So-called Universality Research Articles

Critical energy-density profile near walls

We examine critical adsorption for semi-infinite thermodynamic systems of the Ising universality class when they are in contact with a wall of the so-called normal surface universality class in spatial dimension d=3 and in the mean-field limit. We apply local-functional theory and Monte Carlo simulations in order to quantitatively determine the properties of the energy density as the primary scaling density characterizing the critical behaviors of Ising systems besides the order parameter. Our results apply to the critical isochore, near two-phase coexistence, and along the critical isotherm if the surface and the weak bulk magnetic fields are either collinear or anticollinear. In the latter case, we also consider the order parameter, which so far has yet to be examined along these lines. We find the interface between the surface and the bulk phases at macroscopic distances from the surface, i.e., the surface is "wet." It turns out that in this case the usual property of monotonicity of primary scaling densities with respect to the temperature or magnetic field scaling variable does not hold for the energy density due to the presence of this interface.

Proton dynamics in superprotonic Rb3H(SeO4)2 crystal by broadband dielectric spectroscopy

Broadband dielectric and AC conductivity spectra (1 Hz to 1 THz) of the superprotonic single crystal Rb3H(SeO4)2 (RHSe) along the c axis were studied in a wide temperature range 10 K < T < 475 K that covers the ferroelastic (T < 453 K) and superprotonic (T > 453 K) phases. A contribution of the interfacial electrode polarization layers was separated from the bulk electrical properties and the bulk DC conductivity was evaluated above room temperature. The phase transition to the superprotonic phase was shown to be connected with the steep but almost continuous increase in bulk DC conductivity, and with giant permittivity effects due to the enhanced bulk proton hopping and interfacial electrode polarization layers. The AC conductivity scaling analysis confirms validity of the first universality above room temperature. At low temperatures, although the conductivity was low, the frequency dependence of dielectric loss indicates no clear evidence of the nearly constant loss effect, so-called second universality. The bulk (intrinsic) dielectric properties, AC and DC conductivity of the RHSe crystal at frequencies up to 1 GHz are shown to be caused by the thermally activated proton hopping. The increase of the AC conductivity above 100 GHz could be assigned to the low-frequency wing of proton vibrational modes.

Ensemble dependence of critical Casimir forces in films with Dirichlet boundary conditions.

In a recent study [Phys. Rev. E 94, 022103 (2016)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.94.022103] it has been shown that, for a fluid film subject to critical adsorption, the resulting critical Casimir force (CCF) may significantly depend on the thermodynamic ensemble. Here we extend that study by considering fluid films within the so-called ordinary surface universality class. We focus on mean-field theory, within which the order parameter (OP) profile satisfies Dirichlet boundary conditions and produces a nontrivial CCF in the presence of external bulk fields or, respectively, a nonzero total order parameter within the film. Additionally, we study the influence of fluctuations by means of Monte Carlo simulations of the three-dimensional Ising model. We show that, in the canonical ensemble, i.e., when fixing the so-called total mass within the film, the CCF is repulsive for large absolute values of the total OP, instead of attractive as in the grand canonical ensemble. Based on the Landau-Ginzburg free energy, we furthermore obtain analytic expressions for the order parameter profiles and analyze the relation between the total mass in the film and the external bulk field.

Assumptions on Gender Equality in the Narrative of Secularism

Secularism, which is central to the Enlightenment narrative, promises liberation, freedom, emancipation, and progress to humanity. At the same time, the narrative of secularism poses religion as its antithesis, which brings dogmatism, fundamentalism, and violence. In this project, I read secularism closely in various contexts from a gender and sexuality perspective and question the assumption that secularism always provides a progress for gender equality, whereas religion always produces inequality and oppression. To open up new ways of understanding secularism and gender, I firstly question the so-called universality of secularism by addressing the European origin of secularism and the concept of religion. Then, I address the diversity of secular and religious experiences which reconstruct each other in various contexts. Finally, I argue that the embodiment of secular or religious in terms of gender, sexuality and family is an important matter for the understanding of the division between religious and secular.

