Snows Of Kilimanjaro Research Articles

JACK LONDON AND ERNEST HEMINGWAY: THE SIMILARITIES IN BUILDING CHARACTERS’ SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND SELF-MANAGEMENT IN “TO BUILD A FIRE”, “THE LAW OF LIFE”, AND “THE SNOWS OF KILIMANJARO”

Jack London and Ernest Hemingway are among eminent American writers of the twentieth century. With a desire to express the importance of emotional intelligence in literature, this article aims to find out how self-consciousness is expressed in short stories, namely “The law of life”, “To build a fire”, and “The snows of Kilimanjaro”. A qualitative method is undertaken to collect vital data for investigating self-consciousness and conclusions. Findings show that the direct correlation between self-consciousness and self-management impacts the final result of the characters. Moreover, this research figures out the similarities of two authors in using writing techniques to build characters’ self-consciousness. As a result, a deeper insight into London’s and Hemingway’s works and their resemblances concerning character building are provided.

Why Things Happen and Why They Don't: Causality and Contingency in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and "One Reader Writes"

Why Things Happen and Why They Don't:Causality and Contingency in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and "One Reader Writes" Kevin R. West "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and "One Reader Writes," although very different in their reception histories, nevertheless share a crucial verbal and thematic parallel: each story contains similarly worded speculation on how a particular illness (gangrene and syphilis, respectively) came to be contracted. By wondering whether or not the illness in question had to happen, Helen and the unnamed "Reader" invite broader consideration of causality and contingency. In the case of "Snows," this inquiry into contingency pertains also to Harry's concerns as to why he failed to write the stories that he might have written. KEYWORDS Causality, Contingency, Narrative, Speculation Early in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro," Harry and Helen discuss the sequence of events that has led to the present distress of Harry's gangrenous leg, and in their disputation on causality lies an important verbal and thematic motif which may be found elsewhere in Hemingway's oeuvre. Wishing that they had never come on safari, where Harry scratched his leg on a thorn, Helen complains, "I don't see why that had to happen to your leg. What have we done to have that happen to us?" (CSS 41). What Helen evidently wants is a moral explanation for their present predicament; essentially, she wants God to answer for the situation. Her rhetorical question implies that they have done nothing sufficiently (morally) bad so as to incur the punishment of Harry's infected leg. "Why us? What have we done?" "I suppose what I did," answers Harry, in pointed denial of Helen's moral vision, "was to forget to put iodine on it when I first scratched it. Then I didn't pay any attention to it because I never infect. Then, later, when it got bad, it was probably using that weak carbolic solution" (CSS 41). Whereas Helen cries out for a moral explanation, Harry insists on a chemical one. What we did was forget to do something hygienic (apply iodine); or, ironically, what we did was belatedly do the wrong hygienic thing (apply carbolic acid).1 If we had treated the wound properly, then gangrene would not have ensued. "What else?" asks Harry, meaning "what other explanation could there be?" "I don't mean that," Helen replies, twice (CSS 41). Helen is not looking for a mechanical chain of causes and effects, which she presumably understands well enough, yet Harry insists that the material chain of causality is the only chain that exists or matters. Her leaving her people for him and bringing her money and their going on safari and him getting scratched and not treating the wound has led, if not inexorably then actually, to their present distress. Their respective positions represent two incompatible worldviews: one in which a divine or karmic order exists, and one in which solely material causality obtains. Indeed, John Killinger cited this scene sixty years ago as proof of [End Page 130] Harry's complete "repudiation of a personal God" (60). There is no point in crying out to God, since no intervention could be forthcoming in a world ruled inexorably by natural laws. Moreover, there is no point in speculation as to "why" this happened. Events occur, microbes grow, and people sometimes fall victim. Apropos of microbial growth—a topic on which we have all been forced to dwell in new ways these years past—another, slighter story benefits from being read in conjunction with "The Snows of Kilimanjaro." Some three years prior to writing "Snows," Hemingway penned "One Reader Writes," the story of a woman's letter to a syndicated doctor asking for advice with respect to her husband's "sifilus" (CSS 320).2 The woman wants the doctor to tell her if it will be safe again to live with her husband; but she also, like Helen, wants to know why it had to be that her husband caught such a disease in the first place: He had to go wherever they sent him, I know, but I don't know what he had to get it for. Oh, I wish to Christ he wouldn...

