Prevalence Of Smoking Research Articles

Comparative analysis of the prevalence of smoking and consumption of nicotine-containing products and their risk factors among students of medical and technical universities of Saint Petersburg based on data from the PROTECT study

BACKGROUND: Taking into account the importance of quitting smoking of any nicotine-containing products by young people in various social groups, a comparative analysis of the prevalence of smoking tobacco and nicotine-containing products among students of medical and technical universities in St. Petersburg was carried out. AIM: To compare the prevalence and structure of consumption of tobacco and nicotine-containing products, as well as the smoking behavior of students at medical and technical universities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional cross-sectional study of a random sample of student groups included 1,105 respondents. RESULTS: The prevalence of tobacco smoking among students at a technical university was 2 times higher than at a medical university (p 0.01). Cigarette smoking was also more often noted at the onset of smoking among engineering students and in their families (p 0.05). 17.2% of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov students and 14.2% of Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI” named after V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin) students consume nicotine-containing products. Men from the medical university smoke cigarettes significantly more often than women, or use nicotine-containing products, as well as a combination of both. No similar gender differences were found at the technical university. Female doctors used ES more often than women from a technical university at the beginning of smoking (p 0.05). Men at a medical university started using nicotine-containing products more often than women, considering them the least dangerous to health (p 0.05). The example of friends was the most common reason for starting smoking among respondents from both universities (43.9 and 30.8%, respectively). Common risk factors for smoking any product among students of North-Western State Medical University and LETI were boyfriend/girlfriend smoking, smoking among one’s immediate environment. Studying in senior years was a protective factor for girls at a medical university in comparison with students at a technical university (odds ratio 0.48). CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained on the lower prevalence of tobacco smoking among medical university students compared to technical students may indirectly indicate the latter’s insufficient knowledge about the harmful effects of tobacco smoking on the body. The high prevalence of nicotine-containing products consumption in universities of various fields of study and the lack of significant differences in the share of their consumers can also be interpreted as an underestimation of the health risks of new smoking products. This requires adjustments to educational programs in order to increase students’ awareness of the potential health hazards not only of smoking cigarettes, but also of using any nicotine-containing products.

Projection of the prevalence of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer incidence using cigarette smoking prevalence in Iran from 1990 to 2018: a comparison of latent period-based models with standard forecasting models

BackgroundSmoking is the major risk factor for tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancers. We investigated the feasibility of projecting TBL cancer incidence using smoking incidence rates by incorporating a range of latent periods from the main risk factor exposure to TBL cancer diagnosis.MethodsIn this ecological study, we extracted data on TBL cancer incidence rates in Iran from 1990 to 2018 from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. We also collected data on Iranian cigarette smoking patterns over the past 40 years through a literature review. The weighted average smoking incidence was calculated using a fixed-effects model with Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. Using these data, the five-year TBL cancer incidence in Iran was projected through time series modeling with IT Service Management (ITSM) 2000 software. A second model was developed based on cigarette smoking incidence using linear regression with SPSS (version 22), incorporating different latent periods. The results of these two models were compared to determine the best latent periods.ResultsAn increasing trend in TBL cancer incidence was observed from 2019 to 2023 (first model: 10.30 [95% CI: 9.62, 10.99] to 11.42 [95% CI: 10.85, 11.99] per 100,000 people). In the second model, the most accurate prediction was obtained with latent periods of 17 to 20 years, with the best prediction using a 17-year latent period (10.13 to 11.40 per 100,000 people) and the smallest mean difference of 0.08 (0.84%) per 100,000 people using the standard forecasting model (the ARIMA model).ConclusionProjecting an increase in TBL cancer incidence rates in the future, an optimal latent period of 17 to 20 years between exposure to cigarette smoke and TBL cancer incidence has implications for macrolevel preventive health policymaking to help reduce the burden of TBL cancer in upcoming years.