Editorial

During the recent years it became evident that that quantum gravity at the UV Planck scale imposes in general novel and surprising constraints on the low-energy effective field theory far below the Planck scale in the IR. In fact, there are many effective field theories that appear completely consistent in the infrared but cannot be completed to quantum gravity in the ultraviolet. Such theories are termed to be in the Swampland. The prototypical example of this kind of interplay between UV and IR is the weak gravity conjecture, which states that any effective field theory, consistent with quantum gravity, must contain a particle on which gravity acts as the weakest force. The swampland hypothesis as well as the weak gravity conjecture have now initiated enormous research activities and new interesting developments in theoretical physics, as they have very interesting implications in particle physics and in cosmology, which even have the potential to be tested or to be disproven by observations. In particular it was recently argued that quantum gravity cannot lead to consistent quantum field theories with an effective potential leading to stable minima with positive vacuum energy. Hence this assertion is called de Sitter swampland conjecture. If true, it would exclude a so-called de Sitter universe with a positive cosmological constant, which however is nowadays supported by astrophysical observations on the accelerated expansion of the universe, and being theoretically described by the standard Lambda-CDM cosmological model. In other words, the validity of the de Sitter swampland conjecture would favor alternative quintessence-like cosmological scenarios with a time-dependent vacuum energy. This first volume of “Progress of Physics” in 2019 provides a series of papers related to the weak gravity conjecture and the swampland conjecture and in particular they contribute to the debate about the existence of de Sitter vacua in quantum gravity and in string theories. Pros and Cons in favor or against de Sitter vacua respectively in favor or against the de Sitter swampland conjecture are provided by various authors. We expect that this interesting and intense discussion about quantum gravity, the swampland idea and de Sitter vacua will continue during the year 2019. We therefore wish all participants in this discussion and moreover all authors and readers of “Progress of Physics” a healthy and successful year 2019. Dieter Lüst (Editor) Wolfgang P. Schleich (Co-Editor)

Phenomenology of quantum reduced loop gravity in the isotropic cosmological sector

Quantum reduced loop gravity is designed to consistently study symmetry reduced systems within the loop quantum gravity framework. In particular, it bridges the gap between the effective cosmological models of loop quantum cosmology and the full theory, addressing the dynamics before the minisuperspace reduction. This mostly preserves the graph structure and SU(2) quantum numbers. In this article, we study the phenomenological consequences of the isotropic sector of the theory, the so-called emergent bouncing universe model. In particular, the parameter space is scanned and we show that the number of inflationary e-folds is almost always higher than the observational lower-bound. We also compute the primordial tensor power spectrum and study its sensitivity upon the fundamental parameters used in the model.

‘Flowing’ under the radar in a multifaceted liquid reality: The ekerk narrative

We live in a liquid new world driven by incessant change. Our reality is constantly shaped by new forms of non-linear individualism, which is expressed in countless factions, networks, tribes and alliances. Social systems do not maintain their shape for very long, because they decompose and melt faster than the time it takes to cast them, according to the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman. Religious institutions that do not come to terms with these rapid rates of change soon find themselves trapped in a so-called parallel universe, with hardly any influence on society. In order to embrace our fluid new reality with its numerous open systems and ever-increasing levels of complexity, ekerk understands herself as a movement of Jesus followers whose tribal identity is shaped around his teachings on the Kingdom of God, and which is reflected in the values of relationality and generosity. We have ‘tribal habitats’ in various digital and physical spaces. Under the radar of institutionalised church and academia, but also as their ally in a somewhat subversive manner, ekerk facilitates the spreading of the good news of Jesus in decentralised but very real ways. ekerkalso runs a large generosity ministry, as well as various seminars, meetings and growth programmes such as DieGang/TheGang to invest in young Christian leaders.

Cosmological structure formation with negative mass

We construct a family of models with negative gravitational mass in the context of Newtonian gravity. We focus in particular on a model that reproduces the features of the so-called Dirac-Milne universe, a matter-antimatter symmetric universe that was recently proposed as an alternative cosmological scenario [A. Benoit-Levy and G. Chardin, A&A 537, A78 (2012)]. We perform one-dimensional N-body simulations of these negative-mass models for an expanding universe and study the associated formation of gravitational structures. The similarities and differences with the standard cosmological model are highlighted and discussed.

