Smooth Ovary Research Articles

Ovarian cysts in cattle

Ovarian cysts (OC) are among the major factors affecting dairy cattle fertility due to their impacts on reproductive performance. Extension of the calving-calving interval and the costs of treatmentassociated with this pathology are the main sources of economic losses for the dairy industry. This study involved conducting an epidemiological survey relating to ovarian cysts in cows based on the observations of veterinary practitioners in Algeria. This survey was performed using a questionnaire distributed to 103 practicing veterinarians in different regions of Algeria. According to the responses, OC dominated all ovarian diseases, followed by smooth ovaries and ovarian adhesions. Ovarian tumours were encountered very rarely. In general, veterinarians considered any follicular structure greater than 20 mm in diameter and persisting for at least 10 days to be cystic. The aetiology was multifactorial, and the following were cited: alimentation, high milk production, puerperal pathologies (metritis, retained placenta), postpartum, age, and winter season. Anoestrus was often the most observed behaviour in cystic cows, accompanied by changes in the genital tract, namely the cervix and uterus. As a consequence, in most cases, OC was associated with a delay of first insemination and conception. The use of hormones, especially PGF2α and GnRH, to treat OC was the most widely used method in the field. Clinical recovery was obtained approximately 11-15 days after the beginning of treatment, though the risk of recurrence was appreciable. The majority of vets interviewed promoted the preventionof OC. They advised breeders to improve feeding and hygiene conditions, especially during calving. Medical prevention was based on the use of hormones (PGF2α and GnRH). Though the survey showed varying results, they were generally consistent with the literature.

Postpartum acyclicity and its management in bovines

Prolonged ovarian acyclicity after parturition is one of the major problems faced by Bovine (Cattle and Buffalo) owners under field conditions. The present study was conducted on pre-selected 18 healthy and high milk producing crossbred cattle and Murrah graded buffaloes of Meerut region that did not show heat signs for 60-120 days’ post-partum. The ultrasonographic studies and gynaecological examination of genitalia further revealed absence of any perceptible follicular or luteal structures (smooth ovaries). The animals were initially dewormed using Fenbendazole (5 mg/Kg Body weight) followed by oral supplementation of chelated mineral mixture (50 g/day/animal for 30 days). Furthermore, they received injection of Tonophosphan (Intervet, @ 10 mL I/M /animal/week) for four weeks. Finally, after completing the above treatment, all were given an injection of GnRH (@ 5 mL I/M, Receptal®VET) and the treated animals were monitored for oestrus detection. The oestrus was induced in 13 out of 18 bovines (72.22 %). Overall, the study revealed that the combined effect of dewormer, mineral supplementation, Tonophosphan and GnRH injection could be used successfully to induce heat and resume cyclicity in high yielding postpartum acyclic bovines. It also reflected the necessity for the need of improvement in the plane of nutrition in high yielding animals.

The Selection of Ribes nigrum L. and Grossularia reclinata Mill. Based on Distant Hybridization

In this study, 1921 flower were pollinated, 484 hybrid seeds were sown, of which 41 plants were cultivated only on 6 crossing combinations. The analysis of the formed hybrid fruits and seeds of Gr. reclinata × R. nigrum showed that the fruit weight varies between 3.5–4.5 gr, the shape is round-oval, the diameter is more than 20 mm, and the color is maroon. The number of seeds per berry varies from 6 to 19. Germination of hybrid seeds is low (7.9–8.3%). Their germination is not even. In the crosses, R. nigrum × Gr. reclinata formed round, black fruits, weighing up to 1.7 gr. The number of seeds per fruit ranges from 8 to 34. Seed germination is low—from 25.6 to 29.6%. Black currant hybrids Gr. reclinata × R. nigrum inherited partial pubescence of rhachis of flower raceme, matte surface of lamina, and smooth ovary; the cylindrical shape of hypanthium and pubescence on the stile of pistil are inherited from gooseberries. The problems of the use of distant hybridization in the selection of black currants and gooseberries are considered. The hybrids of R. nigrum × Gr. reclinata are obtained. It is found out that reciprocal amphihaploids differ from the original parental forms. Stable infertility does not allow using them with practical purposes.