Twelve–year (2008–2019) trends in socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors in a Swiss representative survey of the general population

ObjectiveWe assessed trends in socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors prevalence among Swiss adults from 2008 to 2019. MethodsUsing data from the Bus Santé study, an annual survey of adults living in Geneva, Switzerland, we calculated the prevalence per period and by demographic and socioeconomic indicators, assessing inequality trends using the relative index of inequality (RII) and the slope index of inequality (SII). ResultsAmong 10,739 participants, most CVD risk factors decreased over time, while diabetes, obesity, and smoking prevalence remained steady. In 2017–2019, prevalence of most CVD risk factors was higher in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Relative and absolute inequalities decreased over time, but mostly remained, for hypertension [in 2017–2019, education-RII (95 % CI) = 1.27 (1.12–1.46), income-RII = 1.27 (1.10–1.47)], hypercholesterolemia [education-RII = 1.15 (1.00–1.32)], and sedentarity [education-RII = 1.95 (1.52–2.51), income-RII = 1.69 (1.28–2.23)], and appeared to have reversed for hazardous alcohol use [income-RII = 0.75 (0.60–0.93)]. Substantial and persistent relative and absolute inequalities in diabetes prevalence were observed [education-RII = 2.39 (1.75–3.27), income-RII = 3.18 (2.25–4.48), and subsidy-RII = 2.77 (1.89–4.05)]. Inequalities were also marked across all socioeconomic indicators for obesity prevalence [education-RII = 3.32 (2.63–4.19), income–RII = 2.37 (1.85–3.04), subsidy-RII = 1.98 (1.48–2.66)] and for smoking [education-RII = 2.42 (2.06–2.84), income-RII = 2.37 (1.99–2.84), subsidy-RII = 1.91 (1.56–2.35)]. ConclusionsOver 12 years in Geneva, Switzerland, socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hazardous alcohol use, and sedentarity decreased but persist, while substantial inequalities in diabetes, obesity, and smoking remained unchanged.

A compartmental model for smoking dynamics in Italy: a pipeline for inference, validation, and forecasting under hypothetical scenarios

We propose a compartmental model for investigating smoking dynamics in an Italian region (Tuscany). Calibrating the model on local data from 1993 to 2019, we estimate the probabilities of starting and quitting smoking and the probability of smoking relapse. Then, we forecast the evolution of smoking prevalence until 2043 and assess the impact on mortality in terms of attributable deaths. We introduce elements of novelty with respect to previous studies in this field, including a formal definition of the equations governing the model dynamics and a flexible modelling of smoking probabilities based on cubic regression splines. We estimate model parameters by defining a two-step procedure and quantify the sampling variability via a parametric bootstrap. We propose the implementation of cross-validation on a rolling basis and variance-based Global Sensitivity Analysis to check the robustness of the results and support our findings. Our results suggest a decrease in smoking prevalence among males and stability among females, over the next two decades. We estimate that, in 2023, 18% of deaths among males and 8% among females are due to smoking. We test the use of the model in assessing the impact on smoking prevalence and mortality of different tobacco control policies, including the tobacco-free generation ban recently introduced in New Zealand.

Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking and Risk of Cancer Mortality