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: The Two-season ACTPol Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect Selected Cluster Catalog

We present a catalog of 182 galaxy clusters detected through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope in a contiguous 987.5 deg$^{2}$ field. The clusters were detected as SZ decrements by applying a matched filter to 148 GHz maps that combine the original ACT equatorial survey with data from the first two observing seasons using the ACTPol receiver. Optical/IR confirmation and redshift measurements come from a combination of large public surveys and our own follow-up observations. Where necessary, we measured photometric redshifts for clusters using a pipeline that achieves accuracy $\Delta z/(1 + z)=0.015$ when tested on SDSS data. Under the assumption that clusters can be described by the so-called Universal Pressure Profile and its associated mass-scaling law, the full signal-to-noise > 4 sample spans the mass range $1.6 < M^{\rm UPP}_{\rm 500c}/10^{14}{\rm M}_{\odot}<9.1$, with median $M^{\rm UPP}_{\rm 500c}=3.1 \times 10^{14}$ M$_{\odot}$. The sample covers the redshift range $0.1 < z < 1.4$ (median $z = 0.49$) and 28 clusters are new discoveries (median $z = 0.80$). We compare our catalog with other overlapping cluster samples selected using the SZ, optical,and X-ray wavelengths. We find the ratio of the UPP-based SZ mass to richness-based weak-lensing mass is $\langle M^{\rm UPP}_{\rm 500c} \rangle / \langle M^{\rm \lambda WL}_{\rm 500c} \rangle = 0.68 \pm 0.11$. After applying this calibration, the mass distribution for clusters with $M_{\rm 500c} > 4 \times 10^{14}$ M$_{\odot}$ is consistent with the number of such clusters found in the South Pole Telescope SZ survey.

THERE IS AN “OTHER” STORY: MISTERIOS DEL PLATA AND THE CASE OF FEMALE NOVELS IN XIX CENTURY LATIN AMERICA

Rita Terezinha Schmidt, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)

Translation universals revisited

Abstract According to the results of translation-based empirical research within the descriptive paradigm, transfer operations and the shifts that occur as a result of translators’ interventions are governed by norms, which represent general, standard practices built on informal social consensus (Toury 1995). Based on the scientific analysis of norms and general rules, the so-called translation universals were formulated describing the factors and qualities that distinguish translations from source texts and from authentic texts not produced through translation but originally written in the target language (Baker 1993). In the present study, I aim to summarise the theoretical conclusions drawn so far from the description of these observed translational features, as well as the results of the research into linguistic phenomena and laws that characterise translations in general, then I will synthesise and graphically represent the lessons learned in a theoretical model. Hopefully, it will provide help to understand and process the research data gained so far and in the future.

A Study of the Conduction Processes in Organic Schottky Diodes

Electrical conduction processes in semiconducting organic films has been a subject of great debate for a number of decades. There is a general agreement that the energy band models are inappropriate, for describing the electronic conduction in such materials. Several analytical transport models including the Gaussian disorder1, multiple trapping and release2, and variable range hopping3, have been proposed to describe the charge transport mechanism in organic semiconductors. Despite the differences in the analytical approaches, there is a general agreement that the charge carrier transport is governed by thermally assisted tunnelling or hopping between localised states. More needs to be done to unify the principle of electronic conduction in such materials, with the classical treatment of carrier flow in terms of carrier drift, diffusion and their relationships to Fermi and quasi-Fermi levels, and the slopes of these energies, which classically predict the flow of current in semiconductors and semiconductor devices. In this work, we present an analytical model, describing the conduction processes in disordered and polycrystalline organic Schottky diode, by employing the so-called Universal Mobility Law4-6, on the exponential distribution of the intrinsic and extrinsic density of states. The Schottky barrier is possibly the only electrical method, which allows the study of both intrinsic and extrinsic regions, since the applied voltage moves the dopant energy level to the top of the barrier. From the analysis of the measured current of the organic disordered and polycrystalline Schottky barriers, key parameters such as the effective temperature associated with the distribution of the intrinsic and extrinsic states, and subsequently the Meyer-Neldel energy are extracted, and compared to those obtained from temperature analysis. Moreover, from the Arrhenius plots of the forward currents, the activation energies of the disordered and polycrystalline organic semiconductors are determined. The development of such models is essential in generating accurate simulation of the properties of the organic semiconductor devices, which subsequently predicts the circuit performance for mixed signal applications.

