Snow-capped Mountains Research Articles

Glacier Cover Estimation: a Multitemporal Retrospective Analysis of the Uruashraju Snow-capped Mountain (Ancash)

Objectives: To estimate the evolution of the glacier cover of the Uruashraju snow-capped mountain (Áncash, Peru) between the years 2014 and 2024, Theoretical framework: The research is framed in the context of climate change, specifically in the reduction of tropical glaciers. Andean glaciers are key indicators of global warming, and their retreat affects the availability of water resources, impacting sectors such as agriculture, human consumption and local biodiversity. Method: A cartographic analysis of satellite images obtained through the "Landsat 8-9 OLI/TIRS C2 L2" mission for the years 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2022 and 2024 was used. The images were downloaded from the USGS Earth Explorer platform and selected from the months of July to maintain temporal homogeneity. The spatial resolution used was 30 meters in visible, near infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands. Results and discussion: The results reveal a significant reduction of 37.28% in the glacier surface of the Uruashraju snow-capped mountain between 2014 and 2024. Despite some periods of temporary stabilization, the general trend is one of retreat due to climate change. This phenomenon affects water availability and poses risks for essential activities such as agriculture. Implications of the research: The research highlights the urgent need to take measures to mitigate the effects of climate change on Andean glaciers, since their loss compromises the water and economic security of local communities that depend on glacial resources. Originality/Value: This study offers a detailed and updated analysis of the evolution of glacier cover on the Uruashraju snow-capped mountain, providing relevant data for water resource planning and climate change adaptation strategies in the Andean region.

Technological advances in high mountains: Development of an augmented reality and IoT Application for snow cover monitoring on Huascaran, Peru

Climate change has had a negative impact on Andean glaciers, especially on the snow-capped Huascaran in Peru, which has experienced a loss of 42 % of its glacier mass. Lack of access to accurate snowpack data complicates understanding and informed decision-making in mountainous environments. To address this problem, an application has been developed based on an AR-IoT architecture that integrates augmented reality (AR) and the Internet of Things (IoT) for the periodic monitoring of snow cover on the Huascaran snow-capped mountain. This application uses data collected from meteorological repositories and simulates IoT interactions, while a mobile app offers an interactive and understandable visualization of the data. The Scrum methodology was applied iteratively, from the creation of the 3D model to the connection with the Ubidots platform to store and share the data. The analysis of 58 readings, obtained between April and May 2023, showed correlations between variables such as snow depth, temperature, and wind speed, which served to validate the operation of the AR-IoT technology implemented. These variables offer an initial understanding of atmospheric conditions in high mountains. In addition, the technology developed has the potential to expand to include more relevant data in future analyses. The tool demonstrates the effectiveness of combining these technologies for monitoring high mountain snow cover and making informed decisions about water resources management.

A relação entre a heterogeneidade da paisagem e os serviços ecossistêmicos em Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, México

[Introduction]: The variability of geographic space, in terms of the horizontal structure of landscapes, influences ecology and suggests an association between landscape heterogeneity indices (LHI) and ecosystem services (ES). This relationship is crucial for conservation and sustainable development in Latin America, given the diversity of landscapes, from tropical forests to snow-capped mountains and deserts, which harbor a unique wealth of biodiversity and ecological functions. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between LHI and ES. [Methodology]: Fourteen landscape heterogeneity indices and seven ecosystem services were calculated in Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca, and related to the estimated ecosystem services for the same area. [Results]: The models showed a statistically significant relationship between LHI and ES, suggesting that certain LHI can influence the provision and distribution of ES. [Conclusions]: Therefore, understanding how LHI affect ES is essential to promote sustainable development in Latin America.