There has been an increasing trend of using noncigarette products, including waterpipe tobacco (WTP), worldwide. While cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for numerous cancers, little is known about the association between WTP smoking and cancer mortality. To assess the association between WTP smoking and risk of cancer mortality in Vietnam. This cohort study was based on data from the Hanoi Prospective Cohort Study, an ongoing study with a median (range) follow-up of 11.0 (0.1-11.6) years for participants aged 15 years or older in Northern Vietnam from 2007 through 2019. Data were analyzed from June 1 to September 1, 2023. Tobacco smoking and WTP smoking statuses. Overall and site-specific cancer mortality. Cox proportional regression models were used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CIs for the associations between WTP smoking alone, cigarette smoking alone, and dual WTP and cigarette smoking and the risk of cancer death. A total of 554 cancer deaths were identified among the 39 401 study participants (mean [SD] age, 40.4 [18.8] years; 20 616 females [52.3%]). In multivariable models, compared with never smokers, ever smokers had a significantly increased risk of cancer mortality (HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.48-2.35). Exclusive WTP smokers had the highest risk of cancer mortality compared with never smokers (HR, 2.66; 95% CI, 2.07-3.43). Risk of cancer mortality was higher for dual smokers of WTP and cigarettes (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.53-2.76) than for exclusive cigarette smokers (HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.41-2.45). As most smokers (95.6% [8897 of 9312]) were male, these patterns were more apparent in male participants. Compared with never smokers, exclusive WTP smoking among males was associated with an elevated risk of death from liver cancer (HR, 3.92; 95% CI, 2.25-6.85), lung cancer (HR, 3.49; 95% CI, 2.08-5.88), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (HR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.27-6.12), and stomach cancer (HR, 4.11; 95% CI, 2.04-8.27). For exclusive WTP smokers, the risk of cancer mortality was highest among those who smoked 11 to 15 sessions per day (HR, 3.42; 95% CI, 2.03-5.75), started smoking at age 26 to 30 years (HR, 4.01; 95% CI, 2.63-6.11), smoked for 9 to 20 years (HR, 4.04; 95% CI, 2.16-7.56), and smoked 61 to 160 sessions annually (HR, 3.68; 95% CI, 2.38-5.71). For males, the risk of cancer death was lower for those who had quit smoking for more than 10 years, compared with those who quit smoking within 1 year (HR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11-0.66; P for trend < .001). In this cohort study in Vietnam, WTP smoking alone or in combination with cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of cancer death due to liver cancer, lung cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and stomach cancer. A tailored program to control WTP smoking is warranted in Vietnam and low- and middle-income countries with a high prevalence of smoking and modest resources to address smoking-related issues.

Prevalence of tobacco smoking and related factors in people aged 15 years and above in Beijing, 2014-2021

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the implementation of Beijing Smoking Control Regulation in 2015 on the smoking prevalence in people aged ≥15 years in Beijing during 2014-2021, and explore factors associated with tobacco use behavior in local population. Methods Using a pooled cross-sectional design, data from Beijing Adult Tobacco Survey in 2014, 2016, 2019 and 2021 (4 surveys) were combined into one dataset. The 4 surveys used same multistage cluster sampling procedure. After complex survey weighting, multiple logistic regression models were constructed to analyze factors influencing smoking status. Results: A total of 8 484, 9 372, 8 534 and 10 551 respondents were included in the surveys in 2014, 2016, 2019 and 2021, respectively. The smoking prevalence rate was 23.4%, 22.3%, 20.3% and 19.9%, respectively, in Beijing residents aged ≥15 years, exhibiting a linear declining trend (P=0.010). Factors associated with current smoking in men were age 25-44 years (OR=2.22, 95%CI: 1.68-2.95) and 45-64 years, (OR=2.64, 95%CI: 2.06-3.39), educational level of high school (OR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.49-0.95) and undergraduate and above (OR=0.46, 95%CI: 0.33-0.63), and awareness of smoking causing stroke (OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.61-0.81), and awareness of smoking causing lung cancer (OR=0.53, 95%CI: 0.42-0.66), the differences were significant (all P<0.05). After controlling interfering factors, the current smoking prevalence in men in 2019 (OR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.63-0.87, P<0.001) and 2021 (OR=0.72, 95%CI: 0.61-0.88, P<0.001) were significantly lower than that in 2014. Factors associated with current smoking in women were living alone (OR=1.80, 95%CI: 1.33-2.44), educational level of undergraduate and above (OR=0.43, 95%CI: 0.27-0.69), other occupations except doctor and teacher (OR=8.54, 95%CI: 2.80-26.02) or being retired/unemployed (OR=9.39, 95%CI: 3.19-27.65), and awareness of smoking causing cardiovascular events (OR=0.58, 95%CI: 0.39-0.84), and awareness of smoking causing lung cancer (OR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.35-0.83), the differences were significant (all P<0.05). No significant change in smoking status in women was found in 4 surveys. Conclusions: The smoking prevalence rate in men in Beijing has declined since the implementation of Beijing Smoking Control Regulation 5 years, indicating the effectiveness of legislative approach in tobacco control. Socio-demographic factors and the awareness level of tobacco harm could influence smoking status. Future tobacco control programs should target the people with lower education level, young men, women living alone, and those with occupations other than teachers/doctors or the unemployed/retired and include more comprehensive health education.

