Sn Anode Research Articles

Thermodynamic investigation of phase transformation in Sn anode for magnesium batteries

Metallic Mg anodes are incompatible with conventional electrolytes, such as Mg(BF4)2 or Mg(ClO4)2, due to the formation of a passivation layer that blocks the transport of Mg ions, thus limiting the selection of electrolytes and cathodes. Alloying anode materials for Mg batteries, such as Sn and its intermetallics, have recently been proposed as a new class of anode materials for Mg-ion batteries to address the issues of incompatibility with the conventional electrolytes. However, the large changes in the volume of the Mg–Sn alloy during cycling lead to poor Coulombic efficiency and rapid capacity degradation. The underlying reasons for how the structural changes hamper electrochemical performance remain unclear. In this work, we perform a theoretical study of the Mg–Sn alloys to have a deeper insight into the alloying process and the phase transformation in the Sn anode. This work is the first in-depth computational study that combines density functional theory and cluster expansion to investigate the phase transition process in the Mg–Sn system that includes Mg2Sn, α-Sn, and β-Sn structures. We considered three possible routes for the transformation pathway from Mg2Sn to β-Sn: Mg2Sn → α-Sn → β-Sn, Mg2Sn → β-Sn, and Mg2Sn → amorphous phase → β-Sn. Our study shows that the transformation of Sn between its α- and β-phases hinders the alloying process. This hindrance, together with the amorphization of the alloy, is revealed to be the key factor to understand the poor electrochemical performance of the Mg–Sn alloy.

Achieving long cycle sodium-ion storage by an “top-down” size control strategy on Sn-based anode

Size control is one of the important strategies to improve the sodium-ion storage performance of Sn-based anode materials. However, the traditional control strategy of “bottom-up” methods still needs to be improved because of their complex processes to obtain nanostructures in Sn anodes. Herein, a simple “top-down” strategy is adopted to realize ultra-small Sn nanoparticles (∼25 nm). This strategy employs in-situ phase transformation technology of Sn nanoparticles, decreasing the size of Sn nanoparticles from 125 to 25 nm successfully. Benefiting from this nanostructure, these ultra-small Sn nanoparticles achieve long cycle sodium-ion storage performance during cycling. As an anode material for sodium-ion batteries, the electrode exhibits a reversible capacity of 387.2 mAh•g−1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 1 A•g−1. Further characterization shows that it has good kinetics performance and structural stability. This work can provide ideas toward the structural design of Sn-based anode to obtain high electrochemical performance in future.

Tin-cobalt bimetals in 2D leaf-like MOF-derived carbon for advanced lithium storage applications

Tin-based (Sn) composite materials have exhibited a promising potential to substitute traditional graphite because of their appreciable specific capacity and improved safety. However, pure metallic Sn anode suffers from poor capacity retention in long-term cycling caused by large volumetric changes. Herein, a binary Sn-Co alloy was embedded in a carbon matrix derived from nitrogen-doped two-dimensional (2D) leaf-like metal-organic-framework (MOF) via a facile one-step approach. A uniform distribution of Sn-Co alloy particles was obtained. The generated 2D leaf-like carbon framework not only served as a conductive matrix to promote electronic conduction, but also acted as a buffer phase to relieve pulverization. As an electrode material, this composite showed a high specific capacity, favorable initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 65%, and superior rate performance even under high current density (10 C). In the long-term cycling test (700 cycles), it displayed an excellent reversible specific capacity of 604 mAh g−1 with no capacity reduction. These results demonstrated the expected advantages of the Sn-Co@C composite electrode for advanced lithium storage.

Stabilizing Microsized Sn Anodes for Na-Ion Batteries with Extended Ether Electrolyte Chemistry

Stabilizing Microsized Sn Anodes for Na-Ion Batteries with Extended Ether Electrolyte Chemistry

Galvanically replaced artificial interfacial layer for highly reversible zinc metal anodes