Tense and Aspect in Balti Language: Morphological Perspective

Pakistan is a multilingual and multicultural country where 72 language diverse languages are used for communication. Gilgit-Baltistan is one of the most well-known northern regions for its stunning natural beauty, distinct landscapes, evergreen forests, snow-capped mountains, and rich cultural heritage. Most of the Gilgit-Baltistan regional languages have been studied historically and culturally, but a few studies address this from a linguistic perspective. Balti language is one of them. Balti is a member of the more extraordinary Tibeto-Burman language family, specifically the Western Tibetan branch of the Tibetan language family. The present study analyses the tense and aspect markers in the Balti language. This study contributes to the regional language of Pakistan and analyzes the language in the morphological domain that is not mostly touched yet; also, studying tense and aspect markers in the Balti language from a morphological perspective is crucial for understanding the language’s nuances within temporal expressions. The present study results show that Balti has a complex system of tense and aspect markers; using the qualitative research design, n= 50 root words (verbs) were collected from the Balti language within the framework of inflectional morphemes of tense markers for this study. Nine markers for tense and some of their aspect, including eḑ, en, s, yoḑ, and yoḑpə: set̪, ʊk, t̪ʊk, and sed̪ʊkt̪ʊk, are identified in the current study. These markers are attached to the corresponding root verbs to indicate the present simple, present progressive, past simple with progressive, future simple, and future participle. The study also develops a deep understanding of various future tense markers as connectors to root words based on the consonant and vowel sounds at the end of root words.

Characterization of groundwater storage changes in the Amazon River Basin based on downscaling of GRACE/GRACE-FO data with machine learning models

Groundwater storage changes in the Amazon River Basin (ARB) play an important role in the hydrological behavior of the region, with significant influence on climate variability and rainforest ecosystems. The GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite missions provide gravity anomalies from which it is possible to monitor changes in terrestrial water storage, albeit at low spatial resolution. This study downscaled GRACE and GRACE-FO data from machine learning models from 1° (110 km approx) to 0.25° (27.5 km approx). It estimated the spatiotemporal variability of terrestrial and groundwater storage anomalies between 2002 and 2021 for the Amazon River Basin. In parallel, the Random Forest and AdaBoost algorithms were compared and analyzed. The results reflected a good fit of the models with a very low error and a slight superiority in the predictions obtained by AdaBoost. On the predictions at 0.25°, spatial patterns associated with the strong influence on storage changes of some rivers and snow-capped mountains were identified, as well as an increase in the accuracy of the scaled data of the original ones. Positive long-term behavior was also obtained in terrestrial and groundwater storage of 14.26 ± 1.18 km3/yr and + 22.24 ± 1.18 km3/yr, respectively. Validation of the time series of groundwater anomalies to water levels in the monitoring wells obtained maximum correlation coefficients of 0.85 with confidence levels of 0.01. These results are promising for satellite information in water management, especially in regional monitoring of unconfined aquifers. The obtained data is stored in a dedicated repository (Satizábal-Alarcón et al., 2023).

Photo Art Project “First Ray”

The “First Ray” project was launched in 2009. According to the idea and concept developed, the shooting takes place in the high mountain systems of the Himalayas, Karakoram, and the Cordillera at dawn. The shooting aims to capture the first rays of the sun illuminating the snow-capped mountain peaks. A prerequisite for shooting is no later than two minutes after the first touch of the sun's ray to the peak. Since the sun is still deep below the horizon at this time, the lighting at the shooting point corre­sponds to twilight conditions, although the subject is in daylight conditions. This pro­vides additional opportunities for creative reinterpretation of the scene and presenta­tion of the result as an art object. The prerequisites for achieving the result are that the photographer should be located mostly at an altitude of 4000 metres. The height of the peaks to be photographed is from 6500 metres above sea level. The exposition is arranged according to the light, which allows for detail and draws the viewer’s at­tention to the idea of the project. Additionally, to enhance the impression, the sky was “dulled” in post-processing until details and colour disappeared completely.