Prevalence and determinants of hookah smoking among emerging adults in South-South Nigeria

Prevalence and determinants of hookah smoking among emerging adults in South-South Nigeria

New Zealand's world-first smokefree legislation 'goes up in smoke': A setback in ending the tobacco epidemic

For several decades, Aotearoa New Zealand has maintained a relatively strict regulatory approach towards tobacco. In response to the significant impact of tobacco-related illnesses, many countries worldwide have worked to enhance tobacco control measures. These efforts include introducing plain tobacco packaging with graphic health warnings, improving access to smoking cessation services and offering supportive treatments for tobacco dependence. In December 2022, New Zealand enacted world-leading tobacco control legislation aimed at leading the nation towards a 'smokefree' future by 2025, a future where the smoking prevalence falls below 5 percent across all population groups. To achieve this goal, revolutionary measures were needed. These measures included denicotinising cigarettes, reducing the number of tobacco retail outlets, and implementing a generational ban on smoked products. Despite receiving support from academics, clinicians, leaders of local indigenous communities, and the general public, the sixth National-led coalition government remained resolute in repealing the law and did so through parliamentary urgency on 27 February 2024. The reversal of this health policy is anticipated to result in thousands of lives lost and widen life expectancy gaps between indigenous and non-indigenous populations. This decision, driven by political agenda objectives and interference from the tobacco industry, has not only impeded New Zealand's progress but also weakened global efforts in tobacco control.

Tobacco Taxation in Spain: A tax laggard with a brighter possible future.

In recent years tobacco taxation in Spain has regressed, with its Tobacconomics tax scorecard falling from 3.9 points (out of 5) in 2014, to only 2.625 in 2020. The objective of this research is to provide a detailed analysis of the causes behind this deterioration and identify possible ways forward for reversing this trend. A retrospective 2014-2022 analysis of manufactured cigarettes (FM) and roll-your-own tobacco (RYO) markets including tax structure/rates, affordability, retail price gaps across products, and price differentials with bordering countries. A market level simulation model to 2028 studied the impact of various tax policy scenarios on smoking prevalence, premature deaths averted, smoking intensity, product substitution, government revenue, sales, and industry profit. A lack of tax increases in a context of inflation and income growth during the past 8 years means FM and RYO have become 13% more affordable, with a constant differential of €2 between 20 FM and RYO sticks, and the price gap between Spain and neighbouring France increased. Modelling of two realistic reform scenarios that reduce/eliminate the price gap between FM and RYO suggest substantial increases in government revenues and up to 700,000 fewer smokers and 210,000 fewer premature deaths. Current European Union legislation on tobacco taxes leaves ample room for much needed tobacco tax reform. For the sake of both public health and the economy, Spain should increase its Minimum Excise Tax. This would not only save lives, but also bring much needed revenue for the government. The stance of Spain on tobacco taxes has deteriorated recently. This study argues that the failure of successive governments to raise minimum taxes in an inflationary context has made tobacco products more affordable, and quantifies the improvements in smoking prevalence and excise revenue that would accrue if the authorities act urgently increasing rates within realistic limits.Spain is representative of European countries where government inaction has rendered minimum tobacco taxes obsolete. Given the postponement of the revision of the European Union Tobacco Tax Directive, this study highlights the need to act unilaterally within the existing legal framework.

Exploring associations of population characteristics and tobacco and vape retailer density and proximity in Australia: a scoping review

ObjectiveThis scoping review synthesises Australian evidence on associations between tobacco and vape retailer density/proximity and various population measures and smoking behaviour to identify research gaps and inform future policy and...

