Addition Of Sn Research Articles

Novel Li/LixSny thin film designed as an anode for lithium-ion microbatteries

Miniaturization of lithium-ion batteries has become an extremely hot topic with the rapid development of microelectronic devices. Li metal being the most desirable anode has disadvantages in terms of dendrite formation, huge volumetric change of Li and its stripping and loss during cycling, etc., which restricts its application. The formation of well-matching interfaces is a key requirement to construct safe all-solid-state microbatteries. Herein, we show that a small addition of Sn to Li film anode is a promising solution, because this lithium-tin (LixSny) alloy can overcome some critical obstacles of lithium anode. The Li/LixSny thin film anode was deposited by a combination of magnetron sputtering and thermal evaporation on a copper foil substrate, electrochemically tested in comparison with pure Sn and Li anodes. These studies revealed that this anode with the preformed Li2Sn5 alloy demonstrated remarkably improved characteristics its counterparts. The Li/LixSny electrode showed a higher initial capacity and better cyclability during 100 charge-discharge cycles than monolithic Sn, and a lower overpotential, than monolithic Li. Among two Li/LixSny thin film electrodes with the thicknesses of 500 nm and 1000 nm of deposited Sn and Li layers, the latter one demonstrates a better stability against degradation, providing sufficient reservoirs of Li ions (Li regions) and easy pathways for them via LixSny alloy.

In vitro degradation and dry sliding wear behaviour of AZ31-Sn/Al2O3 nano metal matrix composites in simulated body fluid for biomedical application

In this research, tin was added to the AZ31/2Al2O3 magnesium metal matrix composite to investigate its influence on degradation rate in the presence of simulated body fluid (SBF) and wear behaviour in dry conditions. The AZ31- xSn/2Al2O3 ( x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt%) composites were manufactured using the bottom pouring stir casting route. The microstructure of the manufactured AZ31/2Al2O3 and AZ31- xSn/2Al2O3 composites revealed that they were composed of the α-Mg solid solution and the intermetallic compound □-Mg17Al12, which was situated near the grain boundaries. When tin was added, the Sn-rich intermetallic compound Mg2Sn was formed, increasing the volume fraction of the Mg2Sn phase. Compared to AZ31/2Al2O3 composite, the wear test revealed that AZ31/2Al2O3 composites containing Sn particles exhibited a higher ability to generate more stable tribo-layers at higher applied loads, which protected the worn surface and reduced the wear rate. The wear resistance of composites was improved primarily by the behaviour of the tribo-layer in the wear process. The degradation rates (mm/year) of the AZ31 composites were carried out for 72 h in SBF. The degradation rate was reduced when the Sn content in the AZ31/2Al2O3 composite was increased to 6 wt% and then increased with further Sn addition. It was observed that when the amount of Sn particles increases up to 6 wt%, the severity of the degradation decreases.

Differential effects of Sn and Si solutes on the microstructure and properties of Cu–Ni–Al alloys with coherent L12-γ′ phases

In order to solve the discontinuous precipitation of nano-spherical γ′ coherent precipitates strengthened Cu–Ni–Al alloys and explore the influence mechanism of trace elements on the microstructure and properties. Herein, the Si and Sn, with same main group but showing different elemental interaction, was selected as the fourth element, and series of alloy composition were designed and prepared in a wide Cu content, and the effect of Si or Sn addition on microstructure, properties at room temperature and thermal stability are investigated. The results demonstrate that Si is completely dissolved into γ and γ′ phase, but a little of Sn solid solution into γ′ phase. The two adding elements can accelerate the precipitation of γ′ phases, suppress the grain boundaries discontinuous precipitation and provide dual-nanostructure strengthening effect, which enhance the hardness and conductivity, and Si exhibits more preferable effect. The thermodynamic calculation and the work function results indicate that the addition of Sn would induce the descending thermal stability of γ and γ′ phase, but Si is beneficial to the improvement of thermal stability of γ and γ′ phase. Compared to Sn, Si is more suitable to be a candidate for the multi-component design of Cu–Ni–Al alloys.