Interface modification is considered as a straightforward strategy to regulate the electrochemical environment of metal anodes and to provide a physically protective interphase. Herein, we develop galvanically replaced artificial interfacial layers, where Sn, Sb, and Bi layers are uniformly grown on Zn anodes, for use in high-performance aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries. The corrosion and dendrite formation of Zn metal are inhibited by manipulating the uniform Zn deposition behavior and facile plating/stripping, as verified by electrochemical characterizations and postmortem, in situ optical, and computational analyses. Considering that the thickness, morphology, and crystallinity of the interfacial layers vary depending on their chemical identity, the Sn modified Zn anode (Zn|Sn) exhibits the optimum electrochemical performance owing to its highest Zn affinity and hierarchical structure. Consequently, symmetric cells with Zn|Sn anodes demonstrate stable plating/stripping over 2200 h at 1 mA cm−2 and a long cycle life of 2000 h at a high current density of 4 mA cm−2. In particular, the full cells by pairing Zn|Sn with β-MnO2 deliver a high capacity of 92.8 mA h g−1 even at a high current rate of 5000 mA g−1, 73% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g−1, and improved cycle stability under low N/P ratio (<50) and high cathode mass loading (∼15.8 mg cm−2).

First-principles prediction on antimony-doping effects on the cyclic stability of tin anodes for lithium-ion batteries.

Tin-based materials are considered as promising anode materials for advanced Li-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their relatively high capacity and suitable working voltage, but they suffer from poor structural stability during electrochemical cycling. Herein, we present the possibility that the cyclic stability of the Sn LIB anode can be enhanced by adding a small amount of antimony (Sb), based on first-principles investigation of lithiation behavior of amorphous Sn doped with 3 at% Sb. At low Li contents (x < 1.5 in a-LixSn0.97Sb0.03), our simulations show that the preferential reaction of Li with Sb over Sn tends to lead to the formation of small lithiated Sb clusters. However, the aggregated Sb, if any, become fully separated upon further lithiation, implying that they may remain well dispersed in the lithiation/delithiation process if the Sb-doping concentration is sufficiently low. The weak aggregation and preferential lithiation tendency of Sb in the Sb-doped Sn anode can be expected to contribute to enhancing its structural stability during cycling, in comparison with pure Sn and SnSb alloy cases. We also compare lithiation-induced changes in the electrochemical, transport and mechanical properties between the Sb-doped and pure Sn systems. Our study highlights the importance of low concentration and uniform distribution of Sb in order to obtain desired properties of Sb-doped Sn as an anode for LIBs. This finding also provides some hints for the further development of Sn-based anodes via fine-tuning of doping.

Stabilizing Sn anodes nanostructure: Structure optimization and interfacial engineering to boost lithium storage

The practical application of Sn-based material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is hindered by the fast capacity fade due to the large volume expansion and the instability of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film. Based on structural optimization and interfacial engineering theories, phosphorus-modified Sn nanoclusters encapsulated by graphene (P-Sn/NG) were designed and prepared through phosphorization process. Phosphorus modification optimize the nanostructure of the P-Sn/NG composite into nano/micro primary particles, and modify the material interface to an amorphous state. Thus, the stability of the SEI film was improved, the initial Coulombic efficiency was enhanced (82.2% on average), and the ion transmission efficiency was accelerated. As a result, the P-Sn/NG electrode showed superior cycling stability and rate capability (maintained 620.4 mA h g−1 after 3200 cycles at 5.0 A g−1) for half cells, as well as for full cells. Furthermore, the mechanism for performance improvement was revealed in detail. This work provides a new avenue for the practical application of Sn-based and other high-performance lithium-ion battery materials.

Direct Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis on a Sn-doped CuWO4/Sn Anode and an Air-Breathing Cathode

Direct Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis on a Sn-doped CuWO₄/Sn Anode and an Air-Breathing Cathode

Phase transformation mechanism and stress evolution in Sn anode

Diffusion-induced stresses in Sn, a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries owing to its high specific capacity, depend significantly on the phase transformation mechanism. In this study, an in-situ X-ray diffraction study is performed to reveal the phase transformation mechanism in Sn as functions of the discharge rate and Sn anode dimensions. In a 500 nm-thick Sn thin-film discharged at C/9 or a 100 nm-thick Sn thin-film discharged at 0.1 C, the Sn phase transforms sequentially to Li2Sn5, followed by β-LiSn and a-Li7Sn3 in three steps, where each step involves reaction-controlled lithiation. However, in a 500 nm-thick Sn thin-film discharged at 2 C or a 2 μm-thick Sn thin-film discharged at 0.1 C, the a-Li7Sn3 phase is directly formed via one-step reaction-controlled lithiation between Sn and a-Li7Sn3. A transition from three-step to one-step results in a steep gradient in the mismatch strain, thereby causing early failure. Finite element simulations show a lower J-integral for the three steps compared with that of a one-step reaction, thereby confirming previously reported experimental observations. For a specified transformation mechanism, the J-integral is lower for smaller Sn micropillars. Therefore, the mechanical reliability of the Sn anode can be enhanced significantly when lithiated under phase transformation mechanism involving three-reaction-controlled lithiations, as well as utilizing a small Sn anode measuring less than 200 nm.