Impact of global smoking prevalence on mortality: a study across income groups

BackgroundSmoking significantly contributes to the mortality rates worldwide, particularly in non-communicable and preventable diseases such as cardiovascular ailments, respiratory conditions, stroke, and lung cancer. This study aims to analyse the impact of smoking on global deaths, and its association with mortality across the main income groups.MethodsThe comprehensive analysis spans 199 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. The study categorises countries into four income groups: high income, upper middle income, lower middle income, and low income.ResultsThe findings underscore the profound impact of global tobacco smoking on mortality. Notably, cardiovascular disease mortality is notably affected in both upper-middle-income and high-income groups. Chronic respiratory disease mortality rates show a significant impact across all income groups. Moreover, stroke-related mortality is observed in the lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income groups. These results highlight the pervasive influence of smoking prevalence on global mortality, affecting individuals across various socioeconomic levels.ConclusionThe study underscores the critical implications of smoking on mortality rates, particularly in high-income countries. It emphasises the urgency of targeted interventions in these regions to address the specific challenges posed by tobacco smoking on public health. Policy recommendations include implementing prohibitive measures extending to indoor public areas such as workplaces and public transportation services. Furthermore, allocating funds for research on tobacco and health, is imperative to ensure policymakers are consistently informed about emerging facts and trends in this complex domain.

Prevalence of Tobacco Smoking in A Sample of General Secondary School Students in Cairo and Its Correlation to Other Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract Background Tobacco smoking is considered currently as a global public health concern among youth especially school student. There is a scarcity of data about the impact of this global phenomenon in Middle Eastern countries. This study assesses the prevalence of tobacco smoking, including conventional cigarettes, E-cigarettes and waterpipe and its sociodemographic and psychiatric correlates among a sample of general secondary school students in Cairo, Egypt. Results A convenient sample of 391 Egyptian general secondary students from different areas of Greater Cairo were assessed using the Socioeconomic scale, Fagerstrom Test For Nicotine Dependence, The Lebanon Water pipe Dependence Scale, questionnaire for electronic cigarette using, Barratt impulsivity scale 11, The MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents. 12.8% (n = 50) were smokers. There is significant relation between family history of smoking and substance use and smoking and significant relation between smoking, impulsivity and mood symptoms. Conclusions Prevalence of tobacco smoking in Egyptian adolescents was 12.8% with significant relation between smoking and impulsivity and mood symptoms.

Trends in mental health and smoking disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual adults in Canada, 2003–2020

Sexual minority populations experience a higher burden of mental health and substance use/misuse conditions than heterosexual comparators—a health inequality that has predominantly been attributed to forms of minority stress experienced by the former group. Sexual minority-affirming legislative and policy advances, as well as improvements in social attitudes toward sexual minorities in recent decades, should presumably reduce experiences of minority stress, thereby attenuating these disparities. We conducted temporal trend analyses of annual prevalence of anxiety, depression, poor self-rated mental health, and cigarette smoking, stratified by sexual orientation and gender/sex subgroups using the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2003–2020. Descriptive analyses were used to display temporal trends; joinpoint regression was used to identify significant changes in prevalence data during 2003–2020; and prevalence ratios were estimated by year to detect any reduction in disparities. The prevalence of self-rated mental health and mood and anxiety disorders increased, whereas the prevalence of smoking decreased, between 2003 and 2020, among both sexual minority and heterosexual people in Canada. We observed a significant inflection point in 2009 in the self-rated mental health trend among bisexual women, where rates of poor mental health initially decreased from 2003 but then increased drastically from 2009 to 2020. Significant inflection points in current smoking trends were observed in 2012 among bisexual and heterosexual women and in 2013 among heterosexual men; in all three groups, both segments demonstrated decreasing trends, however, the slope of the trend became more pronounced in the latter period. Consistent with other North American studies, we found that relative differences between sexual minority and heterosexual groups for all four outcomes remained the same or increased during this 18-year period. Findings highlight the need to better understand mechanisms bolstering sexual orientation health disparities.

Association between PITX2 polymorphism and androgenetic alopecia in the Indian population.