To the History of Samara Desert-Nicholas Monastery Archive and Book Collections

The works by archimandrites Havriil (V. F. Rozanov) and Feodosiy (O. G. Makarevsky), historians A. O. Skalkovsky, D. I. Yavornitsky and V. O. Bidnov were the first documents on the history of the monastery (Novomoskovsk, Dnipropetrovsk Region). The monastery suffered from raids, fires, epidemics and robberies. The monastic archives were largely lost in the military operations. A lot of original documents didnʼt survive. The epidemic of 1750 did a great damage. The paper archive, infected things and monastery items were burned. The archive consisted of clerical documents, volumes of ancient laws, manuscripts and correspondence. The archive contained some other documents of great importance. They are so-called Universals, 11 statements with seals of Zaporizhian Sich Kosh (Leader) and priorsʼ complaints. The monastery archive contained manuscripts by the last Kosh Otaman (leader) − P. Kalnyshevsky. The archive included documents of state and local authorities and supreme church governing boards – reports, orders, decrees, warrants referring to the monastery property, inventories of monastery household items. A certain percentage of documents was correspondence among priors referring to internal discipline and economic life of the monastery. The names of famous visitors of the monastery are known: archimandrites Havriil and Feodosiy, A. O. Skalkovsky, A. P. Chirkov, P. M. Sochinskiy, V. D. Mashukov, D. I. Yavornitsky and V. O. Bidnov. They worked with documents and left published articles, essays and reviews. Except manuscripts the monastery had printed editions. The monastery library kept 150 liturgical books of Kyiv and Moscow publishing of the 17th − 18th centuries. Six printed books from Samara Desert-Nicholas Monastery are kept in Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum. The library collection of the 19th century was quite big. The research of the archive and the library of the monastery give an opportunity to highlight some of the unknown facts on library science and find rare editions of Ukrainian culture heritage.

Tensile Bond Strength of So-called Universal Primers and Universal Multimode Adhesives to Zirconia and Lithium Disilicate Ceramics.

To test the bond strength and durability after artificial aging of so-called universal primers and universal multimode adhesives to lithium disilicate or zirconia ceramics. A total of 240 ceramic plates, divided into two groups, were produced and conditioned: 120 acid-etched lithium disilicate plates (IPS e.max CAD) and 120 air-abraded zirconia plates (Zenostar T). Each group was divided into five subgroups (n = 24), and a universal restorative primer or multimode universal adhesive was used for each subgroup to bond plexiglas tubes filled with a composite resin to the ceramic plate. The specimens were stored in water at 37°C for 3 days without thermal cycling, or for 30 or 150 days with 7500 or 37,500 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C, respectively. All specimens then underwent tensile bond strength testing. Initially, all bonding systems exhibited high TBS, but some showed a significant reduction after 30 and 150 days of storage. After 3, 30, and 150 days, Monobond Plus, which contains silane and phosphate monomer, showed significantly higher bond strengths than the other universal primer and adhesive systems. The bond strength to lithium disilicate and zirconia ceramic is significantly affected by the bonding system used. Using a separate primer containg silane and phosphate monomer provides more durable bonding than do silanes incorporated in universal multimode adhesives. Only one of five so-called universal primers and adhesives provided durable bonding to lithium disilicate and zirconia ceramic.