Current Bibliography

Current Bibliography Kelli A. Larson and Steve Paul [The current bibliography aspires to include all serious contributions to Hemingway scholarship. Given the substantial quantity of significant critical work appearing on Hemingway's life and writings annually, inconsequential items from the popular press have been omitted to facilitate the distinction of important developments and trends in the field. Annotations for articles appearing in The Hemingway Review have been omitted due to the immediate availability of abstracts introducing each issue. Kelli Larson welcomes your assistance in keeping this feature current. Please send reprints, clippings, and photocopies of articles, as well as notices of new books, directly to Larson at the University of St. Thomas, 333 JRC, 2115 Summit Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105-1096. E-Mail: Kalarson1@stthomas.edu.] The Hemingway Bibliography Online Database: The Hemingway Bibliography is a searchable database consisting of the most comprehensive record of annotated Hemingway-related scholarship published worldwide in English from 1990 to the present. Researchers can search by title, author, subject, keyword, publisher, or periodical. The database is updated annually. Visit The Hemingway Bibliography at https://ir.stthomas.edu/hemingway/ BOOKS Bowman, Rex and Carlos Santos. Almost Hemingway: The Adventures of Negley Farson, Foreign Correspondent. Charlottesville: U of Virginia P, 2021. [Biography of the once celebrated journalist, best-selling author, and world adventurer who may have out-Hemingwayed Hemingway. A contemporary of EH, Farson was known for his daring pursuit of frontline stories, including covering the London Blitz, meeting with Hitler, and breaking the story of Gandhi's 1930 arrest. Bowman and Santos note striking parallels in the authors' lives as men of action, such as their participation in two world wars and shared love of fishing, hunting, women, and alcohol. Though the two never met, EH owned two copies of Farson's Going Fishing (1942). Speculates on why EH's writing has stood the test of time while Farson's has faded into history. Scattered references to EH throughout. Draws on biographies, memoirs, letters, and other resources. Includes index.] Google Scholar Christian, Timothy. Hemingway's Widow: The Life and Legacy of Mary Welsh Hemingway. New York: Pegasus Books, 2022. [Tapping previously unaccessed sources, this biography offers a more fully rounded view of EH's fourth wife than previously available. By necessity it also offers the familiar territory of EH's life but presents Mary Welsh Hemingway as a complex figure in a courtship and a marriage fraught with emotional and occasionally physical peril. Christian follows Welsh through her husband's decline, suicide, and the literary and personal dramas that followed, including frank accounts of her own struggle with alcohol in the years before her death. Preface by the late H.R. Stoneback reflects on the veteran Hemingway scholar's long friendship with Mary Hemingway.] Google Scholar Theising, Andrew J. Hemingway's Saint Louis: How St. Louisans Shaped His Life and Legacy. Edwardsville, IL: Initiative for Urban Research (2020). [Biography of EH's time in St. Louis and the people (including three wives) and experiences there that influenced his life and writing. Explores EH's connections to four families (i.e., the Smiths, the Richardsons, the Pfeiffers, and the Gellhorns) and closes with a survey of biographies by A.E. Hotchner (another St. Louisan), Carlos Baker, Michael Reynolds, and many others. Features endnotes, index, and over thirty-five black-and-white photographs.] Google Scholar Tucan, Gabriela. A Cognitive Approach to Ernest Hemingway's Short Fiction. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars P, 2021. [Study of the reader's mental processes for thinking through and making sense of EH's spare prose to get at what lies beneath the surface. Tucan draws on cognitive poetics and narratology in her examination of the reader's intense imaginative negotiation with laconic Hemingway narrators, thus enabling the reader to comprehend the emotional suggestiveness of objective detail. Focuses on stories dealing with the concept of journey, including "The Snows of Kilimanjaro," "Fathers and Sons," "A Canary for One," "Hills Like White Elephants," along with several from IOT. Provides an overview of cognitive science and its contributing disciplines, such as psychology, philosophy, and linguistics. Features a bibliography but no index. Earlier versions of some chapters published previously as articles.] Google Scholar...