Background Androgenetic alopecia, also known as male pattern baldness, is a common form of hair loss influenced by environmental, hormonal, and genetic factors. According to recent research, the PITX2 gene may play a key role in the pathophysiology of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Objective This study examines the association between genetic variants of the PITX2 gene and AGA risk. Methods The genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples collected from 70 male AGA patients and 60 non-androgenetic alopecia controls. The isolated DNA was quantified and the genotype for three PITX2 polymorphisms (rs2200733, rs10033464, and rs13143308) was identified using TaqMan assays. The statistical analysis was done to determine the allele frequency of genetic variants between AGA and non-AGA groups. Result The demographic profile of the study population showed that the AGA and non-AGA groups differed in age. The AGA group had higher blood pressure, a higher prevalence of smoking, alcohol consumption, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and a higher incidence of family history. Through genetic analysis, significant correlations were found between AGA risk and specific PITX2 polymorphisms, significantly with the rs2200733 allele (OR = 6.08, p < 0.001*), the rs1003464 G allele (OR = 2.02, p < 0.019*) and the rs13143308 showed GT genotype (OR = 4.26, p < 0.001*). Conclusion Based on our findings, the PITX2 polymorphisms may play a vital role in the development of AGA. This study also found the interactions between genetic and environmental factors in AGA pathogenesis.

Smoking-attributable Mortality in Korea, 2020: A Meta-analysis of 4 Databases.

Estimating the number of deaths caused by smoking is crucial for developing and evaluating tobacco control and smoking cessation policies. This study aimed to determine smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in Korea in 2020. Four large-scale cohorts from Korea were analyzed. A Cox proportional-hazards model was used to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) of smoking-related death. By conducting a meta-analysis of these HRs, the pooled HRs of smoking-related death for 41 diseases were estimated. Population-attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated based on the smoking prevalence for 1995 in conjunction with the pooled HRs. Subsequently, SAM was derived using the PAF and the number of deaths recorded for each disease in 2020. The pooled HR for all-cause mortality attributable to smoking was 1.73 for current men smokers (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53 to 1.95) and 1.63 for current women smokers (95% CI, 1.37 to 1.94). Smoking accounted for 33.2% of all-cause deaths in men and 4.6% in women. Additionally, it was a factor in 71.8% of men lung cancer deaths and 11.9% of women lung cancer deaths. In 2020, smoking was responsible for 53 930 men deaths and 6283 women deaths, totaling 60 213 deaths. Cigarette smoking was responsible for a significant number of deaths in Korea in 2020. Monitoring the impact and societal burden of smoking is essential for effective tobacco control and harm prevention policies.

Cardiometabolic Profile in Young Adults With Diverse Cigarette Smoking Histories: A Longitudinal Study From Adolescence.

For the first time, the present study investigated smoking trajectory and cardiometabolic profile from adolescence to young adulthood in a middle-income developing country facing a high prevalence of smoking and cardiovascular disease-related outcomes. Data on 1082 adolescents (12-18 years of age) who participated in the TLGS (Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) were gathered,and participants were followed for a median of 12.5 years (baseline: 1999-2002, last follow-up: 2014-2017). Participants were categorized as non/rare smokers, experimenters, and escalators using group-based trajectory models. Statistical analysis was used to compare the trajectory groups' cardiometabolic components, clinical characteristics, and cardiometabolic changes due to the individuals' placement in experimenter and escalator groups compared with non/rare smokers. The smoking trajectory groups in young adulthood differ significantly in blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, waist circumference, and body mass index, with the escalator group having the highest risk values for each component. Significant differences were observed in blood pressure (P=0.014), triglycerides (P<0.001), and waist circumference (P<0.001) status after using clinical cut points. The adjusted linear regression revealed that the escalator group had 3.16 mm Hg-lower systolic blood pressure SBP (P=0.016), 2.69 mm Hg-lower diastolic blood pressure (P=0.011), and 4.42 mg/dL-lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.002), compared with the non/rare smoker group. Despite elevated risks in unadjusted analyses for all cardiometabolic components among smokers, our study identified a modest protective link between early smoking and blood pressure in addition to a remarkable harmful association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels exclusively in the escalator group during the developmental stage to young adulthood, using adjusted analyses.