Oxidation of Glycerol in Base-Free Aqueous Solution Using Carbon-Supported Pt and PtSn Catalyst

In the present work, we studied the catalytic performance (activity and selectivity) of Pt supported on carbon systems and Pt modified with tin in the glycerol oxidation with H2O2 as the oxidising agent at atmospheric pressure, 60 °C, and base-free conditions. The glycerol conversion obtained with monometallic Pt catalyst was 37% and remained unchanged with the addition of Sn in a ratio Sn/Pt = 0.4. The two bimetallic PtSn catalysts were able to oxidise commercial glycerol to dihydroxyacetone (DHA), and the selectivity to DHA reached 97% for the bimetallic catalyst with better conversion. In the reaction with crude glycerol, the conversion obtained was around 40% for the three catalysts, and the major product observed was glyceric acid. Both dihydroxyacetone and glyceric acid are high added value products with potential applications in different areas such as organic chemistry, medical and cosmetics industries.

Temperature damping capacity and microstructure evolution of Mg–Al–Zn–Sn alloy

The temperature damping capacities of Mg–3Al–1Zn-xSn (x=3, 6, 9) alloys were investigated using a Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer (DMA) under varied loading frequencies and Sn concentrations. The addition of Sn resulted in a leftward shift of the P1 dislocation damping peak around 80 °C and a rightward shift of the P3 peak around 220 °C, which were attributed to the second phases in the vicinity of grain boundaries. By combining the Granato-Lücke model and the Peguin model, the damping curves were analyzed, and the temperature damping mechanism of Mg–3Al–1Zn-xSn alloy was summarized. Before 220 °C, the addition of Sn significantly enhanced the damping capacity at different frequencies, which was attributed to the increased of point defects and precipitates. The damping mechanism was dominated by microplastic internal friction in the later part of the test. There is a negative correlation between frequency and damping. The observation of microstructures suggested that the dynamic recrystallization, the twining, and the non-basal slipping systems were the sources of the microplastic damping capacity. The dynamic recrystallization mechanism owing to cyclic loading was identified.

Energy Storage Performance of KNN-Based Dielectric Ceramic through the Component Design

In this work, (1−x)K0.5Na0.5NbO3–xBiMg0.5Sn0.5O3 [(1−x)KNN–xBMS] ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid-reaction method and the microstructure and electrical properties were investigated. The results suggest that the BMS accounts for the R(Rhombohedral)-C(Cubic) relaxor phase transition due to an out-plane deformation as well as nearly unchanged c. Such phase transition is demonstrated by the temperature-dependent dielectric constants and accordingly calculated dispersion degree. The oxygen vacancy migration is dominating polarization in the ceramics, which is confirmed by complex impedance. Also, such migration gives birth to the hysteretic dielectric response with the increase of x. However, the energy storage performance is enhanced compared to KNN, indicating that the addition of Mg and Sn according to their energy band structures is an efficient way to induce the relaxor phase transition and associated good energy storage performance.

Corrosion Passivation in Simulated Body Fluid of Ti-Zr-Ta-xSn Alloys as Biomedical Materials.

The powder metallurgy method was used to manufacture three Ti-based alloys: Ti-15%Zr-2%Ta-4%Sn (Ti-Zr-Ta-4Sn), Ti-15%Zr-2%Ta-6%Sn (Ti-Zr-Ta-6Sn), and Ti-15%Zr-2%Ta-8%Sn (Ti-Zr-Ta-8Sn). Electrochemical measurements and surface analyses were used to determine the effect of Sn concentration on the corrosion of these alloys after exposure to a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 1 h and 72 h. It was found that the passivation of the alloy surface significantly increased when the Sn content increased from 4% to 6% and then to 8%, which led to a significant reduction in corrosion. The impedance spectra derived from the Nyquist graphs also explained how the addition of Sn significantly improved the alloys' polarization resistances. According to the change in the chronoamperometric current at an applied anodic potential over time, the increase in Sn content within the alloy significantly reduced the currents over time, indicating that the uniform and pitting corrosion were greatly decreased. The formation of an oxide layer (TiO2), which was demonstrated by the surface morphology of the alloys after exposure to SBF solution for 72 h and corrosion at 400 mV (Ag/AgCl) for 60 min, was supported by the profile analysis obtained by an X-ray spectroscopy analyzer. It was clear from all of the findings that the tested alloys have a remarkable improvement in resistance to corrosivity when the Sn content was increased to 8%.