Paths of words: The political dimension of friendly conversation in Robert Guédiguian’s films

ABSTRACT This article studies the political dimension of friendship in Robert Guédiguian’s cinema, delving into the crucial role that conversation plays in this relationship, and taking Stanley Cavell’s thought as a main reference. Aristotle’s concept of civic friendship, along with its contemporary readings, and Cavell’s notion of conversation provide a theoretical frame for the analysis of three recent feature films directed by Guédiguian that present a strong thematic and narrative unity (and have barely received attention in previous scholarship): Les Neiges du Kilimandjaro/The Snows of Kilimanjaro (2011), La Villa/The House by the Sea (2017) and Gloria Mundi (2019). Based on, but going beyond, Cavell’s moral theorisation of the filmic portrayal of human relationships, the analysis of these films has identified four milestones in the transformative process—both personal and political—that stems from conversation with friends: conformity, confrontation, acknowledgement and renewed community. In all three films, this process of change is not only presented as a progressive discovery of one’s own voice, but also as a progressive unmasking: both are necessary prerequisites for welcoming foreigners in need of acknowledgement and, consequently, for the renewal of community.

Pauline Pfeiffer's Safari Journal and Hemingway's "The Snows of Kilimanjaro"

Pauline Pfeiffer's Safari Journal and Hemingway's "The Snows of Kilimanjaro"

“The Snows of Kilimanjaro” as an Allegory of the Anthropocene

“The Snows of Kilimanjaro” as an Allegory of the Anthropocene

Archetypal Figures in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro." by David L. Anderson

Archetypal Figures in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro." by David L. Anderson

Escaping Reality: a psychoanalytic study of Earnest Hemingways The Snows of Kilimanjaro

Escaping Reality: a psychoanalytic study of Earnest Hemingways The Snows of Kilimanjaro

Dionysian Africa as an Antithesis of the Apollonian West

On his deathbed, the protagonist Harry in the story “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” examines his past life. He concludes that he lived an empty life and that none but he is to blame for it. The narrative is structured in a diegetic frame, telling the past events of the protagonist by separating them off from the present events. The narrative, consequently, swings back and forth from interjected flashbacks to flashforward scenes, suggesting a triumph of the Apollonian virtue over the Dionysian vice, as the yardstick to measure a man. In setting his locales and depiction of places, Hemingway employs Manichean dialectics, indicative of his internalizing an Orientalist perspective that places Africa as opposed to the West. The bipartite representation reflects the author’s subscription to the high Victorian values that he had absorbed while growing up. This paper contends that “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” embodies a dialectical struggle between the Apollonian virtue and the Dionysian vice in the human soul, presented as thesis and as antithesis. It attempts to decode the embedded binary symbols, illustrating that the usage of the imageries of the snow-capped mountains and the peaks, as opposed to the dusty plane of Africa infested with beasts, alludes to representation of life and death. Further, it asserts that the idea of Africa is feminized when Hemingway equates the continent with the image of Helen, making the latter a synecdoche of the former; and that this blending of hegemony and misogyny reinforces a politics of aesthetics that obliterates, distorts, and dehumanizes the image of Africa.

The Snows of Kilimanjaro: A Climate Journey From Rainforests to Summit

In the eastern half of equatorial Africa lies one of the most majestic and romanticized mountains in the world, the great Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Kilimanjaro is a volcanic mountain rising 5,...

