6, and 12% nanoclay are used. Each data set comprises three groups of pre-tests for curing duration and different soaking durations. All experiments have a constant initial dry density of 1.64 g/cm3, water moisture of 3%, and gypsum content of 29%. The findings of this study show that the collapse potential (CP) of natural soil specimens decreases as the pre-test curing time increases. Generally, there is a decrease in CP due to adding the nanoclay and 6% of the nanoclay exhibited the highest reduction in CP. Also, there is an increase in the pre-test curing for the nanoclay-treated soil specimens, which leads to an increase in the CP related to the no-curing state.

Prolonging the time of manure by water soaking can alleviate the inhibition of lime disinfection wastewater in a batch anaerobic digestion of swine manure

The African swine fever poses significant challenges for swine farms using lime-based disinfectants, leading to pronounced inhibition of anaerobic digestion systems due to the influx of lime disinfection wastewater. This study focuses on treating swine manure containing lime through water soaking (2d, 4d, 6d, 8d) before biogas digestion. An 8-day water soaking period significantly reduces Ca2+ and PO43--P concentrations by 20.36 % and 56.79 %, respectively. Batch tests show enhanced performance, with T1, T2, T3, and T4 witnessing increases in biogas production of 25.73 %, 114.36 %, 119.59 %, and 181.83 %, and Ca2+ sedimentation rates escalating by 6.59 %, 13.47 %, 28.94 %, and 35.64 %, respectively, compared to the control group (CK). In continuous tests, the pre-treated sample C1 maintains Ca2+ at 4.1 g/L, leading to a 104.86 % increase in biogas production compared to the control group. The study advocates extending water soaking durations as a strategy to mitigate lime disinfectant inhibition in swine manure anaerobic digestion systems, highlighting its potential for enhancing acidification, hydrolysis, and ultimately, the efficiency of biogas production.

Pergaruh Rendaman Pada Marshall Campuran AC-BC Limbah Ban Karet Bekas Sebagai Agregat Pengganti

Utilization of new technologies in asphalt mixture production includes soaking technologies that can enhance mechanical properties of the mixture. This research aims to evaluate pavement vulnerability to water and the environmental quality impact due to waste from used rubber tires as an effort to strengthen pavements by substituting asphalt. The variables studied are variations of used rubber tire waste at 0%, 2%, 3%, and 4% replacing asphalt content in AC-BC mixtures. Testing was conducted using the Marshall method by soaking the mixtures in water for normal duration, 30 minutes, 24 hours, and 72 hours. The test results indicate that higher percentages of used rubber tire waste and longer soaking durations lead to a decrease in AC-BC mixture characteristics. The Marshall value of the AC-BC mixture with 2% used rubber tire waste was found to be superior compared to mixtures with 0%, 3%, and 4%. From the data analysis conducted, it can be concluded that water has a negative influence on the Marshall value reduction of mixtures containing used rubber tire waste, correlating with increased soaking duration.

Comparative analysis of colchicine and bio-catharanthine as mutagenic agents for polyploid generation in wild passion fruit (Passiflora foetida)

Wild type Passiflora foetida or a bush passion fruit is unappealing plant with small fruit size (2-3 cm) to be cultivated as a fruit crop. Plant breeding by polyploidization may improve plant production including increase the fruit size. Many researchers have used colchicine as plant chromosome-modifying agent for polyploidization. However, this potent mutagen is very expensive in developing countries and toxic. Hence, an alternative mutagen needs to be considered, such as the natural bio-catharanthine. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of colchicine and bio-catharanthine mutagens in polyploidization of P. foetida plants. Experiment was arranged in split-plot design with three replications. Main plot was combination of the mutagens and concentrations, the subplot was soaking durations. Twenty-five seeds each were soaked for 1-, 2- and 3-days in distilled water as control, colchicine (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%) and bio-catharanthine (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) solutions. Result showed, bio-catharanthine concentration of 1% at immersion durations of 3-days and 1.5% at 1-, 2- and 3-days could only produce 89, 56, 74, and 71% grade 1 mixoploid plants accordingly. On the other hand, colchicine succeeded in obtaining tetraploid plants at concentration of 0.15% with 3-days soaking time even though at lower result (5%). Lower colchicine concentrations with shorter or the same soaking period could only produce 5% grade 2 mixoploid plants. Colchicine with one-tenth lower concentration than bio-catharanthine concentration is still more efficient in inducing polyploidy. Further research by involving bio-catharanthine concentration and varying the soaking time must be pursued to obtain higher-level ploidy.