Optimization of Ti-30Nb-xSn alloys on morphological, mechanical and corrosion properties

ABSTRACT Titanium alloy has been widely used in several industrial applications because it has superior mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance. Titanium alloys are also widely used as an implant material, and the Ti-6Al-4 V is one of the most popular. Recent research proves that the release of Al and V ions from the Ti-6Al-4 V alloy can cause long-term health problems. Therefore, Titanium alloys without Aluminum and Vanadium were developed as implant material. In this paper we develop Ti-30Nb-xSn with x = 0, 2, 5 dan 8% (%wt.) as implant material. The alloying melted in an electric arc vacuum furnace, homogenised at 1000°C holding time 5 h with ice water quench. The specimen was characterised by a Vickers hardness tester, optical metallography, SEM-EDS, XRD, ultrasonic test to investigate the modulus of elasticity and corrosion testing with the potentiodynamic polarisation method. The optimum results are reached at Ti-30Nb-5Sn alloys where the β-phase optimum with modulus elasticity valued 112 GPa, and hardness Vickers valued 312.2 HV. In addition, the addition of Sn can increase corrosion resistance optimum with valued 90.11 × 10−6mmpy.

Effect of Cu/Sn additions on the precipitation and property in Al-Mg-Si alloys

The effects of Cu and Sn additions on the precipitation hardening of Al-Mg-Si alloys were systematically studied by performance testing and microscopic characterisation. Sn addition can retard the onset of natural aging (NA), while after long-term NA, the NA hardening is enhanced. Although Cu and Sn can promote the NA hardening, the Cu and Sn combination addition results in NA hardness lower than the individual Cu addition. Compared with Sn, Cu addition is more efficient in promoting the artificial aging hardening of these alloys. Both of the Sn and Cu atoms can incorporate in the interior of the β′′ phase and produce disordered structure. The results are expected to provide new insight for designing new aluminium alloys for automotive application.

Effect of slight Sn modification on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Ti- (2–4 wt%) Mn alloys fabricated via powder metallurgy

The addition of Mn to Ti has been extensively investigated due to the remarkable biocompatibility and strength of Ti-Mn alloys, but their ductility was to prove insufficient, particularly for the powder metallurgy technology. In this study, Ti-2Mn, Ti-2Mn-2Sn, Ti-4Mn, and Ti-4Mn-2Sn alloys were manufactured by the powder metallurgy. The impact of slight Sn on the sintering densification, microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrochemical behavior of the Ti-(2–4 wt%) Mn alloys was researched. The findings indicate that a tiny amount of Sn effectively decreased the alloy's melting point, ideal sintering temperature, and sintering time. The addition of Sn didn't transform the lamellar structure of Ti-Mn alloy. In term of Ti-2Mn, Sn favoured the compressibility, played a beneficial effect in encouraging densification and refined the size of α and β phases. The ductility was significantly enhanced (15.9%), strength kept excellent (784 MPa) and corrosion resistance was improved, yielding in achieving a synergistic increase in strength, ductility and corrosion resistance. However, the addition of Sn in Ti-4Mn alloy hindered densification and promoted β phase coarsening, leading to little boost in ductility and deterioration of the corrosion resistance. Those findings could offer new insights to invent low-cost Ti alloys with wonderful performance.

Effects of Sn addition on the improved hydrogen intrusion and emission behaviors in 1.5-GPa-grade Al-Si-coated hot press forming steels