Haiti and the Black Box of Romanticism

KIERAN MURPHY Haiti and the Black Box of Romanticism T he camera obscura could be considered a “black box” of Ro­ manticism. Unpacking it can give access to thoughts and transatlantic interactions that have been lost since their initial appearance hundreds of years ago. One of the main recovery efforts that helped locate this remark­ able black box began with Sarah Kofman’s study on the recurrent invoca­ tions during the nineteenth-century of the camera obscura as a theoretical model.1 Kofman brought to the fore the critical importance of this black box by showing how its image-making function deeply impacted the ex­ ploration of cognitive and epistemological questions in authors such as Rousseau, Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud. She observed that, over time, the meaning conveyed by the camera obscura shifted from transparency to opacity. Varying interpretations of the camera obscura had at least one thing in common, though. They manifested, often unwittingly, a fetishist disposition in European scientific thinking. Auguste Comte was the first philosopher to consider this disposition through a theory that underlined the intimate link between modern sci­ ence and fetishism. For the founder of positivism, fetishism is the true in­ tellectual point of departure of humanity and therefore already contains in an immature form the power ofspeculation and practical reasoning charac­ teristic of the scientific mind.2 In the primordial stage of fetishism the out­ side world is considered a direct extension of one’s life, will, and passions. The fetishist is then more invested in earthly matters and inclined to exI Kofman, Camera obscura, dc 1’ideologie (Paris: Editions Galilee, 1973). According to Jona­ than Crary, the camera obscura “cannot be reduced either to a technological or a discursive object: it was a social amalgam in which its existence as a textual figure was never separable from its machinic uses.” See Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nine­ teenth Century (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), 30—31. See also, Lee W Bailey, “Skull’s Darkroom: The Camera Obscura and Subjectivity,” in Philosophy if Technology: Practical, His­ torical and Other Dimensions, ed. Paul T. Durbin (Netherlands: Springer, 1989); and Philippe Ortel, La Litterature a I’ere de la photographic: enquete sur une revolution invisible (Nimes: J. Chambon, 2002). 2. Comte, Cours de philosophic positive, vol. 5 (Paris: J. P. Baillere et Fils, 1864), 25—30. SiR, 56 (Spring 2017) 37 38 KIERAN MURPHY plore them than the polytheist, monotheist, and metaphysician, whose be­ liefs in supernatural, indirect, or transcendental causes divert them from empirically investigating their immediate surroundings. Georges Canguilhem has noted that Comte’s rehabilitation offetishism marked a break with the traditional Enlightenment idea of progress as the gradual attainment of perfection, which implied an intrinsic transformation of human nature, and the devalorization of the past.3 In Comte’s positivist and evolutionist scheme, human intellectual development cannot transcend or devalorize fetishism because this primordial stage already manifests the fundamental dispositions that characterize the scientific mind in an immature form. Comte’s controversial revalorization offetishism became particularly ap­ parent in his 1850s works, where, in provocative passages, he considers the logic of African fetishists far more rational and wise than the metaphysical “verbiage of the superb Germanic doctors.”4 The transgressive racial impli­ cations of Comte’s conception of fetishism would fully concretize in Antenor Firmin’s Of the Equality of the Human Races: Positivist Anthropology (1885), where it became a cornerstone in the Haitian anthropologist’s groundbreaking critique of nineteenth-century scientific racism. Firmin’s innovations also derived from his pioneering experience as a citizen of the first postcolonial black state. The achievements of the self-emancipated Af­ rican slaves and their descendants in Haiti become in his study undeniable evidence of black intellectual ability.5 Together with positivism, Haiti’s unprecedented postcolonial experi­ ment helped Firmin undermine the epistemological framework that was leading European scientists astray. The Haitian critical tradition of interro­ gating European science began when self-emancipated slaves brought into question the so-called universality and objectivity of their French master’s Declaration of the Rights of Man, and when, following Toussaint Louverture’s radical abolition of slavery, they had to defeat the formidable army...

Switching Power Universality in Unipolar Resistive Switching Memories.

We investigate the resistive switching power from unipolar resistive switching current-voltage characteristics in various binary metal oxide films sandwiched by different metal electrodes, and find a universal feature (the so-called universality) in the switching power among these devices. To experimentally derive the switching power universality, systematic measurements of the switching voltage and current are performed, and neither of these correlate with one another. As the switching resistance (R) increases, the switching power (P) decreases following a power law P ∝ R−β, regardless of the device configurations. The observed switching power universality is indicative of the existence of a commonly applicable switching mechanism. The origin of the power universality is discussed based on a metallic filament model and thermo-chemical reaction.

Simplification in translated Czech: a new approach to type-token ratio

The main objective of the paper is to examine whether simplification can be demonstrated to exist in Czech translated texts. In general, simplification as one of the so-called translation universals, is defined as a translators’ tendency to create simpler texts. According to research of English texts, simplification may be manifested e.g. by a lower level of lexical richness. To describe lexical richness, a simple type-token ratio (TTR) is widely used; however, it is very sensitive to text size. To overcome this disadvantage, a standardized type-token ratio (sTTR) has been introduced, which is calculated for every 1000 words in the text. Nevertheless, it also has certain drawbacks. Our method for standardizing type-token ratio (zTTR) is based on comparing the observed TTR with the referential TTR values representing texts of identical size. Inspired by the z-score, this metric is capable of comparing the lexical richness of texts regardless of their length. The analysis carried out on a large comparable corpus of translated and non-translated Czech proved that the non-translated texts tend be lexically richer, although the difference is not as striking as some studies have predicted.