TOURISTS SATISFACTION LEVEL ANALYSIS OF BASIC TOURISM FACILITIES: A STUDY IN HILL REGION OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

In Himachal Pradesh, the tourism industry is booming and supports both domestic and international travel in order to improve peoples quality of life and satiate their need for knowledge. Although the public sector has been essential in providing infrastructure, either directly or through Public Private Partnership (PPP) form, the travel and tourism sector is mostly one of private sector service providers. It is a multi-sectoral company that stands out for the variety of services the vendors provide. In the manufacturing industry, where both the supply chain and the finished product are equally important, it is quite analogous. Only a few examples include airlines, ground transportation, hotels, essential infrastructure, and other related sectors. Therefore, it is impossible to achieve the expansion of tourism until all the issues pertaining to the pertinent sectors are simultaneously addressed. The State has a wealth of scenic, natural, and cultural features to offer travellers. Himachal is enticing because of its snow-capped mountains, sparkling rivers, serene surroundings, great climate, and peaceful way of life. The state is rich in tribal culture, dialects, folklore, attire, and cuisine, particularly Himachal cuisine, in addition to its abundance of natural beauty. The State is equipped to draw visitors from a variety of demographics. However, improving accessibility and focusing on the right potential markets require infrastructure.

Augmented reality for innovation: Education and analysis of the glacial retreat of the Peruvian Andean snow-capped mountains

Mountain glaciers are considered great reservoirs of water, and their importance lies in the fact that many of our ecosystems and numerous communities depend on them; Peru has one of the largest extensions of Andean snow-capped mountains, which have been affected by the decline in their glacier coverage and that is warned, will disappear due to environmental conditions and alterations in the current global temperature. This problem has increased due to ignorance, misinformation, indifference, and lack of solidarity on the part of the population who favors this discouraging situation. Taking advantage of the current technological immersion, in which we live, the development of a mobile application was proposed as a pedagogical resource to raise awareness among educational institutions about the glacial retreat of the Peruvian Andean snow-capped mountains, showing the current situation of some of the snow-capped mountains of the Andes that have suffered a greater impact, implementing augmented reality technology to obtain an interactive link. To provide greater detail of the situation, previous studies were carried out on glacial retreats in two Peruvian snow-capped mountains over the last 40 years, where it was found that, of the snow-capped mountains considered, Chicon had a decrease of 32.5% of its glacier cover, and Pumahuanca had a decrease of 56.9%. Such results are exposed within the application to provide realistic data on the glacial conditions of both Peruvian snow-capped mountains, as well as the consequences and conservation techniques to mitigate and cope with deglaciation. Taking into consideration that environmental education from an early age turns out to be key to forming an informed and participatory society about climate change.

Contribution of Mountaineering Tourism to Nepalese Economy

Snow-capped mountains and Nepal are analogous. The mountains have become synonymous with Nepal. The mountains that run along Nepal's northern border have become not only a symbol of the country but also an important part of its economy. The nation and the Nepalese tourism industries have been branding the snow-capped mountains to attract tourists from around the world. Mountaineers around the world visit Nepal to conquer the mountains. In the process of mountaineering, Nepal has been generating a good amount of revenue. Hence, the paper tries to find out the contribution of mountain tourism to the Nepalese economy. For this purpose, the paper followed a correlation research design. The paper found a perfect connection between the number of mountaineers arriving in Nepal and the royalty collection from them. Hence, the increasing number of mountaineers ultimately determined the royalty collection from mountaineering. Nevertheless, the paper also disclosed that the number of expedition teams and mountaineers arriving in Nepal for mountaineering has a positive connection with the real gross domestic product (GDP) of Nepal.

Mountain Graticules: Bridging Latitude, Longitude, Altitude, and Historicity to Biocultural Heritage

The interdependence of biological and cultural diversity is exemplified by the new conservation paradigm of biocultural heritage. We seek to clarify obsolescent notions of nature, whereby cultural construction and identity markers of mountain communities need to reflect localized, situated, and nuanced understanding about mountainscapes as they are developed, maintained, managed, and contested in spatiality and historicity. Using the nexus of socioecological theory, we question whether a convergent approach could bridge montological knowledge systems of either different equatorial and temperate latitudes, western and eastern longitudes, hills and snow-capped mountain altitudes, or hegemonic and indigenous historicity. Using extensive literature research, intensive reflection, field observation, and critical discourse analysis, we grapple with the Nagoya Protocol of the Convention of Biological Diversity (COP 10, 2010) to elucidate the benefit sharing and linkages of biocultural diversity in tropical and temperate mountain frameworks. The result is a trend of consilience for effective conservation of mountain socioecological systems that reaffirms the transdisciplinary transgression of local knowledge and scientific input to implement the effective strategy of biocultural heritage conservation after the UN Decade of Biological Diversity. By emphasizing regeneration of derelict mountain landscapes, invigorated by empowered local communities, promoted by the Aspen Declaration, the UN Decade of Ecological Restoration, and the UN International Year of Mountain Sustainable Development, montological work on sustainable, regenerative development for 2030 can be expected.