Current Bibliography

Current Bibliography Steve Paul and Kelli A. Larson [The current bibliography aspires to include all serious contributions to Hemingway scholarship. Given the substantial quantity of significant critical work appearing on Hemingway’s life and writings annually, inconsequential items from the popular press have been omitted to facilitate the distinction of important developments and trends in the field. Annotations for articles appearing in The Hemingway Review have been omitted due to the immediate availability of abstracts introducing each issue. Kelli Larson welcomes your assistance in keeping this feature current. Please send reprints, clippings, and photocopies of articles, as well as notices of new books, directly to Larson at the University of St. Thomas, 333 JRC, 2115 Summit Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105-1096. E-Mail: Kalarson1@stthomas.edu.] _______ BOOKS Anderson, David L. Archetypal Figures in ‘The Snows of Kilimanjaro’: Hemingway on Flight and Hospitality. Kent, OH: Kent State UP, 2019. [Drawing on Karl Jung’s theories, Anderson analyzes the guest/host relationship and flight elements permeating Harry’s italicized memories, reading them as a continuation of universal archetypal plots used by other canonical authors familiar to EH such as Jack London, Joseph Conrad, and Victor Hugo. Traces EH’s use of hospitality and related man-on-trail (i.e. the individual pursued by death and in need of aid) plots throughout his oeuvre, devoting his greatest attention to key symbols and scenes from “Snows,” including the leopard carcass, mountain, and Harry’s death flight. Concludes that a close analysis of the italicized segments confirms Harry’s redemption as both artist and man. Includes a chronology of Harry’s life, endnotes, and index.] Elder, Robert K. Hemingway in Comics. Kent, OH: Kent State UP, 2020. [Exploration and compilation of the use of EH’s image and fictional persona in cartoon and graphic-novel treatments. Includes artistic inventions from around the world as well as faithful visual versions of EH’s work, such as OMS and “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber.” Heavily illustrated. Author’s encyclopedic, chronological perspective is augmented by contributed essays. See individual contributions arranged alphabetically by author under ESSAYS. Includes bibliography. Clear appeal to general, pop-culture readers in addition to EH scholars.] Emmerson, Charles. Crucible: The Long End of the Great War and the Birth of a New World, 1917–1924.New York: PublicAffairs, 2019. [History of the turbulent years as World War I ended and modernity emerged, told through a series of vignettes focused on important politicians, revolutionaries, artists, philosophers, and others of the era. Frequent references to EH throughout, covering topics including his wounding at the Italian front, marriage to Hadley Richardson, interest in bullfighting, and early journalistic career. Features a bibliography, extensive endnotes, and helpful index.] Faris, David. The Hemingway Industry. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2019. [Survey of important trends and developments in EH studies over the decades, highlighting, describing, and quoting liberally from a wealth of criticism by such well-known EH scholars as Linda Wagner-Martin, Suzanne del Gizzo, Alex Vernon, Kirk Curnutt, and Susan F. Beegel. Faris devotes a chapter to each major work (arranged chronologically from IOT to UK), briefly summing up content and commenting on its composition history and critical reception.] Feigel, Lara. The Bitter Taste of Victory: Life, Love, and Art in the Ruins of the Reich. New York: Bloomsbury P, 2016. [Cultural history of postwar occupied Germany, covering the experiences of American, British, and German writers and artists sent to observe the destruction and help in the reconstruction of a peaceful German society. Feigel focuses on such notables as EH, Martha Gellhorn, and George Orwell and their struggles to bring about cultural renewal amidst the bombed-out wreckage of Germany and “all-consuming pragmatism of Cold War politics.” Discusses EH’s tumultuous and competitive relationship with his third wife, Gellhorn, friendship with Marlene Dietrich, and role as war correspondent. Draws on histories, biographies, memoirs, letters, and interviews. Includes extensive notes and helpful index.] Fondazione Luca, ed. Hemingway and the Great War. Museo Hemingway e della Grande Guerra-Fondazione Luca Onlus, 2016. [Volume of essays devoted to Italy’s involvement in World War I and EH’s biographical and literary connections to the country. See individual contributions arranged...

A Better Source for Harry’s Gangrene: Medical Literature and “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”

A Better Source for Harry’s Gangrene: Medical Literature and “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”