Classical and Free Fourth Moment Theorems: Universality and Thresholds

Let \(X\) be a centered random variable with unit variance and zero third moment, and such that \(\mathrm{IE}[X^4] \ge 3\). Let \(\{F_n {:}\, n\ge 1\}\) denote a normalized sequence of homogeneous sums of fixed degree \(d\ge 2\), built from independent copies of \(X\). Under these minimal conditions, we prove that \(F_n\) converges in distribution to a standard Gaussian random variable if and only if the corresponding sequence of fourth moments converges to \(3\). The statement is then extended (mutatis mutandis) to the free probability setting. We shall also discuss the optimality of our conditions in terms of explicit thresholds, as well as establish several connections with the so-called universality phenomenon of probability theory. Both in the classical and free probability frameworks, our results extend and unify previous Fourth Moment Theorems for Gaussian and semicircular approximations. Our techniques are based on a fine combinatorial analysis of higher moments for homogeneous sums.

Mixing Taylor shifts and universal Taylor series

It is known that, generically, Taylor series of functions holomorphic in a simply connected complex domain exhibit maximal erratic behaviour outside the domain (so-called universality) and overconvergence in parts of the domain. Our aim is to show how the theory of universal Taylor series can be put into the framework of linear dynamics. This leads to a unied approach to universality and overconvergence and yields new insight into the boundary behaviour of Taylor series.

Can We Avoid Cruelty?

Even if Rorty says that m Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity he wanted to show how things look if we treat the demands of self-creation and human solidarity as equally valid, but forever incommensurable, I do not think he meant that the main engagement of the has to be only with solidarity, and the mam engagement of the ironist only with self-creation. That is why he combined these two ideas in Ins creation of the 'liberal ironist' figure. As we know, Rorty borrows lus use of the word 'liberal' from Judith Shklar, according to whom liberals aie people who think that cruelty is the worst thing we do, but gives Ins own definition of the ironist as someone who faces the contingency of Ins or her own most central beliefs. He does not give us many clues at the beginning of lus book of why cruelty is the worst thing for a liberal. Only at the end of it, when talking about Nabokov's novels, does he give us a hint. A modem is someone who works for a future in winch cruelty will no longer be institutionalized.' The tiling the fears most is not cruelty per se but especially institutionalized cruelty; the cruelty against a group or a person made m name of a credo, an ideology, or a state politics. Tins sort of cruelty involves a majority, a collectivity, society at large.Tins is the cruelty Judith Shklar writes about in Ordinary Vices. There, she explains why seeing morality from the point of view of vices, and not of virtues, was an important step secular humain tail ans like Montaigne and Montesquieu made to get us outside of that divinely-ruled moral universe so that from then on we could put our minds to the common ills we inflict upon one another eveiy day. The intolerance for cruelty, the reason why it is the vice tlie liberals most hate, is that the willful infliction of physical or moral pain on a weaker being means the destraction of one's freedom. The victim's feelings of fear and anguish are responsible for her loss of autonomy and decisionmaking capacity. The evils caused by political and religious conventions such as the ones faced by the victims of the Spaniards in America are some of the past events of cruelty Shklar mentions in her book.For lus part, Rorty descubes a as someone engaged with solidarity and the social demands of justice, and broadens its meaning while associating it with what he calls liberal hope. The hope Rorty is urging us to pay attention to is not only the hope that in the future there will be less social and institutionalized cruelty, but also the hope that there will be less cruelty perpetrated among individuals, especially by those who are obsessively following their selfcreative impulses and who for the sake of art or for the sake of achieving an aesthetic bliss are not at all interested or even touched by the suffering they may cause to others around them. It is interesting to notice that although Roily emphasizes several times that the public and the private sphere are not reduced to one another - in fact, they constitute qmte different aspects of human life - he is nonetheless warning us about the risks of unethical behavior in the obsessive pursuit of autonomy. The private sphere is not a domain free from ethical worries. Certainly, ironists like Nietzsche would defend just the opposite: that society should support the autonomy and creativity of some superior spirits - in Rortyan vocabulary, of some strong poets - even at the cost of the lives and freedom of non-educated poor spirits. Strong poets are not necessarily liberals. The non-liberal strong poets have no interest in watching the world from the point of view of a person in a weak position.However, in order to avoid an oversimplification of the strong poet as an egoistic character isolated from society's search for social progress, we have to clarify Nietzsche's position a bit more. Although definitely not a - in fact for him equality had no relevance at all and freedom was a conquest of few - Nietzsche was a vehement critic of religious morality, of its so-called universality, of the imposition of its dogmas and prohibitions at the cost of our autonomy. …