Financial Incentives for Smoking Cessation Among Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Adults

Socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals (ie, those with low socioeconomic status [SES]) have difficulty quitting smoking and may benefit from incentive-based cessation interventions. To evaluate the impact of incentivizing smoking abstinence on smoking cessation among adults with low SES. This study used a 2-group randomized clinical trial design. Data collection occurred between January 30, 2017, and February 7, 2022. Participants included adults with low SES who were willing to undergo smoking cessation treatment. Data were analyzed from April 18, 2023, to April 19, 2024. Participants were randomized to usual care (UC) for smoking cessation (counseling plus pharmacotherapy) or UC plus abstinence-contingent financial incentives (UC plus FI). The primary outcome was biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence (PPA) at 26 weeks after the quit date. Secondary outcomes included biochemically verified 7-day PPA at earlier follow-ups, 30-day PPA at 12 and 26 weeks, repeated 7-day PPA, and continuous abstinence. Multiple approaches were employed to handle missing outcomes at follow-up, including categorizing missing data as smoking (primary), complete case analysis, and multiple imputation. The 320 participants had a mean (SD) age of 48.9 (11.6) and were predominantly female (202 [63.1%]); 82 (25.6%) were Black, 15 (4.7%) were Hispanic, and 200 (62.5%) were White; and 146 (45.6%) participated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, 161 were randomized to UC and 159 were randomized to UC plus FI. After covariate adjustment with missing data treated as smoking, assignment to UC plus FI was associated with a greater likelihood of 7-day PPA at the 4-week (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.11 [95% CI, 1.81-5.34]), 8-week (AOR, 2.93 [95% CI, 1.62-5.31]), and 12-week (AOR, 3.18 [95% CI, 1.70-5.95]) follow-ups, but not at the 26-week follow-up (22 [13.8%] vs 14 [8.7%] abstinent; AOR, 1.79 [95% CI, 0.85-3.80]). However, the association of group assignment with smoking cessation reached statistical significance at all follow-ups, including 26 weeks, with multiple imputation (37.37 [23.5%] in the UC plus FI group vs 19.48 [12.1%] in the UC group were abstinent; AOR, 2.29 [95% CI, 1.14-4.63]). Repeated-measures analyses indicated that participants in the UC plus FI group were significantly more likely to achieve PPA across assessments through 26 weeks with all missing data estimation methods. Other secondary cessation outcomes also showed comparable patterns across estimation methods. Participants earned a mean (SD) of $72 ($90) (of $250 possible) in abstinence-contingent incentives. Participation during the COVID-19 pandemic reduced the likelihood of cessation across assessments. In this randomized clinical trial, incentivizing smoking cessation did not increase cessation at 26 weeks when missing data were treated as smoking; however, the UC plus FI group had greater odds of quitting at follow-ups through 12 weeks. Cessation rates were higher for the UC plus FI group at all follow-ups through 26 weeks when multiple imputation was used to estimate missing outcomes. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02737566.

Long-term trends in lifestyle factors among respondents with dyslipidemia in the United States

ObjectivesTo explore the long-term trends in unhealthy lifestyle factors and the risk sociodemographic subgroups among people with dyslipidemia. MethodsData extracted from the 1999 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Lifestyle factors were smoking status, alcohol drinking, obesity, dietary quality, depression, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. A Joinpoint regression model was used to estimate trends in the log-transformed age-standardized prevalence. Multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity were used to analyze subgroups by sociodemographic factors. ResultsData for 33,680 respondents were extracted between 1999 and 2018. The prevalence of smoking and poor-quality diet decreased from 1999 to 2018 (P<0.001), while obesity significantly increased (P<0.001). The prevalence of depression marginally increased from 2005 to 2018 (P=0.074). We observed that non-Hispanic Black individuals, Hispanics, males, as well as those with lower family income-to-poverty ratios and education levels, unemployed individuals, or those lacking a spouse/live-in partner, were at elevated risk of unhealthy lifestyle factors when compared to the reference groups. ConclusionsAmong NHANES respondents from 1999 to 2018 with dyslipidemia, significant reductions in the prevalence of current smoking and poor diet were observed, while the prevalence of obesity was markedly increased. There were sociodemographic differences in the management of lifestyle factors. Further initiatives to encourage people with dyslipidemia are required to reduce potential adverse outcomes.