High-strength hot press forming (HPF) steel sheets are coated mostly by Al-Si to prevent the decarburization or oxidation of sheet surfaces, but become vulnerable to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) as H atoms supplied from moisture in a furnace penetrate through the molten coating into the steel substrate during the HPF process. In this study, 0.1-wt% of Sn was added to a 1.5-GPa-grade reference HPF steel (referred to as 0.1Sn and Ref steels), and their coating microstructures including Sn-enriched zone and Kirkendall and surface voids were examined after laboratory-scale HPF simulation tests. The content of diffusible H atoms immediately after the HPF simulation at 900 °C was 0.111 wt.ppm in the Ref sheet, decreased slowly as the elapsed time increased, and remained to be 0.030 wt.ppm even after 17 days. In the 0.1Sn sheet, it was about half of that of the Ref sheet (0.061 wt.ppm), and decreased rapidly to nil after 3 days. These results indicated that the 0.1Sn steel showed excellent H-intrusion and emission behavior, which would favorably work for better resistance to HE, by optimally controlling the multi-mechanisms of enrichment of Sn solutes and population of coating voids. The presence of Sn-enriched zone and voids played an important role in blocking the H intrusion to the substrate and in accelerating the H emission to the coating surface, respectively.

Effect of elemental additions on hot-dipping galvanization behavior

Hot-dip galvanization is a common corrosion-prevention technique for steel structures. The steel is submerged in a molten zinc bath, which forms a zinc coating on the steel’s surface. This provides a barrier against the corrosive elements. However, the galvanized covering can still deteriorate, especially in harsh environments. As a consequence, several studies have been conducted to improve the corrosion resistance of galvanized steel by adding metallic elements to the zinc coating. The aim of this study is to look at how metallic additions (Al addition up to 1%, Bi addition up to 1%, Pb addition up to 1%, Sb addition up to (1% and 2%), Sn addition up to 5%, Zn-Bi-Pb 1% addition, Zn-Sb-Sn 1% addition) affect the zinc coating by hot dipping galvanization. The microhardness, thickness, adherence, microstructure test, coating adhesion (Pull-Off test), and corrosion rate are studied.

Theoretical study of CO2 electrochemical reduction on Cu(111) and Sn@Cu(111) surface in presence of water

Carbon dioxide (CO2) electrochemical reduction is an important technique for CO2 utilization. Sn-doped Cu-based catalysts usually shows good activity for CO2 reduction reaction. However, the effect of Sn-dopant in the presence of water solvent is rarely studied. This is critical because CO2 electrochemical reduction occurs at catalyst/electrolyte interface. In this work, H-shuttling and water-solvated solvent models are considered, and the mechanism of HCOOH and CH3OH production through CO2 reduction on clean and Sn doped Cu(111) surfaces in presence of H2O is systematically investigated by density functional theory calculations. The results show that, in presence of H2O molecule, the rate-limiting step toward CH3OH production is found to be the reduction of CO2 into COOH on both the Cu(111) and Sn@Cu(111) surfaces. However, the addition of Sn lowers the activation barrier of this rate control step, and thus makes Sn@Cu(111) more conductive to the formation of CH3OH. Also, the calculations also show that Sn doping exhibits no significant effect on the formation of HCOOH. The result provides a deep insight on the Sn doped Cu-based catalyst for CO2 electrochemical reduction reaction.

The effect of scrap originating trace elements on the properties of low alloyed steels

The present intention to reach fossil-free steel manufacturing will inevitably result in an increase in the use of steel scrap as a raw material for steel production. Consequently, the amounts of elements, seen as impurities, will increase in steels. This has already been seen in electric arc furnace (EAF) processed steels, where the Cu and Sn levels have doubled in some cases after 1980’s. This may cause problems, as it is well-known, that some impurity elements have harmful effects on the properties of steel. This has been widely studied in low-alloy steels containing chromium and molybdenum which are widely used in components for the petroleum and electrical power generation applications. However, limited number of studies have been performed on formable steel grades, and the published reports/articles have mostly concentrated on the effects of P and B. Thus, there is still a need to understand the roles of other impurity elements. In the present study, a formable C-Mn steels containing additions (either individually or in combination) of Cu and Sn is investigated. The samples were cold rolled and annealed following typical time-temperature profiles of modern continuous annealing lines. Mechanical and forming properties (incl. bending and cupping tests) are determined as well as elemental profile analysis is conducted. The results identify that minor additions of impurity elements, in this case Cu and Sn, does not affect the mechanical and forming properties of low alloyed formable steel grades considerably.