Structural design and interfacial characteristics endow NaTi2(PO4)3 coated zinc anode with high capacity and better cycling stability

Metal zinc is used as anode in aqueous zinc-ion batteries due to its environmental protection, abundant storage, and high theoretical capacity. However, zinc anode has many challenges such as side reactions and zinc dendrites, which impede the further development of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. A facile strategy of constructing Sn doped NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP/Sn) protective layer on surface of zinc anode ([email protected]/Sn) was adopted to enhance the cycling stability of zinc anode in this work. Sn doped NaTi2(PO4)3 was used to realize high-performance zinc anode via the structure design and interfacial characteristics, which are beneficial to accelerating transfer of Zn2+ and improving interface performance. The average voltage hysteresis of [email protected]/Sn symmetric cell is only 17.4 mV at the current density of 0.4 mA cm−2, which is much lower than that of bare Zn (75.8 mV) and [email protected] (43.7 mV) symmetric cells. Furthermore, Zn-MnO2 full cell using [email protected]/Sn anode also shows good cycling performance. After 500 cycles at a current density of 1.2 A g−1, [email protected]/Sn-MnO2 full cell has the highest capacity of 124.2 mAh g−1. While the bare Zn-MnO2 and [email protected]2 full cells only have 39.3 mAh g−1 and 74.2 mAh g−1. The excellent electrochemical performance is related to improvement of wettability, increase of cell volume, and reduction of side reactions. In general, this work realizes a synergistic strategy combining structural design and interfacial modification by doping Sn for NTP as a protective coating layer for zinc anode, which provides a simple strategy for high-performance rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

X-Ray CT Measurement and Performance Evaluation of All Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery with Sn Anode

Stannum (Sn) is investigated as a high-capacity anode for all-solid-state Lithium-Ion batteries. It is focused much attention because of its high theoretical capacity (990 mAh/g), which is much higher lithium storage capacity than that of graphite (372 mAh/g). However, poor cycling stability and coulombic efficiency hinder their practical use in Li-ion batteries. These drawbacks mainly result from the huge volume change of Sn (255% when 4.25 Li is inserted per a Sn), leading to a loss of electric contact, pulverization, and cracking. Therefore, it can be considered that there is a deep relationship between electrode structure and performance.In this study, to elucidate the relationship between electrode structure and performance of all-solid-state battery using Sn as the anode active material we compare the Sn anode with Sn weight ratio of 50wt% and 70wt%. The Sn anode structure is measured with in-situ X-ray CT measurement and the three-dimensional structure is compared to the electrode performance.To prepare the composite electrode, 5:5 and 7:3 (Sn : SE) weight ratio of Sn powder (38 um) and Li6PS5Cl were mixed by agate mortar and pestle. Anode half cells were then assembled and within 1 mm diameter polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cell dies at 400 MPa, and cells were cycled at a constant stress of 100 MPa In-situ X-ray CT with Molybdenum (Mo) target X-ray（nano3DX, Rigaku）was used to determine the structure of the composite electrode at a voxel size of 1.24 µm. And electrode performances were evaluated by potentiogalvanostat in the current of 0.05C.Figure 1 shows the X-ray CT images of the Sn anode with different Sn weight ratio ((a) 50 wt%, (b) 70 wt%). Sn regions are shown by blue and solid electrolyte (SE) regions are shown by yellow. Table.1 shows the electrode structure parameters calculated from the X-ray CT images shown in fig.1. The discharge capacity of Sn anode is dramatically increased by increasing in the Sn weight ratio (95 to 403 mAh/g). The tortuosity of SE network is increased with the increase in Sn weight ratio (1.43 to 2.15), which has a negative influence on the lithium-ion transportation in anode. It is considered that resistance of the SE network is increased with the increase of Sn weight ratio. Moreover, the contact specific surface area between SE and Sn is increased with the increase of Sn weight ratio (94.9×103 to 117×103 m2/m3). This increase of specific surface area of contact is corresponding to the decrease of interface resistance between SE and Sn in anode. The growth of discharge capacity can be derived from the decrease of interface resistance with the increase in specific surface area of contact between SE and Sn. Moreover, we also measured the expansion and contraction of the active material during charging and discharging, but the structural changes were not enough to explain the above performance differences.From the mentioned above, it can be said that as the Sn weight ratio increases, the resistance of the SE network is increased with the increase of tortuosity, but the interface resistance decreases due to the increase in the specific surface area of contact between SE and Sn, which leads to increase of electrode performance.This work is supported by JKA foundation (2020-1155). Figure 1

