Snowy Days Research Articles

Morphology of single inhalable particle in the air polluted city of Shijiazhuang, China

In the typical air polluted city of Shijiazhuang, single inhalable particle samples in non-heating period, heating period, dust storm days, and snowy days were collected and detected by SEM/EDS (scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry). The particle morphology was characterized by the 6 shape clusters, which are: irregular square, agglomerate, sphere, floccule, column or stick, and unknown, by quantitative order. The irregular square particles are common in all kinds of samples; sphere particles are more, and column or stick are less in winter samples; in the wet deposit samples, agglomerate and floccule particles are not found. The surface of most particles is coarse with fractal edge, which can provide suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment. New formed calcium crystal is found to demonstrate the existence of neutralized reaction, explaining the reason for the high SO2 emission and low acid rain frequency in Shijiazhuang. The three sorts of surface patterns of spheres are smooth, semi-smooth, and coarse, corresponding to the element of Si-dominant, Si-Al-dominant, and Fe-dominant. The soot particle is present as floccule with average size around 10 microm, considerably larger than the former reported results, but wrapped or captured with other fine particles to make its appearance unique and enhance its toxicity potentially. The new formed calcium crystal, the 3 sorts of sphere surface patterns, and the unique soot appearance represent the single inhalable particle's morphology characteristics in Shijiazhuang City.

Here comes congress.

On two snowy days in February the RCN Forum for Nurses Working with Older People and the Mental Health and Older People Forum came together for a two-day strategy review and future planning event. Our strategy, Caring in Partnership: Older People and Nursing Staff Working Towards the Future ( RCN 2004 ), which was launched at congress last year, provides the framework that guides the work of both forums. We were honoured to have representatives from Better Government for Older People and the National Pensioners Convention present during the first day, helping the forums to identify issues and plan responsive work that will maximise the potential of older people.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECT OFFSPRING SEX-RATIO VARIATION AND ADULT SURVIVAL IN TAWNY OWLS

Abstract We studied survival of adult Tawny Owls (Strix aluco), number of breeding pairs, breeding performance, and offspring sex ratio in relation to the number of snowy days in the preceding winter in Duna-Ipoly National Park, Hungary. A new male was more likely to be present after a winter with many snowy days, although female survival was not affected by weather. Number of breeding pairs and number of fledglings declined with increasing number of snowy days. Offspring sex ratio varied according to whether snow cover was present during the egg-laying period, with broods being male biased during adverse conditions but female biased during mild conditions. Also, female nestlings were more likely to die before fledging than male nestlings. These data suggest that female Tawny Owls are able to adjust the sex ratio of their brood according to the expected differential success of nestlings under the prevailing weather conditions. This adjustment in relation to environmental conditions has important implicati...

リアルタイム花粉モニター（ＫＨ‐３０００）の検討

We studied the usefulness of a real-time pollen counter (KH-3000, Yamato Manufacturing Co. Ltd.).Airborne pollen was measured with a Durham pollen counter and a KH-3000 from February 1, 2002 to April 30, 2002 in Wakayama city, and the results were analyzed and compared with each other statistically. We took account of the influence of weather conditions on the results. In addition, a characteristic of circadian rhythm of airborne pollen was examined.The features of the pollen scatter pattern in 2002 were as follows: The counts for Japanese cedar pollen and Japanese cypress pollen were smaller than the average year. The Japanese beech pollen count was larger than the average year. Correlations between the outcomes of the 2 pollen counters were r=0.65 for Japanese cedar pollen and r=0.61 for the total pollen, except pine pollen.The circadian rhythm of the airborne pollen observed with the KH-3000 did not correlated significantly to temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure or wind velocity. However, a tendency did emerge: on a clear day, a large amount of pollen was observed in the evening and at night. On a cloudy day, no obvious peak of pollen dispersion was observed in a day. On a rainy day, a large number of pollen was observed before the start of rainfall, but no pollen grains were observed during the rain. No pollen was observed on snowy days, however unexpected peaks were recorded that were not related to the pollen count. The peaks were thought to be caused by snow.We concluded that the KH-3000 is a useful device for measuring pollen, however, the Durham pollen counter presently used is still needed to measure pollen, because the operation of the KH-3000 was influenced by weather: it could not distinguish pollen from snow. Our findings suggest the circadian rhythm of airborne pollen depends on the weather.