Home Stay Tourism in Nepal

Tourism is the world's fastest growing industry. Nepal is one of the most beautiful countries in the world with lofty snowcapped mountains and scenic, peaceful settings. It has varieties of tourism resources, places of natural beauty, historical and cultural monuments, art, architecture, and festival set which are the best attractions to the foreign visitors in Nepal. Among various tourists are attractions in Nepal. Chitlang is one of the most scenic tourist destinations in Nepal. It is a land of natural scenery, the richbio-diversity, peaceful environment, and the ethnic diversity, the rich and diverse culture which attract visitors. The general objective of the study is to explore tourism prospect of rural tourism home stay. The respondents were selected by purposive sampling method in case of home stay survey and simple random sampling procedure was used for survey of visiting tourists and households. The sample size is selected 10 home stay owners selected from 18 home stay, and 18 different types of tourists (internal and external), 12 in Local people in total sampled data was 40 total. The study is based both on secondary and primary data collection from municipality profile, reports and direct fill up the structure questionnaire. The number of foreign tourists is found very low according to the local people. Local people were found very much interested and devoted for promoting tourism in the study area but there seems lack of co-ordination among the government authorities and local promoters and also lack of fund. In conclusion it can be said that deserves potentiality of becoming one of the best rural tourism destinations of the country and home stay was very effective to promote tourism. Therefore, package programs and tourism advertisement seem necessary to develop as a rural tourist destination.

HVDC gas-insulated equipment for future bulk power delivery

Entering the 21st century, the world's electric power structure will undoubtedly be advanced to one based on the rapidly growing, diversified and co-progressive renewable energy from a coal-dominated one. The development of deep- and far-sea offshore wind power is considered one such vital source for the generation of future energy infrastructure in China's 14 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) for the National Economic and Social Development of China. It is estimated that from 2022 to 2025, the newly installed offshore wind power capacity will be increased to more than 300 GW. The investment cost of the offshore platform can be significantly decreased by adopting small gas-insulated switchgear in conjunction with submarine cable, which is a novel strategy to build large-scale offshore wind power stations in the future. Furthermore, the clean energy transmission from south-eastern Tibet to the Greater Bay Area (±800 kV DC power transmission project) faces harsh natural environmental conditions such as snow-capped mountains and uninhabited areas. The gas-insulated power transmission line provides a superior option instead of the traditional outdoor power transmission lines and cables.

Go, Sled! Go! by James Yang

Reviewed by: Go, Sled! Go! by James Yang Kara Forde Yang, James Go, Sled! Go!; written and illus. by James Yang. Viking, 2022 [40p] Trade ed. ISBN 9780593404799 $18.99 E-book ed. ISBN 9780593404805 $10.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R 2-6yrs Amid snow-capped mountains, a kid with a pointy red stocking cap ascends a wintery peak towing a sled. At the top, the text trumpets, “Go, sled! Go!” but as the sled begins its descent, a bunny appears in its path. “Oh, bunny! No!,” the kid shouts, and at the last second the bunny hops aboard. The sled continues downhill until a snowman, a moose, a penguin, and a baker all pile in, but they’re hurtling toward a stop sign. Yang, of Stop! Bot! read-aloud fame, delivers another silly picture book with a similar premise, this time starring a runaway sled. The color-block digital illustrations use diagonal lines and sharp geometric shapes to increase the rising tension of the plot, and the warm yellow, orange, and red hues of the characters (and the stop sign) contrast nicely with the cool blue and white background tones. Observant readers will notice a parallel storyline of a fox who desperately tries to catch up with the overloaded sled, reminiscent of a younger sibling accidentally left out of the fun. Conversational interplay between an unseen narrator and the character’s speech bubbles, plus the centrality of little-kid-friendly interjections (“No!” and “Stop!” and “Go!”), make this a zippy winter storytime selection––just be prepared for requests for steaming cups of cocoa. Copyright © 2022 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Effects of Covid -19 Pandemic on Tourism in Kashmir