Development and Evaluation of Sn Foil Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Metal foil electrodes are simple to prepare and have a high active material loading, making them well suited for the fabrication of inexpensive high-energy-density batteries. Herein, Sn metal foil is used as a binder- and conductive additive-free anode for sodium-ion batteries, achieving a high reversible specific capacity of 692 mAh g-1 and coulombic efficiency of 99% after 100 cycles at a rate of 0.1 C. During the first discharge process, the anode undergoes area expansion. It then splits into multiple parts during the first-charge process. Upon cycling, the separated parts reconnect and form a single piece with a porous and robust coral structure owing to the self-healing nature of the anode. A full cell with a Sn foil anode and Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 cathode shows a stable cycle life of 100 mAh g-1 for 300 cycles. Thus, the cracking or pulverization of the Sn anode is not the principal origin of poor cycling properties. The adopted strategy will promote the development and commercialization of high-capacity metal foil anodes that undergo volume changes during charge/discharge cycling.

Mechanical prelithiation of Sn/C@ZrO2 yolk-shell anode for full cell cycling

Tin anode is a great hope in lithium-ion batteries for its encouragingly high theoretical capacity. However, the huge capacity fading and short cycle life of pure Sn powder anode always fail to live up to our expectations. Currently, the huge volume expansion (~300%) is acknowledged as the chief culprit to the pulverization of pure Sn, which deteriorates severely the cycle performance. Coating an artificial layer on Sn particles followed by pre-constructing a void space is generally thought a savior to this generic problem of alloying anodes besides Sn. Although with the aid of interspace to accommodate volume expansion, a higher Coulombic efficiency as well as improved capacity retention is achieved in half-cell test where more than enough lithium inventory is supplied, the performance is usually quite poor when it comes to a well-matched full cell. Careful examination reveals the fact that too much lithium has been consumed in parasitic reactions before reaching a stable cycling is attributed to such a frustrating dilemma, making prelithiation critical for real applications of tin anode materials. Herein, we prepared Sn/C@ZrO2 yolk-shell structure and then its electrochemical performance is examined. This newly developed anode material delivered a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 80.92% and an outstanding cycle stability presented with 800 cycles in half-cell, far more superior than the pure Sn anode which suffered a striking capacity loss of 90% within merely 200 cycles. More significantly, a mechanical prelithiation method for slurry-casting anodes was introduced in this paper. After this strategy was applied in Sn/C@ZrO2 anode, the prelithiated anode showed a favorable full-cell performance when matched against LFP cathode. The initial Coulombic efficiency reached 90.25%, and the Coulombic efficiency could achieve 99% from the 3rd cycle. The encouraging improvement of cycle performance and specific capacity will greatly help researchers regain the confidence on coated Sn anode for high-performance lithium-ion full cells.

Remarkably improved cycling stability of 3D porous Cu–Sn anode for lithium-ion full cells by adjusting working voltage range

Numerous studies confirm that three dimensional porous Cu–Sn (3DP Cu–Sn) anode possesses good application prospect in light of its desirable electrochemical performance on lithium ion half cells, but there are a few related systematic researches on lithium ion full cells until now, which is indispensable before its commercialization. Herein, the effects of galvanostatic charge-discharge voltage range on the cycling stability of 3DP Cu–Sn anode for lithium ion full cells are investigated systematically. The results show that the suitable charge-discharge voltage range plays a key role in improving the reversible capacity and cycling stability of the 3DP Cu–Sn||LiCoO2 full cell, which is closely related to maintaining the electrode structure stable by controlling the amount of Li+ extracted and inserted. Especially, in the voltage range of 1.2–3.9 ​V, the full cell exhibits remarkably improved electrochemical properties with the high initial reversible capacity of 2.71 ​mAh cm−2 and 71.95% capacity retention upon 80 cycles. We believe that this work can provide a significant reference for the practical application of porous Sn-based anodes.