Modifying Signal Timing During Inclement Weather

Most individuals living in cold climates realize that on snowy days their commute will take longer. Although traffic volumes are often lower, the combination of reduced speeds and capacity causes severe congestion, particularly on signalized urban networks. Signal coordination that reduces traffic congestion in typical clear conditions results in an uncoordinated and suboptimal timing plan. Traffic parameters for developing signal timings during inclement weather conditions are examined. With the completion of the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) advanced transportation management system, there is an opportunity to change signal timing plans by communicating with each controller from the Transportation Operations Center. This operation makes feasible a library of special signal timing plans, with one allocated for inclement weather. Traffic flow data were collected over a range of seven inclement weather severity conditions at two intersections for the 1999–2000 winter season. The data indicate that the largest decrease in vehicle performance occurs when snow and slush begin to accumulate on the road surface. Saturation flows decrease by 20 percent, speeds decrease by 30 percent, and start-up lost times increase by 23 percent. UDOT is now developing and implementing modified inclement weather coordinated signal timing plans for the major signalized corridors in the Salt Lake Valley. The determination of when to implement an inclement weather signal timing plan is based on four general criteria: storm severity, projected duration, area of influence, and immediately projected running speeds. With these considerations, traffic engineers can determine whether to implement an inclement weather signal timing plan.

This Side of the Mountain

This Side of the Mountain Sidney Saylor Farr Seasons of the Heart We speak of changes in the weather-the cold season, the flu season, the rainy season. And the changing seasons in our lives. For all of my life I have felt the turning seasons in my heart; lately another dimension has been added-I also feel them in my bones. I grew up in the world of nature; sometimes I felt that trees, rocks, creeks, and the earth itself were part of my blood, muscles, and bones. My heart has always been intimate with each season's bounty and has always resisted any hint of a coming change. Sometimes I have felt that I could not bear to see the promise of summer when red and white clover bloomed and green corn uncurled; when butterflies came in clouds of color, and a misty rain settled down. I glory in the fall season, even with the melancholy of things coming to an end, and the haunting look and feel of crisp chilly nights and the smell of Indian summer smoke. I wanted to hold on to these things along with the gold dust of fall evenings. How wonderful it would be if we could hoard the golden days in a treasure chest, and in the dead of winter, take them out to again see a day of sunshine and blue skies. Gray days and cold rain usher November along to December. When snowy days of winter file across the land of summer's dead, I think how they look like gray nuns walking through an orchard counting seasons lost; counting those ahead. In springtime, summer, and fall, I feel that I will live forever. But there's something about the winter season that reminds me of my own mortality. Human life, too, comes in seasons and cycles. We each have our own appointed time to be born, to live, and to die. We try not to dwell on the end of time for us, choosing to look forward to springtime when nature will be fresh and new and, hopefully, we also will be renewed. Personal changes have come in my life during 1998 and 1999. I have shared with you the fact of a small stroke last June. I have been working hard to overcome that episode, but recently there was another small stroke. Because of this deterioration in my health, I have realized that I can no longer edit this magazine. The summer issue will be the last one for me. James Gage, an English professor at Berea, has been named as the new editor. He comes on board in May and will be responsible for the fall issue. It is very heartening to me to know that Appalachian Heritage will live on. Winter days are now upon us, and we must each in our own way experience what life has in store for us. I would not want to live if I did not have the spring season to anticipate. But even in the dead of winter I can find promises of springtime on the horizon. I am looking forward to having personal time for my own writing, lecturing, and teaching, and looking forward to springtime again when the first faint tracings of green appear on bushes and trees. Then in such a short time the season turns to seeds in the ground, growing things, and new promises. Mountaintop Removal ? II III Beyond green ridges gray ones, blue; the starched sky fits snugly defining sunlight, black smoke. Reaching for sky hope, for tonnage, coal trucks kiss front-end loaders, in a tabernacle of dieseled incense. Bulldozers bury the ancient womb, reconstituting, reclaiming mountains, renaming greenness even sky. Behind Caudill's store crumpled asphalt lies like spent rubber spun by swollen tires in search of treasure beneath thick slate. Green ridges, blue fall pliant to bulldozer blades and yield, groaning, their firstborn, stratified tales. Beneath ridge tops trucks swell with coal descend and wind past oaks and pines houses, gardens, indifferent. Black ribbon climbs through greenness inexorably past cabins, trailers, limestone creek beds, a thousand stories. Beyond the trees, what rose descends: ridge tops, coal, trees, over-burden...