Current Bibliography

Current Bibliography Kelli A. Larson [The current bibliography aspires to include all serious contributions to Hemingway scholarship. Given the substantial quantity of significant critical work appearing on Hemingway's life and writings annually, inconsequential items from the popular press have been omitted to facilitate the distinction of important developments and trends in the field. Annotations for articles appearing in The Hemingway Review have been omitted due to the immediate availability of abstracts introducing each issue. Kelli Larson welcomes your assistance in keeping this feature current. Please send reprints, clippings, and photocopies of articles, as well as notices of new books, directly to Larson at the University of St. Thomas, 333 JRC, 2115 Summit Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105-1096. E-Mail: KaLarson1@stthomas.edu.] Kelli A. Larson University of St. Thomas BOOKS Bean, Kendra and Anthony Uzarowski. Ava: A Life in Movies. Philadelphia, PA: Running P, 2017. [Biography of Ava Gardner with scattered references to her friendship with EH. Comments on her roles in the film productions of "The Killers," "The Snows of Kilimanjaro," and SAR.] Google Scholar Paul, Steve. Hemingway at Eighteen: The Pivotal Year That Launched an American Legend. Chicago, IL: Chicago Review P, 2018. [Detailed biography chronicling the events, experiences, and people of this formative year in the young writer's life. Paul covers EH's six month stint as a cub reporter for the Kansas City Star, later service in the Red Cross ambulance division in Italy during WWI, and subsequent wounding. Paul, a former Star re-porter and editor, explores the influence of EH's newspaper apprenticeship on his developing vision as an author and identifies un-bylined EH articles based on an examination of style and content. Includes over twenty black-and-white photographs along with endnotes, index, and bibliography. Reprints three Star articles. Draws on existing biographies, correspondence, John F. Kennedy Library archives, and other sources.] [End Page 165] Google Scholar ESSAYS Anderson, Eric Gary and Melanie Benson Taylor. "The Landscape of Disaster: Hemingway, Porter, and the Soundings of Indigenous Silence." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 59.3 (Fall 2017): 319-52. [Comparison study identifying EH as a southern writer despite critical reluctance to envision him as such. Examines how each author submerges personal wounding and cultural trauma in their writings about place, specifically focusing on the intersection of Indians and modernism. Concludes that EH's experiments with "indigeneity," though sometimes demonstrating settler colonial impulses, also acknowledge the presence of Indians through their decipherable silence. Discusses EH's "Indian Camp," "Ten Indians," "Big Two-Hearted River," "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber," THHN, and Porter's "Pale Horse, Pale Rider," among others.] Google Scholar Araki, Hirohiko. "Learn Storytelling from Hemingway." Manga in Theory and Practice: The Craft of Creating Manga. Trans. Nathan A. Collins. San Francisco, VIZ Media, 2017. 106-08. [Guide for aspiring authors. Araki illustrates the writing principle of "show, don't tell" through a brief examination of the criminals' dialogue in "The Killers."] Google Scholar Bass, Eleanor. "Ernest Hemingway and Agnes von Kurowsky." Yours Always: Letters of Longing. London: Icon Books, 2017. 102-07. [Briefly sums up the familiar circumstances surrounding EH's affair with Red Cross nurse Agnes von Kurowsky. Reprints both von Kurowsky's "Dear John" letter and EH's letter to friend Bill Horne detailing his painful response to their breakup.] Google Scholar Cirino, Mark and Amanda Kay Oaks. "Wise Blood: Menstruation, Fertility, and the 'Disappointment' in Hemingway's Across the River and into the Trees." The Hemingway Review 37.1 (Fall 2017): 55-66. Google Scholar Crews, Michael Lynn. "Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)." Books Are Made Out of Books: A Guide to Cormac McCarthy's Literary Influences. Austin, TX: U of Texas P, 2017. 263. [Comments on McCarthy's reference to EH's hawk metaphor in MF in his unpublished screenplay Whales and Men.] Google Scholar Dandeles, Gregory M. "You Give Them Money, They Give You a Stuffed Dog: Modernism and Survival in The Sun Also Rises." Great War Modernism: Artistic Response in the Context of War, 1914-1918. Ed. Nanette Norris. Lanhan, MD: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 2016. 133-43. [Reading the novel's treatment of trauma through the lens of Nietzsche's The...

The End of Something Short: Hemingway's Use of Repetition as A Closing Device in Five Short Stories

Note: This paper was presented at the 17th Biennial International Hemingway Society Conference on July 21, 2016, at Dominican University. The “zero ending” holds a prominent place in discussions about the craft and technical aspects of the short stories written by Ernest Hemingway. Scholars believe his use of it was influenced by the works of Anton Chekhov. Scholar Robert Paul Lamb discusses the “zero ending,” but he goes further in his analysis of Hemingway and introduces several new terms. In addition to the “open ending,” he presents the “rounded closed ending,” the “seeded closed ending,” and the “float-off.” Lamb’s efforts are noted in his critical research on Hemingway’s short story aesthetics.Although Lamb and other scholars have made notable contributions on Hemingway’s work as it relates to various techniques and literary devices, they have not adequately addressed his use of repetition in the closing sections of his short stories.This study, based on a comparative analysis of the stories, takes a closer look at this technique and offers a new way of understanding Hemingway’s craft. Specifically, this study focuses on his use of repetition as a closing device in five short stories, in order to show how he experimented and grew as a writer. The selected stories are featured in The Short Stories: The First Forty-Nine Stories with a Brief Preface by the Author. They include: “Up in Michigan,” “The Snows of Kilimanjaro,” “The Three-Day Blow,” “In Another Country,” and “Ten Indians.”This paper aims to extend the research on Hemingway’s writings. It argues explicitly for a new term or concept for his short story endings that relates specifically to his use of repetition. Having a new concept for current discussions should aid in moving the conversation beyond the “zero ending” and other previously discussed terms on this topic. A new concept may also serve as a lens through which the readers may see Hemingway’s use of repetition in a new light.In conclusion, it may be said that one cannot fully appreciate the genius of Hemingway’s craft without understanding the way in which he opened and ended his short stories. This study, which highlights his use of repetition in a way that has not been previously discussed in detail, is designed to shed light on the engaging way in which he ended a few of his stories.

