Non-smoker Smoker Research Articles

Detection and Comparision of Cytopathological Changes in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Comparative Study

Background: Oral cancer is one of the sixth most common cancers in the world. Oral exfoliative cytology is one of the popular screening tool for oral cancer. Use of tobacco in any form are documented as the most common cause as initiators for dysplastic changes in oral mucosa. The purpose of the study was to detect the cytological changes in buccal mucosa, tongue and palate among non-smokers smokers. Material Methods: Smears sample were collected according to site (buccal mucosa, tongue palate) from 100 subjects among smokers non-smokers. Smears were then stained using Papanicolaou staining technique. Results: Among the smokers and non-smokers the results were statistically significant. Conclusion: Recent advances in the clinical visualization and detection of the oral mucosa have made the viability of cytological procedures more specific and sensitive. Contact endoscopy and use of autofluorescence devices are the forerunners in this group. The fluorescence characteristics of tissues depend upon their biochemical composition and histomorphological architecture, both of which undergo a change during malignant transformation. These changes are detectable as an alteration in the fluorescence spectral profile of the tissues21. Due to low feasibilities of such devices the benchmark of diagnosis will be microscopic tissue examination. Hence cytological smears will always be highly specific, sensitive, easy to use and reproducible procedures in routine screening of population for potentially and malignant conditions of the oral cavity.

Differences between smokers and non-smokers in personality traits: the role of sensation seeking and core self-evaluations

ABSTRACT Objectives Smoking is recognized as one of the most important preventable causes of premature death in the world and personality traits as one of the influential factors in people’s tendency to smoke. Therefore, we conducted the present research to compare the sensation seeking and core self-evaluations in the smoking and nonsmoking population. Methods 867 people from the general population of Hormozgan Province participated in this cross-sectional study. We collected the data online using questionnaires of demographic information, smoking, Zuckerman sensation seeking and core self-evaluations. Results 38.2% of the participants in the study were smokers and 61.8% were nonsmokers. The mean scores of awareness of the harms of smoking in non-smokers and smokers were 7.43 (SD = 2.43) and 6.51 (1.72), respectively (p < 0.001). The mean scores of sensation seeking in the non-smokers and smokers were 15.10 (SD = 5.64) and 23.09 (SD = 4.18), respectively (p < 0.001). The mean scores of core self-evaluations in the non-smokers and smokers were 43.46 (SD = 6.79) and 37.9 (SD = 4.82), respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions According to the findings, smokers have lower core self-evaluations and high sensation seeking compared to non-smokers. Therefore, paying attention to these personality factors is necessary in the design and implementation of preventive therapeutic and psychological interventions in smokers.

Changes in salivary proteome before and after cigarette smoking in smokers compared to sham smoking in nonsmokers: A pilot study.

INTRODUCTIONSmoking is the leading cause of preventable disease. Although smoking results in an acute effect of relaxation and positive mood through dopamine release, smoking is thought to increase stress symptoms such as heart rate and blood pressure from nicotine-induced effects on the HPA axis and increased cortisol. Despite the importance in understanding the mechanisms in smoking maintenance, little is known about the overall protein and physiological response to smoking. There may be multiple functions involved that if identified might help in improving methods for behavioral and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, our goal for this pilot study was to identify proteins in the saliva that change in response to an acute smoking event versus acute sham smoking event in smokers and non-smokers, respectively.METHODSWe employed the iTRAQ technique followed by Mass Spectrometry to identify differentially expressed proteins in saliva of smokers and non-smokers after smoking cigarettes and sham smoking, respectively. We also validated some of the salivary proteins by ELISA or western blotting. In addition, salivary cortisol and salivary amylase (sAA) activity were measured.RESULTSIn all, 484 salivary proteins were identified. Several proteins were elevated as well as decreased in smokers compared to non-smokers. Among these were proteins associated with stress response including fibrinogen alpha, cystatin A and sAA. Our investigation also highlights methodological considerations in study design, sampling and iTRAQ analysis.CONCLUSIONSWe suggest further investigation of other differentially expressed proteins in this study including ACBP, A2ML1, APOA4, BPIB1, BPIA2, CAH1, CAH6, CYTA, DSG1, EST1, GRP78, GSTO1, sAA, SAP, STAT, TCO1, and TGM3 that might assist in improving methods for behavioral and pharmacological interventions for smokers.