The efficiency of pre-sowing application of humic preparations when applied to European spruce (Picea abies) seeds

ABSTRACT The article discusses the relevance of increasing the sowing qualities of forest seeds. The results of studies on the influence of humic preparations on the sowing qualities of the European spruce (Picea abies) are presented. The positive effect of the studied humic preparations on the germinative energy and germinating ability of seeds was noted. The best effect is obtained when processing seeds which have reduced sowing qualities. The dependence of germinating ability of seeds on duration of soaking in the working solution of humic preparations and the content of the active substance in them has been established. The best indicators of germinating ability and germinative energy were noted when the seeds were soaked for 20 hours in a humic preparation with a humic acid content of 9.9 g/l.

Effect of Sc addition on downstream processing of twin-roll cast Al−Cu−Li−Mg−Zr-based alloys

A processing scheme for preparing strips of Al−Cu−Li−Mg−Zr-based alloys microalloyed with Sc was proposed. This scheme includes a twin-roll casting of strips with a near-net-shaped 3 mm-thick gauge and a homogenization/solution treatment processing step. Two twin-roll cast Al−Cu−Li−Mg−Zr-based alloys were studied, one with an addition of 0.17 wt.% Sc, and the other without addition of Sc. Both alloys were annealed at 300 °C for 30 min, 450 °C for 30 min, and 530 °C for 30 min and quenched into room temperature water. The first two annealing steps provide a fine dispersion of Al3Zr/Al3(Sc,Zr) particles. The final annealing step serves as homogenization/solution treatment. A fine crystallization structure of the twin-roll cast materials enables the dissolution of primary particles containing the main alloying elements during a relatively short annealing time. Shorter soaking duration limits the depletion of surface layers from Li and significant coarsening of Al3Zr/Al3(Sc,Zr) dispersoids. The Sc-containing material has significantly finer grains already in the as-cast state. The Al3(Sc,Zr) dispersoids formed during the homogenization/solution treatment step prevent grain coarsening at high temperatures. Strengthening θ′(Al2Cu), T1(Al2CuLi), and rare S’(Al2CuMg) phases are formed during subsequent artificial aging at 180 °C. The increase in yield strength was 200 MPa in the peak-aged conditions. This value is comparable to the ones reported in similar direct-chill cast materials, thus validating the proposed processing scheme.

The Effect of Hot Water Scarification Duration on Germination and Growth of Indigofera zollingeriana Seeds

Indigofera zollingeriana is a type of leguminous plant that is excellent for cultivation as forage for ruminant livestock such as cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep. This study aims to determine the effect of the duration of hot water scarification on the germination of Indigofera zollingeriana seeds. The research was conducted at the Livestock Feed Technology Laboratory of the State Agricultural Polytechnic of Kupang. The study was carried out for 2 weeks using a Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments and 5 replications, namely P0: without hot water scarification, P1: hot water scarification at 65°C for 30 minutes, P2: hot water scarification at 65°C for 60 minutes, and P3: hot water scarification at 65°C for 90 minutes. The variables measured in this study were germination percentage, mean daily germination, and seedling height. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and if there was a significant effect, it was followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that the effect of scarification of Indigofera zollingeriana seeds with hot water at 65°C for different durations significantly affected the parameters of germination percentage and mean daily germination, with the treatment without scarification providing the best results. This could be due to the prolonged duration of soaking, which caused the seeds to experience heat stress. As for the seedling height parameter, the treatment did not have a significant effect. Therefore, hot water scarification with excessively long durations is not recommended as a strategy to promote germination and growth of these seeds.

Optimizing mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete using pozzolanic slurries and modified mixing approach

A sustainable and reliable methodology to strengthen the mortar adhered to recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is crucial for optimizing its utilization in construction. This research proposes a mortar strengthening method by soaking RCA in different dosages (weight percentages) of pozzolanic slurries, i.e., fly ash and silica powder (F-S), fly ash and cement (F-C), cement and silica powder (C-S) for various durations. The influence of each slurry dosage and soaking duration on RCA's physical and mechanical properties and surface morphology were examined. Further, a modified two-stage mixing approach (M-TSMA) was employed to produce recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) incorporating 100% untreated and surface-treated RCA. The impact of M-TSMA and treated RCA on concrete was demonstrated regarding its mechanical and durability properties, such as compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, rebound hammer, sorptivity, and resistance to chloride ions. Results show that soaking RCA in 30% C-S slurry for 6 h enhances RCA's overall properties by increasing the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) content. Moreover, employing M-TSMA and incorporating treated RCA improves the mechanical and durability properties of RAC by reducing microcracks and densifying the microstructure. Overall, the proposed surface treatment and M-TSMA can potentially enhance RAC performance with complete RCA utilization.