The Defamiliarization of Death in Hemingway’s “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”

The Russian literary theorist Viktor Shklovsky is responsible for coining the term “defamiliarization,” which describes art’s ability to reawaken our senses by making the familiar unfamiliar. In his story “The Snows of Kilimanjaro,” Hemingway uses Harry’s weakening grasp on reality to defamiliarize his experience of his looming death. This essay analyzes Hemingway’s attempt to incorporate familiar objects in new and unfamiliar ways to convey Harry’s gradual demise.

From Memories To Counterfactuals: A Conceptual Journey In Ernest Hemingway’s “Snows Of Kilimanjaro”

Abstract The paper examines a number of unrealized and unauthentic narrative events in Ernest Hemingway’s “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” which, despite not being part of the main story line, are still emotionally charged as well as thoroughly and instantly engaging. I argue that our involvement in such counterfactual scenarios might be explained by the fact that we don’t feel it to be necessary to choose between the multiple developments of the story. In connection with this, I formulate the question whether this emergent narrative diversity has an implicit effect on the act of reading. It seems that the introduction of the counterfactual stories heightens the immersion effect of the story.

Ernest Hemingway’s Description of the Mountaintop in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” and Climate Change Research

The ice field of Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest peak of Africa, was made famous by Ernest Hemingway in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro.” Scientific evidence shows that the snows of Kilimanjaro are vanishing. When first reports of this meltdown linked it to global warming, natural scientists evoked the Hemingway story to reinforce the alarming message of the human-made climate change. Recent scientific observations suggest, however, that the disappearance of Kilimanjaro ice originates from hydroclimatic change rather than direct effects of global warming. Mount Kilimanjaro has thus become an icon of controversial climate change debates.

Current Bibliography

Current Bibliography Alyssa C. Adkins, Maureen Harrington, Annemarie Thompson, and Carolyn Wadle [The current bibliography aspires to include all serious contributions to Hemingway scholarship. Given the substantial quantity of significant critical work appearing on Hemingway’s life and writings annually, inconsequential items from the popular press have been omitted to facilitate the distinction of important developments and trends in the field. Annotations for articles appearing in The Hemingway Review have been omitted due to the immediate availability of abstracts introducing each issue. Kelli Larson welcomes your assistance in keeping this feature current. Please send reprints, clippings, and photocopies of articles, as well as notices of new books, directly to Larson at the University of St. Thomas, 333 JRC, 2115 Summit Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105-1096. E-Mail: KaLarson1@stthomas.edu.] Alyssa C. Adkins, Maureen Harrington, Annemarie Thompson, and Carolyn Wadle University of St. Thomas Books Spanier, Sandra, Albert J. DeFazio III, and Robert W. Trogdon, eds. The Letters of Ernest Hemingway Volume 2, 1923–1925. New York: Cambridge UP, 2013. [Including all known surviving letters from EH’s early Paris years, this is the second volume of an estimated seventeen-volume series of Hemingway’s correspondence. On a personal level, the letters show EH’s devotion to wife Hadley and son Bumby, growing passion for Spain, and blossoming friendship with Pauline Pfeiffer. Professionally, they document his transformative relationships with Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein and others of the Lost Generation, his stylistic and creative development including the publication of IOT and the writing of SAR, and his involvement with the influential little magazines of the period. Helpful endnotes follow each of the 242 letters, identifying references to people, places, and events. Includes useful introductory materials such as a detailed chronology of the covered years and maps. Extensive index.] [End Page 165] Google Scholar Essays Anderson, David L. “Analogues of the Deserter-in-the-Gauertal Incident: Philoxenia in ‘The Snows of Kilimanjaro.’” The Hemingway Review 33.1 (Fall 2013): 15–26. Google Scholar Armstrong, Richard. “The State of Things in Cuba: A Letter to Hemingway.” Introduction by Larry Grimes. In Hemingway, Cuba, and the Cuban Works. Eds. Larry Grimes and Bickford Sylvester. Kent, OH: Kent State UP, 2013. 75–83. [Reprints 1936 letter to EH from journalist Richard Armstrong in response to EH’s request for information on recent revolutionary activities as background for THHN. Armstrong discusses the status of the Communist party, reports terroristic killings, and describes the exile and death of automotive engineer Octavio Seigle. Grimes’s introduction details EH’s relationship with Armstrong and his use of Armstrong’s materials in his novel.] Google Scholar Arnaiz, Ned Quevedo. “Hemingway: His Impact in the Cuban Press Today.” In Hemingway, Cuba, and the Cuban Works. Eds. Larry Grimes and Bickford Sylvester. Kent, OH: Kent State UP, 2013. 327–354. [Annotated bibliography of Cuban publications on EH’s life in Cuba and Cuban works from 1970 through 2013. Closes with a list of Cuban conferences on EH beginning in 1986.] Google Scholar Avlon, John, Jesse Angelo and Errol Louis, eds. Deadline Artists: America’s Greatest Newspaper Columns. New York: Overlook P, 2012. 20–22, 215–216. [Reprints two of EH’s newspaper columns: “The Chauffeurs of Madrid” for the North American Newspaper Alliance (1937) and “Chicago Gang War” for The Toronto Star (1921).] Google Scholar Bain, Grant. “Fat Words, Fat Souls: Momaday, Hemingway, and the Nature of Truth.” CEA Critic 75.3 (November 2013): 303–309. [Draws on Julia Kristeva’s theories of language to read N. Scott Momaday’s House Made of Dawn as a response to the thematic interplay of truth and language found in “The Snows of Kiliamanjaro.” Bain contends that both works express the written word’s potential for conveying and corrupting truth; however, in EH’s story language exists largely to hide truth while in Momaday’s novel the word exists as truth, and is thus capable of generating truth.] Google Scholar Belknap, Tim. “Who Was Fatty Pearson?” Air & Space Smithsonian 27.5 (October/November 2012): 62–67. [Profiles the life of pilot Alexander Cuninghame “Fatty” Pearson. Belknap recounts Pearson’s stint as an African bush pilot, his time as a commander of a WW II...