Increasing prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption in the Northeastern region of India: An analysis of two rounds of Global Adult Tobacco Survey I and II (2009–10 and 2016–17)

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Tobacco claims over 8 million lives, with over 80% of the 1.3 billion users residing in low- and middle-income nations. India ranks highest in the proportion of users globally, notably in the Northeastern states. This paper aims to analyze the overall trends of smoking and smokeless tobacco (SLT) in the Northeast Region (NER) of India between the two rounds of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) while analyzing the factors influencing tobacco used in the context of the region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive analysis, estimation, and comparison of the prevalence of smoking and SLT were conducted for both rounds of GATS. The Chi-square test was employed to examine the association between variables such as gender, age, residence, education level, occupation, marital status, and caste while adjusting for GATS weight. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking tobacco in GATS-II in NER is 19.3%, a decrease of 12% from GATS-I. While the use of manufactured cigarettes decreased by 33.7%, the use of bidi smoking and rolled tobacco in paper/leaf increased by 15.9% and 9.2%, respectively. The prevalence of SLT in GATS-II was 40.5%, a significant increase of 17% from GATS-I. While both genders exhibited increased tobacco usage, females experienced a particularly significant rise (18%) between the two survey rounds. No formal schooling, gender, rural residence, older age group, and occupation were significant factors in influencing the increased use of SLT. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of SLT consumption in the NER is on the rise, even as overall trends indicate a decrease in smoking tobacco. To effectively address this issue, tobacco should be integrated as a crosscutting concern across all levels of health programs. Multisectoral collaborations involving communities and schools can achieve regulatory and meaningful reductions in tobacco use.

LUNG CANCER - RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES - OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Europäische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Home About the Journal Peer Review Editorial Board For Authors Reviewer Recognition Archive Contact Impressum EWG e.V. Elektronische Zeitschriftbibliotek Logo Bielefeld Academic Search Engine Logo Erfolgreich durch internationale Zusammenarbeit ONCOLOGY Cite as: Archiv EuroMedica. 2024. 14; 3. DOI 10.35630/2024/14/3.344 Received 25 April 2024; Accepted 15 June 2024; Published 19 June 2024 LUNG CANCER - RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES - OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Jakub Rybak1email orcid id logo, Barbara Magiera2orcid id logo, Karol Magiera1orcid id logo, Martyna Grabowska-Szczurek3orcid id logo, Alicja Grabarczyk4 orcid id logo, Piotr Bator1 orcid id logo, Michał Razik1 orcid id logo, Patrycja Rozwadowska1 orcid id logo, Karol Wielgus5 orcid id logo 1Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland 2Prof. K. Gibiński University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland 3The Hospital of the Bonifratres of St. John Grand in Cracow, Poland 4Students’ Scientific Society, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland 5Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland download article (pdf) rybakjak@gmail.com ABSTRACT Introduction and purpose: Lung cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide. The aim of this study is to analyze the key modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with the development of lung cancer and to discuss existing prevention strategies. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using the "PubMed" database with the keywords "lung cancer", "lung cancer risk factors", "lung cancer prevention”. Results: Lung cancer risk factors can be divided into two groups: modifiable and non-modifiable. Modifiable risk factors include: smoking, radon, diet, chronic lung diseases, asbestos and diesel fumes. Non-modifiable risk factors include: age, race, genetic factors and gender. In primary prevention of lung cancer it is important to reduce exposure to risk factors, especially cigarette smoke. Screening using low-dose computed tomography plays a major role in secondary prevention. Conclusion: Lung cancer is one of the most frequent malignant tumors. Over the years, enormous progress has been made in the fight against lung cancer. Despite a large reduction in smoking prevalence, cigarette smoking remains the most important risk factor of lung cancer. Several other factors have been identified, with e.g. asbestosis exposure and air pollutants being among top-5 risk factors with the highest impact. Effective methods of primary and secondary prevention such as health campaigns and screening tests have led to a reduction in the incidence of lung cancer. Smoking cessation and low-dose chest CT screening were proven to be the most effective in the lung cancer prevention. However, lung cancer remains the most common cause of death in cancer patients so further research and effective and practical public health policy are crucial in decreasing incidence and mortality.