Tourism is defined as leisure travel. Tourism generates jobs and promotes long-term growth, benefiting local economies. The Mughal emperor Jahangir called it "paradise on Earth." Snow-capped mountains, enchanting gardens, majestic waterfalls, apple orchards, deep gorges, and poplar, deodar, and chinar trees are among JK's top attractions. Tourism is big business in JK. Tourism, the country's largest service industry, boosts the state's GDP, foreign exchange, employment, and tax revenue. Jammu and Kashmir are popular tourist destinations due to their successful development. The Covid-19 outbreak hit Kashmir just as the tourist season was starting, dampening spirits. Travel and tourism have spread a novel coronavirus that is highly contagious. This jeopardises the industry's future. This paper examines how the COVID-19 lockdown has affected the tourism industry and other activities. COVID-19 is expected to have significant effects on Kashmir tourism through 2020, resulting in reduced visitor numbers and travel restrictions. The pandemic had severe consequences for the economic development of Kashmir Valley, located in the Indian state of Kashmir. Poorer people (tourist stakeholders) were also severely harmed; the findings show the COVID-19 pandemic's early effects on tourism and cost.

An Introduction to The Buddhist Cultural Values and Social Life of Himachali People in India

Himachal Pradesh is a Northern State of India and bears particular types of geographical, cultural and social characteristics. Nowhere in the world that we find this type of cultural and strange social milieu. Geographically, it is a mountainous area with thousands of dangerous precipices with scenic splendour with many of the Himalaya snow-capped mountains. From mountain to mountain, from province-to-province narrow roads are present and they are extremely unsafe. Environmentally it is the most suitable place for man to lead a happy and healthy life. People are fortunate enough to breathe fresh air and use pure water. Their religious and cultural values are of a unique character and the social life can also be considered to be peaceful and exemplary in nature. Buddhist monasteries in the Himalayan region have been having a profound impact on the cultural and social life of the people for centuries. Some of the aspects of Buddhist cultural values remain unnoticed. This paper tries to prove that there is exceptionality in Himachal culture and its social life. The objective of this research is to show the peculiarity of the Himachal life style to the rest of the world. The research method used in this research work is a qualitative research method based on observed empirical information, and secondary documents are also used.

Effects of Covid -19 Pandemic on Tourism in Kashmir

Tourism is defined as leisure travel. Tourism generates jobs and promotes long-term growth, benefiting local economies. The Mughal emperor Jahangir called it "paradise on Earth." Snow-capped mountains, enchanting gardens, majestic waterfalls, apple orchards, deep gorges, and poplar, deodar, and Chinar trees are among J&amp;K's top attractions. Tourism is big business in J&amp;K. Tourism, the country's largest service industry, boosts the state's GDP, foreign exchange, employment, and tax revenue. Jammu and Kashmir is a popular tourist destination due to its successful development. The Covid-19 outbreak hit Kashmir just as tourist season was starting, dampening spirits. Travel and tourism have spread a novel corona virus that is highly contagious. This jeopardizes the industry's future. This paper examines how the COVID-19 lockdown has affected the tourism industry and other activities. COVID-19 is expected to have significant effects on Kashmir tourism through 2020, resulting in reduced visitor numbers and travel restrictions. That the pandemic had severe consequences for the economic development of Kashmir Valley, located in the Indian state of Kashmir. Poorer people (tourist stakeholders) were also severely harmed, the findings show. COVID-19 pandemic early effects on tourism and cost.