Effect of Sn, Cu, and Ag Modification on Electrochemical Performance and Carbon Tolerance of Biogas-Operated Ni/YSZ and Ni/ScCeSZ SOFC Anodes

This work demonstrates the effect of Sn, Cu, and Ag modification on the electrochemical performance and carbon tolerance of biogas-operated Ni/YSZ and Ni/ScCeSZ SOFC anodes. The tested cells were fabricated from commercial materials via aqueous tape casting method. A reverse co-casting technique was utilized to manufacture GDC-ScCeSZ-Ni/ScCeSZ half cells. An LSCF (La0.6Sr0.4Cr0.2Fe0.8O3) cathode was painted on the sintered half cells to ensure good performance at intermediate operating temperatures (700-800 °C). 1 wt% of Sn, Cu, and Ag (respect to Ni) were infiltrated into the anode scaffold and followed by calcination at different temperatures. Prepared cells were firstly tested at 700-800 °C in hydrogen fuel (H2:N2=3:1) for 24 h and then switched to simulated biogas (CH4:CO2:N2=2:1:1) for another 24 h. Electrochemical characterizations such as OCV, I-V, potentiostatic, galvanostatic, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed on each SOFC single cell. Scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) were conducted to analyse the microstructure, surface elemental distribution, and electrochemical catalyst crystal structure of the prepared anodes, respectively.The obtained experimental results were compared with our previous work on 1 wt% Sn, Cu and Ag doped Ni/YSZ anodes. Carbon deposition on the modified Ni/YSZ anode surface was successfully suppressed after 24 h simulated biogas operation at 750 °C. Furthermore, the addition of a small amount of dopant significantly improved the electrochemical performance and long-term stability under dry methane reforming condition, especially for Sn and Ag-doped anodes. Cu agglomeration might occur at high operating temperature because of copper’s low melting point, resulting in unchanged cell performance under biogas operation. Therefore, the Cu-doped Ni/ScCeSZ/LSCF cells are expected achieve better cell performance at slightly reduced operating temperature.

Effect of Sn, Cu, and Ag Modification on Electrochemical Performance and Carbon Tolerance of Biogas-Operated Ni/YSZ and Ni/ScCeSZ SOFC Anodes

The Ni-based anodes with different electrolyte (YSZ and ScCeSZ) were modified by 1 wt% Sn, Ag, and Cu. Dopant precursors were added to porous anode via infiltration technique. Prepared cells were tested under simulated biogas with fuel composition of CH4:CO2:N2=2:1:1 at 750°C. Cell operational stability was significantly improved with the presence of Sn or Ag in the anode. More importantly, Sn-doped cell exhibited comparable maximum power density in biogas as with hydrogen. Carbon deposition on Sn and Ag-doped anode surface was successfully prevented, hence, using Sn and Ag is a promising approach to improve Ni-based anode cells under dry methane reforming conditions.

Stabilization effect of solid-electrolyte interphase by electrolyte engineering for advanced Li-ion batteries

Sn-based materials have been highlighted as promising anodes for next-generation batteries; however, such alloying-based anodes suffer from gradual cell degradation caused by the associated large volume changes, leading to particle pulverization and an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). A key to constructing a stable SEI as well as effectively buffering the large volume expansion is to establish appropriate electrolyte conditions. In this work, to induce the formation of a favorable SEI layer, a Sn anode is paired with an electrolyte composed of eutectic succinonitrile (SN) combined with fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) for the first time. Whereas conventional electrolytes are prone to form organic SEI components, which are vulnerable to large volume changes, the combination of SN and FEC enables the formation of a mechanically rigid SEI that is mainly composed of favorable inorganics such as LiF and Li3N. The synergistic effects of SN and FEC result in superior cycle performance of the Sn anode with improved efficiency compared with that achieved using conventional carbonate electrolytes. The modified SEI layer was closely investigated using various surface analysis techniques, with the individual effects of SN and FEC extracted. The rational design of the electrolyte provides a simple yet effective approach to enhance the electrochemical performance of Sn anodes and can be further extended to other alloying-based anode materials.