Facial Anti-Aging Treatments with Soft Peeling and Microneedling Technique

Background: The interest in maintaining a young and attractive appearance in an era with increasingly hectic rhythms has generated a pressing demand for effective aesthetic procedures with the shortest possible recovery period, stimulating the search for non-invasive, yet successful, solutions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined soft peeling and MN technique on the various imperfections typical of facial aging. Methods: This multicentric uncontrolled experimental study recruited a population of healthy subjects of both sexes with advanced signs of photo- and chrono-aging. These subjects were provided with a single session of microneedling and peeling at the same time. Recruited subjects were re-evaluated 30 (±4) and 60 (±4) days after treatment by photographic comparison before and after treatment. The physicians evaluated the improvement of facial wrinkles according to the Wrinkle Assessment Scale of Lemperle. Forty-nine subjects completed the study and showed a significant improvement in wrinkles in all areas of the face. Results: There were no significant differences in the different subpopulations compared: males–females, Glogau 3–Glogau 4, smokers–non-smokers, phototypes 1–4, and check up at 30 days–control at 60 days. The adverse events manifested were localized edema in four cases (8.2%) lasting an average of 3–4 days, very fine crustiness in four cases (8.2%), transient post inflammatory dyschromia in two cases (4.1%) lasting 2–3 weeks, and herpetic reactivation in one case (2.0%). Conclusions: The study demonstrates the therapeutic efficacy of the combined needling-peeling treatment in different types of wrinkles.

Quantity vs. Quality of Interactions: The Combinatory Effects of Website Interactivity and Need for Cognition on Anti-Smoking Message Perceptions and Smoking Attitudes

ABSTRACT This study attempts to reconcile disparate findings on the combinatory effect of website interactivity and need for cognition (NFC) by combining user interface literature and dual-process theories. It conducted two experiments and examined how two types of interactivity led to anti-smoking message perceptions through different mechanisms. Study 1 (N = 327) investigated the impact of functional interactivity operationalized as low, medium, and high quantity of hyperlinks. Study 2 (N = 102) tested the effect of contingency interactivity operationalized as the absence and presence of interaction history. In Study 1, high functional interactivity led to greater anti-smoking message perceptions and reduced favorable attitudes toward smoking for nonsmokers with lower or moderate NFC by enhancing the user perception of action possibilities. In Study 2, contingency interactivity led to more positive message perceptions and more unfavorable attitudes toward smoking only for those with higher NFC users through the heightened perception of website contingency.

Gateway effects and electronic cigarettes.

E-cigarettes are alleged to be a gateway to cigarette smoking in non-smokers. This study examines whether the gateway theory has value, whether the criteria to establish causality have been met and what type of evidence is required to test this theory. Experiments are impractical, and we may not be able to test properly the gateway effects via observational studies that simply adjust for confounders. Multivariate models cannot eliminate all the variance in propensity to smoke captured by the variable 'vaping' because of the proximity of these two behaviours. It may be difficult to prove that vaping precedes smoking when product use co-occurs and when, in fact, smoking usually precedes vaping. The gateway theory is not compatible with either (1) the decrease in smoking prevalence observed in adolescents in countries where vaping increased or (2) an increase in smoking among teenagers after age restrictions were imposed on e-cigarette purchases. A spurious gateway effect can be produced artificially by mathematical models in which a propensity to use substances is correlated with opportunities to use substances. Finally, neither nicotine medications nor smokeless tobacco produce gateway effects. Available data are compatible with a common liability model in which people who are liable to use nicotine are more likely to use both e-cigarettes and cigarettes. Despite its weaknesses and scant empirical support, the gateway theory of smoking initiation has had enormous political influence. Policies based on this theory will not have the intended effects if the association between vaping and smoking is explained by common liabilities.

Adolescent and Young Adult Smokers Who Self-Identify as Nonsmokers: Relationship With Cigarette-Related Withdrawal and Cravings.