Santa Fe Railroad Lemy Station

Twilight, a deserted station, the Santa Fe Railroad, we stood at Lemy Station. There was a thicket of bushes and an old Cheyenne, sitting. (Or he wasn't there at all. My memory has a thicket of bushes, an old Cheyenne, sitting.) When, I heard, it, a clear day in autumn, twilight, a de serted station, the Santa Fe Railroad, we stood at Lemy Station. The Rio Grande, a deep crevice, long ago, the Indian children played, chasing squirrels and weasels. On snowy days, the Rio Grande, makes the crevice deeper. A clear autumn day, there's a clock in the station, (I don't know) the

Lake-Effect Snowfall over Lake Michigan

Aircraft measurements of snow particle size spectra from 36 flights on 26 snowy days are used to estimate snow precipitation rates over Lake Michigan. Results show that average rates during 14 wind-parallel-type lake-effect storms increased from the upwind shore to about midlake and then were essentially uniform (1.5–2 mm day−1, liquid water equivalent) to the downwind shore. Snow from midlake bands and shoreline bands maximized over the lake. The position of the maximum during these types of lake-effect storms depends on meteorological conditions. In any given case it may be near either shore or anywhere between them. This study combines 12 cases of midlake and shoreline bands. The resulting cross-lake snow profile shows a broad maximum reaching over 4 mm day−1 near midlake. The single sample maximum snow precipitation rate encountered in this study was 77.7 mm day−1. The average cross-lake profile from combining 26 cases of lake-effect storms shows that snowfall into the lake is considerably greater than one would expect from a linear interpolation between values measured along either shore. An attempt is made to estimate the average increase in snow over lake Michigan resulting from combined lake-effect and large-scale cyclonic storms. The result is interesting but not considered very reliable because it depends upon the relative frequencies of different types of lake-effect storms as well as overtake snow rates from large-scale cyclonic storms; neither is well known.

特集 日本の小氷期 古日記による小氷期の気候復元に関する年輪気候学的研究

Informations on the cold weather and climatic disasters during part of the Little Ice Age for 17th to 18th Century in Japan were obtained from tree ring widths and some kinds of historical documents.Tree rings were analyzed both at Northeastern Japan (Fukushima Pref.) and Southwestern Japan (Okayama Pref.) mostly in Shinto Shrines' precincts. The daily weather records described in old personal documents such as diaries were inquired into at Hirosaki City (Aomori Pref.) for Fukushima's tree rings and at Tsuyama City (Okayama Pref.) for Okayama's tree rings. In this study, the snowy days' rate is used as an indicator of winter coldness. It is defined as the percentage of the number of days with snowfall to that with precipitation, that is, the total of rainy and snowy days.As a result, it could be concluded that the tree ring widths are narrower in the year of larger snowy days' rate. In Southwestern Japan, it is also considered that the drought summer as well as coldest winter caused the worse growth of trees.

The distribution of snow in Israel

The area researched is characterized by changes in the weather according to fluctuations in the world pressure belts throughout the year. The temperature climate in this region is typified in winter by changes in the pressure system from cyclonic to anti-cyclonic conditions in spells of about 5 days. When Israel is under the influence of a low pressure system, and the 500 mb surfaces are approximately 250 m lower than average, the temperatures along the vertical cross-sections are 6° – 8° C lower than average on rainy days, then snow may be expected in various sections of the country. This paper investigated the 35 years period from 1938/9 to 1971/2, concentrating on two mountain stations — Jerusalem in the centre of the country and Mt. Kena'an in the north —because of the high snow incidence and its greater regularity than other stations. The conclusions are as follows: The maximum number of days of snow (between 2/3 and 3/4 of the annual total) is noted at all stations during January and February, although there are also years in which there was snow but not during those months. Regional devision of the snowy days indicates that the number increases with altitude, and decreases from north to south. Snowfall in regions which have lower incidence is less stable and given to greater fluctuations. There was no indication of periodity of the number of days of snow per season, nor did it appear that a very snowy year followed a dry one. Investigation of the lenght of the snowy and the number of days of snowfall does not indicate any connection between them, and there may well be a long season with few days of snow, or a short one with relatively many snowy days. Comparison between the shorter period of readings — from 1938/9 till 1971/2 — and the longer one — from 1860/1 till 1971/2 (111 years) — at the Jerusalem station shows the same trends, which reinforce the conclusions presented above.

Temperature Variation in a Snow-Covered Greenhouse

The temperature condition in a snow-covered, unheated greenhouse shown in Fig. 1 is investigated.The measurements of solar radiation, air temperature and glass surface temperature were made from the end of December to the beginning of March. 1968.An average inside air temperature was determined from the data at nine positions distributed uniformly in the space of the greenhouse.The typical results of this experiment are indicated in Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Overall transmission coefficient of the greenhouse (Rall) was calculated from the solar radiation data, which was 0.62. Temperature measurements inside and outside show that the amplitude of daily temperature variation on cold and clear days is greater than that of snowy days. It also indicates that the wall surface temperature is lower than that of the roof (fig. 6).Therefore, it seems that the roof temperature is greatly affected by the accumulation of snow.