SCOPE OF VARIOUS PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA - A REVIEW

The major problem in drug manufacture nowadays is that many bacteria have evolved and became resistant to some particular drugs, these bacteria are referred to as multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR). The major reason for this being the overuse of antibiotics for the healthcare of people in the recent past. These multidrug resistant bacteria have reduced the efficiency of already existing drugs and also increased the expenditure of newer drugs and healthcare facilities. Therefore, novel and effective new drugs and innovative new therapies are urgently needed to treat MDR infections. From ancient times people have always tried to find cure for their health-related problems from the nature and the same has been the case in finding a solution to these multidrug resistant bacteria. So, in recent times studies have been conducted on different phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phytosterol etc. of plant origin to check their antimicrobial property against multidrug resistant bacteria. The Middle East comprises of a wide spectrum of plant diversity with over 20,000 different species in habitats ranging from deserts to snow-capped mountains. This review will help in considering certain phytoconstituents for preparation of drugs against multidrug resistant bacteria and solving this increasing problem which is to make drugs against multidrug resistant bacteria.

Effects of Covid -19 Pandemic on Tourism in Kashmir

Tourism is defined as leisure travel. Tourism generates jobs and promotes long-term growth, benefiting local economies. The Mughal emperor Jahangir called it "paradise on Earth." Snow-capped mountains, enchanting gardens, majestic waterfalls, apple orchards, deep gorges, and poplar, deodar, and Chinar trees are among J&amp;K's top attractions. Tourism is big business in J&amp;K. Tourism, the country's largest service industry, boosts the state's GDP, foreign exchange, employment, and tax revenue. Jammu and Kashmir is a popular tourist destination due to its successful development. The Covid-19 outbreak hit Kashmir just as tourist season was starting, dampening spirits. Travel and tourism have spread a novel corona virus that is highly contagious. This jeopardises the industry's future. This paper examines how the COVID-19 lockdown has affected the tourism industry and other activities. COVID-19 is expected to have significant effects on Kashmir tourism through 2020, resulting in reduced visitor numbers and travel restrictions. That the pandemic had severe consequences for the economic development of Kashmir Valley, located in the Indian state of Kashmir. Poorer people (tourist stakeholders) were also severely harmed, the findings show. COVID-19 pandemic early effects on tourism and cost.

Escuela-Montaña: desmontar el poder desde la altura

Between the harsh seasons and inclement weather, forgotten and devoid of teachers, transportation, modern infrastructure and educational materials, reaching the field-schools of the mountains can take hours of steep walking for primary school children and small infants, in which the difficulties of rural areas and the hardness of the height may not be the greatest challenge of all. Well, without any privilege, crossing hills and mountains, they are boys and girls who come out of nowhere to conquer everything. From this premise, the study proposes to enlarge the relationship between School-Mountain (MS) in order to forge not only a renewed notion or real line that allows responding to the current dilemmas and challenges of the time, but also allows finding some action engines cast and forged from the heart of the mountain, one that has the ability and spirit to slay the killer. In this way, in line with studies that propose beheading the emperor or provoking an atypical telluric event in the regions of power, this study deposits its soul and spirit within works parameterized by documentary research within the framework of the norms pre-established by the PRISMA methodology. From the results it can be stated that, in that place of glaciers and snow-capped mountains destined to disappear over the years, the high-altitude inhabitants not only lack multiple attentions, but in addition to being out in the open, their cumbersome and brutal onslaught has the impact of strong misadventures, where the school, like never before governs its own challenges.

Present Situation and Countermeasures of Ecotourism Resources Development in Tibet

With the improvement of people s leisure time and the strengthening of the country s development of the western region, the construction of the western region is speeding up, and people s yearning for the mysterious western region is becoming increasingly prominent. Tibet s unique natural ecology and social and historical process have created its unique tourism resources. Plateau, mountains, snow-capped mountains, glaciers, forests, grasslands, lakes, hot springs, geothermal water, etc. constitute a unique natural landscape. Spectacular temples and ancient buildings, strong religious atmosphere and charming eco-tourism resources in Tibet constitute a unique natural wonder, which has great development potential in developing eco-tourism in Tibet. According to the superior conditions of Tibet s eco-tourism resources, this paper starts with the characteristics of Tibet s eco-tourism resources and the development of Tibet s tourism industry, and concludes that there are some problems in the current development of Tibet s eco-tourism resources, such as backward propaganda and development, single types of tourism products, poor infrastructure conditions, lack of effective management, and weak awareness of environmental protection , and analyzes and summarizes the relevant countermeasures for developing Tibet s eco-tourism resources.