“Pen,” “Pencil,” and “Penis” in Ernest Hemingway's THE SNOWS OF KILIMANJARO

In “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” (1936), Ernest Hemingway recounts the final hours of an erstwhile writer, Harry, who, together with his companion, Helen, 1 has returned to East Africa on a hunting sa...

Fat Words, Fat Souls: Momaday, Hemingway, and the Nature of Truth

����� ��� In this essay, I argue that N. Scott Momaday’s House Made of Dawn responds to a modernist understanding of the nature of truth and its relation to the written word. Specifically, Momaday’s novel responds to Ernest Hemingway’s “The Snows of Kilimanjaro,” which suggests a separation, and at times even an antagonism, between the written word and what can be understood as truth. At the heart of both texts is the nature of the word and the narrative form necessary for that word to convey truth. For Hemingway, the word is a vehicle for expressing the truth excavated from the soil of the writer’s life or, alternatively, a mask to veil that Truth. Hemingway’s image of the “fighter” burning the fat from his body suggests an antagonism between the writer and language. Momaday, on the other hand, understands the word as truth, which a writer must transmit without creating interference, without making it “fat” in the words of his character Reverend Big Bluff Tosomah. Momaday emphasizes language’s ability to generate Truth rather than merely expressing it. Both writers acknowledge the potential for corrupting Truth with language, and by reading Hemingway and Momaday in conversation with each other—and with Julia Kristeva’s theories on language and abjection—we gain a perspective from which language does not merely express truth but generates and affirms it as well. Hemingway and Momaday both position written language as closely intertwined with life and death. In “The Snows of Kilimanjaro,” Hemingway’s hero, Harry, constantly associates writing with death, which speaks to Julia Kristeva’s claim that language, literary language in particular, skirts an “apocalypse” at the “fragile border . . . where identities (subject/object, etc.) do not exist or only barely so” (207). According to Kristeva, literature reveals the abject by forcing us to confront the linguistic barrier we place between ourselves and meaninglessness and “compels language to come nearest to the human enigma, to the place where it kills, thinks, and experiences [enjoyment] all at the same time” (206). Hemingway’s Harry lingers on the fragile border between life and death while he lies dying of gangrene from an infected wound in his leg. Harry thinks of all the moments he “had saved to write” (42), for which death is often the centerpiece. “He had never written a line,” for example, of the winter day “Barker had flown across the lines to bomb the Austrian officers’ leave train, machine-gunning them as they scattered and ran” (42). Nor had he