Hot compression deformation behavior and dynamic recrystallization of a precipitate-free Mg–Bi–Sn alloy

The addition of Sn improves the properties of Mg–Bi-based alloys, and can potentially overcome the high-temperature limitations of magnesium (Mg) alloys. However, high-Sn alloying leads to stress concentration during hot extrusion. Hence, in this study, the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) mechanism and hot-deformation behavior of a novel precipitate-free Mg–0.25Bi–0.25Sn alloy during hot compression conducted at 250–400 °C with strain rate of 0.001–1 s−1 were examined in detail by constructing processing maps and deriving constitutive equation. The obtained correlation coefficient was 0.99113, indicating that the proposed method can adequately predict the hot deformation behavior of the studied alloy. The calculated average activation energy was 143.0336 kJ/mol. According to the processing maps, the ideal processing areas corresponded to the conditions of 300–400 °C/0.001 s−1/1 s−1 and 400 °C/0.1 s−1. In addition, a transformation of prismatic <a> slip to pyramidal II <c+a> slip was observed at 350 °C, and the continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) processes occurred during hot compression. The classification of the dominant DRX mechanisms was based on the Zener–Hollomon parameter (Z). Under high-Z deformation conditions, CDRX and DDRX occurred simultaneously; however, CDRX was the predominant process. Under medium-Z deformation conditions, DDRX was the only DRX process. Under low-Z deformation conditions, DDRX dominated over the DRX mechanism and was partially accompanied by CDRX.

Corrosion Rate of Steel in Liquid Zn, Zn-Bi and Zn-Sn Baths

In the hot dip galvanizing process, steel products are immersed in a liquid zinc bath. The contact of steel with liquid zinc causes the corrosion of the steel as a result of Fe dissolution processes in the liquid. If the dissolution process is carried out in a controlled manner, it results in the formation of a coating. Uncontrolled dissolution leads to the degradation of the steel surface. This article presents the results of research into the influence of Bi and Sn additions to zinc baths on the corrosion of steel in liquid zinc. Corrosion tests were carried out under conditions of kinetic dissolution using the rotating disc method. The kinetic dissolution constants of steel with different Si contents in Zn, Zn-0.5Bi and Zn-2Sn baths were determined. It was found that the addition of Bi and Sn lowers the value of the dissolution constant and may act as an inhibitor of Fe dissolution in liquid zinc. Based on the measurements and the determined value of the dissolution constant, the activation energy of kinetic dissolution was determined. It was found that in the temperature range of 440–480 °C, the addition of Bi and Sn increases the value of dissolution activation energy, which reduces the intensity of Fe transfer to the zinc bath.

Discharge performance of the Al–Mg–Sn alloy anodes with different Sn content for Al-air batteries

In this paper, the discharge performance of the Al–Mg–Sn alloy anodes with different Sn content for Al-air batteries is investigated in 4 mol L−1 NaOH solution, and their microstructure, corrosion behavior and discharge properties are discussed in detail. It shows that Sn-rich phases in the Al matrix act as cathode to promote the anode dissolution of the Al matrix and increase the electrochemical activity. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results reveal that the value of hydroxide film resistance (Rc) increases as Sn content increases to 0.5 wt%, indicating that Sn addition can improve the corrosion resistance and therefore reduce the hydrogen evolution rate (HER). As a result, the Al-0.6Mg-0.2Sn alloy shows good discharge performance at low current density and its peak energy density reaches 2858.6 mWh∙g−1 at 20 mA cm−2 with the discharge capacity of 2341.9 mAh∙g−1. The Al-0.6Mg-0.5Sn alloy presents good discharge performance at high current density and its peak anode efficiency reaches 93.21% at 40 mA cm−2. When Sn content is up to 0.8 wt%, excessive Sn-rich phases aggravate the hydrogen evolution corrosion and intergranular corrosion, which results in more weight loss. This is responsible for the unsatisfactory discharge performance of Al-0.6Mg-0.8Sn alloy at all current density.