Effect of soaking time of cocoa fruit peel and addition of citronella grass extract (Cymbopogon nardus) on quality characteristics of infused water from indonesian local resources for increasing body immune to face bad environment

Infused water is a form of modern processed food that is widely consumed by the public. Infused water drinks can be made from a variety of food ingredients. This infused water drink is made from cocoa pod skin and added citronella juice. This research was conducted to investigate the impact of soaking duration of cocoa fruit peel and the concentration of lemongrass extract on the characteristics of cocoa fruit peel infused water. This study used a factorial Completely Randomized Design method with two factors, namely the soaking time of cocoa fruit peel (P): (2 hours; 4 hours; 6 hours) and the concentration of citronella grass extract (S): (5%; 10%, 15%). Infused water drinks were then analyzed for color index (°Hue), pH, vitamin C levels, and antioxidant activity. The final result was that P3S3 treatment = 6 hours of soaking cocoa pod skin : 15% citronella grass extract was the best treatment of infused water.

Phenotypic performance of Srikayang's shallot variety M1 by colchicine induction

Abstract. Rahmawati ADN, Nandariyah, Parjanto. 2024. Phenotypic performance of Srikayang's shallot variety M1 by colchicine induction. Biodiversitas 25: 1297-1303. Srikayang shallot is one of the shallot varieties from Kulonprogo Yogyakarta, and it has relatively small bulbs. Indonesian consumers prefer shallot, which has dense bulbs, is large (diameter ? 2.5 cm), has a spicy taste, and is fragrant. The efforts to increase shallot's diversity are important. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Srikayang shallot M1 and evaluate Lethal Doses (LD50) of colchicine. This research was conducted from September to November 2023 at Balecatur Planting Garden, Yogyakarta. Srikayang shallot bulbs were used, and colchicine concentration consisted of 0%, 0.05%, 0.075%, and 0.1%, with a soaking period of 3, 6, and 12 hours. The study was conducted using a randomized block design (RBD). Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and probit analysis. The colchicine concentration and soaking duration affected the morphological character of Srikayang plants in leaf color, bulb skin color, bulb shape, bulb neck shape, and root tip shape. This study showed that the interaction of colchicine concentration and soaking duration improved variability on plant height, number of leaves, number of saplings, bulb weight in the cluster, main bulb weight, and main bulb diameter. The LD50 of Srikayang shallots was obtained at a colchicine concentration of 0.065%.

Microstructure and fracture toughness of 850°C quenched and aged Zr-2.5Nb alloy

The Zr-2.5Nb alloy pressure tubes manufactured by Water Quenched and Aged (WQA) fabrication route has reportedly exhibited superior resistance against in-reactor dimensional changes. WQA route comprises three consecutive thermo-mechanical treatments viz., solution heat treatment (SHT), cold working and vacuum aging, which govern the final microstructure and therefore fracture toughness of the pressure tube material. This work describes the influence of SHT soaking duration, degree of cold working and aging temperature on the microstructure and fracture toughness of WQA Zr-2.5Nb alloy. WQA pressure tubes are expected to have better resistance to in-reactor dimensional changes. However, if proper care of hydrogen absorption during thermo-mechanical processing is not taken, though resistance to creep will improve expectedly but fracture toughness at ambient temperature will deteriorate.

Effect of hydrofluoric acid on Guizhou anthracite structure modification and response to enhanced hydrolysis and permeability of coal

ABSTRACT To investigate the structural modification of Guizhou anthracite through the application of hydrofluoric acid and its corresponding response in terms of enhanced gas desorption and permeability, we utilized Guizhou anthracite from a mining area as the focal point of our study. We conducted a series of experiments encompassing X-ray diffraction (XRD), initial gas release velocity measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Our investigation identified hydrofluoric acid as the primary acid solution, with an optimal concentration of 6% and a soaking duration of 12 hours. Furthermore, our theoretical analysis unveiled the physicochemical structural evolution of Guizhou anthracite under the influence of hydrofluoric acid and its subsequent response to enhanced gas desorption and permeability within the coal. Regarding chemical structure, hydrofluoric acid effectively dissolves inorganic minerals in anthracite and reduces the condensation of its regular basic structural units. Peak fitting of functional groups on the surfaces of the experimental coal samples revealed that hydrofluoric acid induces side chain reactions in the molecular structure of anthracite, promoting the gradual ordering of the aromatic structure. Simultaneously decreasing the content of cyclically closely bonded and self-associated hydroxyl hydrogen bonds. These alterations in irregular basic structural units can diminish coal’s adsorption capacity for gas, thereby enhancing gas desorption. Regarding the physical structure, treatment with hydrofluoric acid leads to the dissolution of minerals within specific pores and fissures of the coal samples, generating numerous dissolution pores. These pores and fissures expand and interconnect. The surface morphology quantified by fractal dimension has decreased by about 25.8%, indicating that pore and fracture structures often become relatively simple, which is conducive to gas flow and desorption in coal. Furthermore, the effective porosity and total porosity of the coal samples increase, as does the total movable fluid porosity. This enhances pore connectivity within the coal seam. Calculations reveal that after acidification, the permeability of the experimental coal samples increases by approximately 1.37 times, confirming the permeability-enhancing effect of hydrofluoric acid on anthracite.