Verification of electrolyte decomposition in lithium-ion batteries: Based on the unique bowling-like Sn@C/EG-S composite

The practical application of alloy materials has been limited due to the huge volume expansion during the lithiation/delithiation process. Designing reasonable structure is an effective method to alleviate volume expansion. Therefore, various structures are synthesized, for example, 1D nanorods, 2D nanosheets, 3D nanospheres, and so on. However, the synthesis of special structures usually has to go through a complex process and expensive, which is not conducive to large-scale application. Herein, the S-doped expanded graphite, Sn and carbon composite anode material with bowling-like structure for lithium ion battery is synthesized by a simple chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The unique cavity provides usable space for the volume expansion. The Sn particles are avoided contacting with the electrolyte directly under the protection of the carbon shell so that the side reactions are suppressed. Expanded graphite also improves the conductivity and provides secondary protection for the agglomeration of crushed Sn particles. Benefiting from the unique structure, the sample exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. A high specific capacity of 733 mAh g−1 is remained after 200 cycles at 500 mA g−1. Especially, at a high current density of 5000 mA g−1, the specific capacity of 428 mAh g−1 is obtained after 400 cycles. In addition, the contribution of electrolyte decomposition was also analysed by accurately controlling the volume of electrolyte. With the volume increasing of electrolyte to a certain extent, the trend of capacity upward is more distinct until the electrolyte is ran out. The phenomenon is intuitively verified that the electrolyte is decomposed continually under the condition of excessive, which result in the capacity increment. Therefore, the influence of electrolyte decomposition on cycle performance is verified quantitatively.

Unraveling the mechanical origin of stable solid electrolyte interphase

Summary The capability of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in accommodating deformation is critical to the electrode integrity. However, the nanoscale thickness and environmental sensitivity of SEI make it challenging to characterize multiple mechanical parameters and identify an appropriate predictor for such capability. Here, we develop a feasible atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanoindentation test that circumvents the interference of the anode substrate and allows accurate probing of Young's modulus and elastic strain limit of SEI. The "maximum elastic deformation energy" (U) that an SEI can absorb is proposed to predict the stability of the SEI, as successfully demonstrated in Li/K metal anodes. We show that another asset of U is to provide a rapid and effective means to screen proper electrolytes for the stabilization of Sn and Sb microparticle anodes through building high-U SEIs. Overall, this new indicator, U, offers future directions toward rational design of robust SEIs for advanced anodes.

Effect of Mn2+ on the anodic film and corrosion behavior of Pb-Ca-Sn alloy anode in copper electrowinning

In this paper, the effect of Mn2+ (≤160 mg/L) on the anodic film properties and corrosion behavior of Pb-0.07%Ca-1.25%Sn anodes in acidic CuSO4 electrolyte is clarified. The anode was polarized in an electrolyte containing different concentrations of Mn2+ ions for 48 h to obtain a stable oxide film on the surface. The phase composition and morphology of the oxide layer formed on the Pb-0.07%Ca-1.25%Sn anode after polarization were characterized by the XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques. The influence of Mn2+ (≤160 mg/L) on the electrochemical behavior of the Pb-0.07%Ca-1.25%Sn anode was investigated in 45 g/L Cu2+ and 180 g/L H2SO4 solution via cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic polarization, Tafel, and EIS measurements. In addition, the anodic weight loss, film formation, and corrosion mechanism of the anode are also proposed. The results reveal that the film formed on the Pb-0.07%Ca-1.25%Sn anode exhibited a gradient Pb|PbSO4|α-PbO2|α-PbO2-β-MnO2 layer in the Mn2+-containing electrolytes. Then, during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the gradient layer was oxidized to MnO2, which was irregularly attached to the surface of the substrate and increased the roughness of the film. The presence of Mn2+ accelerated the corrosion of the anode in the electrolyte and reduced the anodic oxygen evolution potential. When the concentration of Mn2+ ions reached 160 mg/L, the corrosion rate was increased by 62.3% despite the anode potential decreasing by 30 mV.