Snow Crystals at Fushimi district in Kyoto city

We can seldom see the snow flakes at Fushimi in south part of Kyoto city, where it is not so cold in winter as northern part of Japan.I don't know any observer of snow crystals in Kyoto except Toshitsura Doi Ooinokami, who was once Kyoto Shoshidai (chief attaché to Tokugawa Shogunate government at metropolice of Kyoto) and described Sekkazusetsu and Zoku Sekkazusetsu (Illustrations of flowery shapes of snow crystals vol. I and vol. II) in which contained 23 pieces of Snow crystals of Kyoto in 18371838.I depicted to observe shapes of snow crystals at Kyoto in snowy days as dilettante scientist several years ago. In winter 1963, we had heavy snow, so I could bind variety types of snow crystals especially in Feb. 8, prisms, columns, combinations of columns and plates, shapes of tables or lrullets which were very rare in this district, and in Feb. 14, dendritic crystals or fern stellar crystals which were very beautiful, etc.In 1964. I could not observe special shapes of crystals.

Some Comparisons between Different Diameter Rain Gages and Varions form Snow Gages

In order to evaluate the accuracy of measured values of precipitation, some comparisons have been made between rain gages of different diameter sizes and snow gages with and without snow melting apparatus at receiver of them.Results compared showed that rain gage gave errors of 19 per cent for gage 5 cm in diameter and errors of 0. 3 per cent for gage 60 cm in diameter.These results also means that the error varies directly with rain gage diameter.Number of days crowned with snow occupied 36 per cent in the total snowy days during winter season. and errors of measured value gave about 9 per cent when it was crowned at receiver of snow gage with snow and 6 per cent when not crowned.It was considered that the difference of 3 per cent was due to the crowned snow at receiver of snow gage.

Climatic Regions of Snowy Winter and Frosty Winter in Japan

Snow and frost are remarkable weather phenomena of winter. But it is general that these phenomena do not occur at the same time at the same place. Therefore, we can detect two climatic regions according to such chara-cteristics of winter, i. e. snowy regions and frosty regions. Such divisions are also significant to research from an environmental point of view on climates, because snow and frost have also important roles on our daily lifes and productive activities. Using the observed number of snowy days and frosty days, we researched dates of arrivals, retreats and durations of winter at various places and which is a predominant phenomenon among snow and host at each locality. 1) Frosty regions can be found at the Pacific Side of Japan and snowy regions are the Japan Sea Side. 2) An arrival of frost is about November and its retreat is April almost at every place in Japan. And generally speaking snow comes in December and ends at March. 3) Then at the Japan Sea Side, it is general that winter begins at December and ends at March both with snow. But at some places, it can be seen one or two months of frosty winter before and behind of these snowy months. (Cf. Tab.1) 4) Larger parts of Hokkaido are snowy. Frosty places can be found only at southeastern parts. In this region, frost and snow also begin to fall at October and end at April. Therefore, winter durations become t ro months longer than other regions. 5) At the Pacific Side, winter are comparatively longer than the Japan Sea Side. They continue from November to April. But at southern areas (Shikoku, Kyushu etc.), they are rather warmer and winter opens at December and closes at March. Especially at promontory of southern peninsulas, winter is very short. It is only one month. It begins at January and ends at that month. (3) Referring to the chi-square test, we considered that 3.8 days per month which have frost and snow respectively are significant as threshold values to recongnize an entrance or a retreat of winter. 4) Regional reprecentativenesses of snowy and frosty days as climatic elements are larger at the Japan Sea Side and smaller at the Pacific Side.

青木,中綱及び木崎湖の魚類に就て 1. コヒ・フナ

Investigations on the age-composition, body length l, weight w and depth, and the quality indicator, 1000 w/l8, of carps and of crucians from the three lakes mentioned in the title lead to the conclnsions: - (1) That all carps experimented were two years old and in their growth rate, lake Kizaki, being of eutrophyc type, was superior to the other two. (2) The age composition of crucians was normal in lake Kizaki, but abnormal in the other lakes. Such abnormality seems to have bearings on the variation in catch and in the number of snowy days during the year when each year class was hatched. Dimensions of the body were poor in lake Nakatuna, while the quality indicator was low in the oligotrophyc lake Aoki.