On the Nb5Si3 Silicide in Metallic Ultra-High Temperature Materials

Refractory metal (RM) M5Si3 silicides are desirable intermetallics in metallic ultra-high temperature materials (UHTMs), owing to their creep properties and high Si content that benefits oxidation resistance. Of particular interest is the alloyed Nb5Si3 that forms in metallic UHTMs with Nb and Si addition. The choice of alloying elements and type of Nb5Si3 that is critical for achieving a balance of properties or meeting a property goal in a metallic UHTM is considered in this paper. Specifically, the different types of alloyed “normal” Nb5Si3 and Ti-rich Nb5Si3, namely “conventional”, “complex concentrated” (CC) or “high entropy” (HE) silicide, in metallic UHTMs with Nb and Si addition were studied. Advanced metallic UHTMs with additions of RMs, transition metals (TMs), Ge, Sn or Ge + Sn and with/without Al and with different Ti, Al, Cr, Si or Sn concentrations were investigated, considering that the motivation of this work was to support the design and development of metallic-UHTMs. The study of the alloyed silicides was based on the Nb/(Ti + Hf) ratio, which is key regarding creep, the parameters VEC and Δχ and relationships between them. The effect of alloying additions on the stability of “conventional”, CC or HE silicide was discussed. The creep and hardness of alloyed Nb5Si3 was considered. Relationships that link “conventional”, CC or HE bcc solid solution and Nb5Si3 in the alloy design methodology NICE (Niobium Intermetallic Composite Elaboration) were presented. For a given temperature and stress, the steady state creep rate of the alloyed silicide, in which TMs substituted Nb, and Al and B substituted Si, depended on its parameters VEC and Δχ and its Nb/(Ti + Hf) ratio, and increased with decreasing parameter and ratio value, compared with the unalloyed Nb5Si3. Types of alloyed Nb5Si3 with VEC and Δχ values closest to those of the unalloyed Nb5Si3 were identified in maps of alloyed Nb5Si3. Good agreement was shown between the calculated hardness and chemical composition of Nb5Si3 and experimental results.

Effect of Temperature, Holding Time, and Addition of Sn on Density on Metal Injection Molding Sintering Process

Metal injection molding (MIM) is a metal forming technique that combines powder metallurgy with plastic injection molding. MIM is very efficient in manufacturing small and complex products in large quantities. The MIM process has four steps: mixing, debinding, injection molding, and sintering. This research was conducted to determine the effect of variations in Sn addition, temperature, and holding time on the density of Al-PP products after the sintering process. Density is mass per volume so to find out the volume of Al-PP products, the use of a 3D scanner was attempted along with the EinScan application and a mesh mixer. The Taguchi method was used for data processing to determine the influence of variations in Sn addition, temperature, and holding time on density. The calculation of the percentage contribution showed that variations in Sn addition, temperature, and holding time affected density by 47%, 21%, and 3%. Also, 2% Sn addition yielded a reasonably good microstructure formation compared to without Sn addition and 1% Sn addition, where many voids remained in the specimen (the more significant the voids, the lower the density).

Superelastic metastable Ti-Mo-Sn alloys with high elastic admissible strain for potential bio-implant applications

The demand for titanium alloys simultaneously having high elastic admissible strain and large recovery strain for bio-implant applications is increasing. Ni-free Ti-based shape memory alloys are promising candidates for obtaining the required multifunctional properties. In this study, a wide content range of (0–15)wt% of low-cost, toxicity-free, and high-biocompatible Sn element was added to the Ti-8Mo (wt%) alloy to study its effect on the superelastic recovery and mechanical properties of biomedical Ti-Mo-Sn alloys. By tailoring Sn content, desired multifunctional properties of high elastic admissible strain and room temperature superelasticity were achieved in the studied Ti-Mo-Sn alloys. It was found that the increase in Sn content stabilized the β phase and a single β phase was obtained at room temperature in Ti-8Mo-(13, 15)Sn alloys. The addition of Sn modified the lattice parameters of the α″ martensite and β phase and affected the lattice deformation stain of β → α″. The lattice deformation strain along the [011]β direction was found to be decreased by –0.26%/wt% Sn. The room temperature superelasticity with a recovery strain of 3.1% and an elastic admissible strain of 1% was obtained in the Ti-8Mo-13Sn alloy. As Sn content increased to 15 wt%, a high elastic admissible strain of 1.56% and a recovery strain of 2.0% were obtained. These Ti-Mo-Sn alloys with excellent multifunctional properties are promising candidates for bio-implant applications.