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MARES’ OVARIES IN THE DIFFERENT SEASONS IN EGYPT

The present study was conducted to detect the ovarian activities of mares using ultrasonography in relation to the different seasons of the year under Egyptian environmental conditions. This study was carried out on 465 clinically healthy and non-lactating mares. The animals were cyclic and showed signs of estrus regularly. The experimental period was extended from January 2014 to December 2016. All mares were examined with ultrasonography for determination of the reproductive status of each mare specially the degree of activity of the two ovaries monthly. The degree of ovarian activity was either inactive or active according to size of follicles. The results were illustrated that the highest ovarian activity of mares was extended from March till July. On contrary, during November, December and January mares were had higher percentages of smooth ovaries than other months throughout the year. In relation to the season, the highest ovarian activity was reached late spring and early summer while, the least ovarian activity was in late autumn and early winter with minimal ovarian activity in winter season. Ovarian activity in mare was found all over the year with the highest ovarian activity in spring and summer and the lowest ovarian activity in autumn and winter. It was concluded that under Egyptian conditions, most mares have the ability to show continue cycling activity throughout the year, however, photoperiod play an important role in the intensity of ovarian activity and reproductive cycle.

The effect of GnRH analogue on the fertility of Prostaglandin F2-? induced- oestrus cows

The effect of GnRH analogue (gonadorelin) was studied on the fertility of 35 postpartum anoestrus zebu cows and their crosses (Friesian, Sahiwal, Sindhi). Age (4-15 years), body weight (125-375 kg), body condition score (1.5-3; 1-5 scale), parity (1-9), postpartum intervals (4-12 months) of the cows were recorded. Oestrus was synchronized with two injections of PGF2-? analogue (Luprostinol, 15 mg) intramuscularly (i.m.) 10 days apart. The cows were divided into Group I (n = 11), Group II (n = 12) and Group III (n = 12). In Group I, 8 cows with oestrus were inseminated without gonadorelin treatment. In group II, 6 cows in oestrus were treated with gonadorelin (0.25 mg) i.m. just prior to insemination. In group III, 3 days after the second injection of luprostinol, cows with smooth ovaries were treated with gonadorelin followed by luprostinol injection 9 days later, which resulted in oestrus in 8 of the 12 cows, which were inseminated. Cows without oestrus signs were inseminated at fixed-time (72 and 96 hours after the last luprostinol injection). In group I, II and III, 5, 6 and 8 cows became pregnant, respectively (P>0.05). More cows became pregnant at observed oestrus (68.2%) than at fixed-time insemination (30.8%; P<0.05). Insemination in observed oestrus is more effective than at fixed-time. GnRH analogue may have favourable effect on the induction of oestrus by PGF2-? analogue.Bangl. vet. 2014. Vol. 31, No. 2, 60-69

Induction of Estrus and Fertility Response in True Anoestrus Buffaloes Using Intravaginal Progesterone Sponge During Summer

Present study was carried out to study the efficacy of intravaginal progesterone sponge for induction of estrum in post partum anoestrus buffaloes during summer. True anoestrus animals were identified by repeated rectal examinations twice at 10 days interval apart having the small and smooth ovaries without any follicular activity. Out of 40 animals identified, 30 were treated with intravaginal progesterone sponge for 10 days and PGF2 injection was given one day prior to removal of sponge. Remaining 10 animals were kept as anoestrus control without treatment. The animals were watched closely for change in external gentallia after sponge removal and for estrus symptoms. The animals exhibiting estrus were inseminated artificially. Estrus was induced in 80% of animals (24/30) and the conception rate was 66.66% (16/24). This result indicates the better possibilities of inducing ovarian cyclicity in functionally anoestrus buffaloes by cost effective intravaginal progesterone sponge.

Estrus induction and Fertility response in true anestrus buffaloes using lugol’s iodine

The present study was carried out to see the efficacy of lugol's iodine for the initiation of ovarian cyclicity in postpartum true anestrus buffaloes. Confirmation of true anestrus in 30 buffaloes was done by finding smooth ovaries at rectal examination, out of 30, 15 buffaloes was treated with Lugol's iodine (1:50) ratio @ 30ml I/U once only whereas, the remaining 15 buffaloes were serve as control for treated group and no treatment was given to such animals. The result for induction of estrus was 73.34 %( 11/15) and the conception rate was 53.33% (8/15). This result shows that there are better possibilities of inducing ovarian cyclicity in functionally anestrus buffaloes and its cost effectiveness.

Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of fruit and leaf morphology of Dichaea (Orchidaceae: Zygopetalinae)

The orchid genus Dichaea, with over 100 species found throughout the neotropics, is easily recognized by distichous leaves on long stems without pseudobulbs and flowers with infrastigmatic ligules. The genus has previously been divided into four sections based primarily on presence of ovary bristles and a foliar abscission layer. The aim of this work is to use DNA sequence data to estimate phylogenetic relationships within Dichaea and map the distribution of major morphological characters that have been used to delimit subgenera/sections. Sequence data for the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers and plastid matK, trnL intron, trnL-F spacer and ycf1 for 67 ingroup and seven outgroup operational taxonomic units were used to estimate phylogenetic relationships within Dichaea. Taxa from each of the four sections were sampled, with the greatest representation from section Dichaea, the most diverse and taxonomically puzzling group. Molecular data and morphology support monophyly of Dichaea. Results indicate that section Dichaeopsis is polyphyletic and based on symplesiomorphies, including deciduous leaves and smooth ovaries that are widespread in Zygopetalinae. There are at least three well-supported clades within section Dichaeopsis. Section Pseudodichaea is monophyletic and defined by setose ovaries and leaves with an abscission layer. Sections Dichaea and Dichaeastrum are monophyletic and defined by pendent habit and persistent leaves. Section Dichaeastrum, distinguished from section Dichaea primarily by a glabrous ovary, is potentially polyphyletic. The leaf abscission layer was lost once, occurring only in the derived sections Dichaea and Dichaeastrum. The setose fruit is a more homoplasious character with several losses and gains within the genus. We propose an informal division of the genus based upon five well-supported clades.

New Species of Prodistomum Linton, 1910 (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) From the Longtail Bass, Hemanthias leptus (Ginsburg, 1952) In The Bay of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico

Prodistomum lichtenfelsi n. sp. (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) is described; it was obtained from the intestine of the longtail bass, Hemanthias leptus (Ginsburg), collected from the Bay of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico. This is the first record of a parasite from this host. Prodistomum lichtenfelsi n. sp. is similar to P. hynnodi, P. menidiae, and P. waltairensis in that it possesses a prepharynx that is distinctly shorter (153 microm [110-210] long) than the combined length of the esophagus (163 microm [110-220] long) and the pseudoesophagus (137 microm [120-170] long), but it differs from them in having an excretory vesicle that extends into the forebody, a smooth ovary and testes, and vitellaria that extend to the posterior level of the esophagus. An updated key to the 12 nominal species within Prodistomum is given, and the diagnosis of the genus is emended to include species possessing a sinuous external seminal vesicle.

DICHAEA VIRIDULA (ORCHIDACEAE: ZYGOPETALINAE), A NEW SPECIES IN THE D. TENUIFOLIA COMPLEX

The taxonomic status of Dichaea tenuifolia Schltr. is revised, the species is lectotypified and D. undulifolia Dodson from Ecuador is reduced in synonymy under the former taxon. Populations of Costa Rican Dichaea with thin-textured leaves and smooth ovary, previously included under D. tenuifolia, are recognized as a distinct species, hereafter described and illustrated as D. viridula Pupulin. Dichaea viridula may be distinguished from its closest relative, D. tenuifolia, by the shorter inflorescence, the flowers approximately half in size, the elliptic-lanceolate sepals (vs. narrowly oblong-ligulate), the petals only slightly narrowed at the base, the thick margins of the lip claw, the much shorter apical lobe of the lip, the green sepals and petals, and the white lip.

Histomorphological changes of the caprine ovary relative to the stages of the estrous cycle

Thirty Marwari goats (2 to 2.5 yr of age) were slaughtered at six different stages of the estrous cycle, five were sacrificed on the first day (D1), five each on the second day (D2), third day (D3), ninth day (D9) and fifteenth day (D15), and five goats which had smooth ovaries (SO). Histomorphological observations indicated that ovarian follicular numbers and diameter from ipsilateral and contralateral sides did not influence different stages of the estrous cycle. The total follicle population was significantly higher in the ipsilateral ovary. Width of thecal layer and tunica albuginea varied according to ovarian status and physiology. Cellular type, cellular activity and staining intensity in ovaries were changed according to the physiological condition during different stages of the estrous cycle. Ovarian activity of Marwari goats during estrous cycle stages were similar to other breeds of goats.