Examine the extent to which low-nicotine dependent daily smokers identify themselves as nonsmokers (smoking nonsmokers) over time, and examine the effect of nicotine-related withdrawal symptoms and cravings in predicting self-identified smoking status. Longitudinal. National Youth Smoking Cessation Survey 2003-2005. One hundred thirty-two adolescents and young adults (16-24 years). A questionnaire was used to assess smoking identity, withdrawal, cravings, and smoking intensity parameters. Multivariable logistic regression analysis. Among the 132 smoking nonsmokers at baseline, 45% remained smoking nonsmokers at the 2-year follow-up, with 55% transitioning to smoking (i.e., self-identified as smoking smokers in the interim). After adjustments, participants exhibiting greater restlessness and cravings over time, respectively, had 3.59 (p = .01) and 4.31 (p = .008) greater odds of being a smoking nonsmoker at baseline but then transitioning into a smoking smoker at 2-year follow-up. These findings may have implications with respect to interventions emphasizing withdrawal and craving symptoms. Further, given that some youth smokers self-identify as nonsmokers, and do so over time, potential intervention efforts may be pointed toward cognitive-related strategies at improving self-perceptions.

Abstract 4992: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α5 mediates low-dose nicotine-dependent regulation of tumorigenesis in lung adenocarcinoma cells

Abstract The concept that lung adenocarcinoma is less related to smoking behavior than lung squamous cell carcinoma may be due to the fact that a considerable number of LAC patients do not have smoking habit. However, this argument may mislead the effect of tobacco smoke on LAC because it ignores the potential effects of environmental smoking that cause second hand smoking in non-smokers. In Taiwan, 70% of female LAC patients would encounter heavy smokers either at home or in working place, suggesting that environmental smoke may have substantial effects than we thought. Transcriptional deregulation at the chromosome 15q25 locus revealed an association between the gene encoding CHRNA5 with lung adenocarcinoma risk. It has been showed that overexpression of the genes encoded in this locus in mice increased the sensitivity to nicotine. In this report, we found that nAChR α5, but neither nAChR α7 or nAChR α9 that have been respectively shown to mediate tumorigenic alterations in lung SCC and breast cancer cells, was differentially expressed between tumor and non-tumor specimens of LAC patient specimens. Knockdown of nAChR α5 in LAC cell lines resulted in decreased cell proliferation rate as well as cell migrating and invasive capabilities. In these nAChR α5-knockdown cells, low dose (10 nM) nicotine was not able to significantly increase cell proliferation and motility, while low dose nicotine enhanced both abilities of cells when nAChR α5 expressed. Colony formation assay indicated that nAChR α5 maintained cell survival and prevent contact inhibition in LAC cells when encountering low serum stress condition. Through molecular analysis, we showed that nAChR α5 positively regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition factors such as Snail and Slug, and negatively regulates E-cadherin. Animal experiment showed a severely suppressed tumor growth in mice transplanted with LAC cells with nAChR α5 being knocked down, in comparison to mice transplanted with parental cells. These data demonstrated a crucial role of nAChR α5 in low-dose nicotine-dependent regulation of tumorigenesis in LAC. It is, for the first time, a study of mechanism in response to low dose nicotine that implies the regulatory pathway underlying the effect of environmental nicotine. Citation Format: Mong-Lien Lotus Wang, Yi-Fan Hsu, Chih-Hsuan Liu, Cheng-Wen Wu. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α5 mediates low-dose nicotine-dependent regulation of tumorigenesis in lung adenocarcinoma cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4992. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4992

E-cigarettes: The holy grail of smoking cessation or a new addiction?

Since its introduction, e-cigarettes have evoked strongly opposed views and much passion from both proponents and opponents. The proponents of e-cigarettes view the product as an effective smoking cessation tool and a potential savior for millions of smokers. They argue that the vapor based system in e-cigarettes is a much safer mode of nicotine delivery than the combustion system in conventional cigarettes. Opponents view it as a product that at best introduces new bad habits, renormalizes smoking and may even serve as a gateway to smoking in non-smokers. The existing body of literature on the issue, while impressive, is far from conclusive. There is much more to be determined about e-cigarettes before informed decisions can be made about their safety and effectiveness. This article intends to summarize and analyze the scientific arguments raised from both perspectives on e-cigarettes.

Lay theories of smoking and young adult nonsmokers’ and smokers’ smoking expectations

This study investigated the relationship between lay theories of cigarette smoking and expectations to smoke. An incremental lay theory of smoking entails the belief that smoking behavior can change; an entity theory entails the belief that smoking behavior cannot change. Undergraduate nonsmokers and smokers completed a survey that assessed lay theories of smoking and smoking expectations. Results demonstrated that lay theories of smoking were differentially associated with smoking expectations for nonsmokers and smokers: stronger incremental beliefs were associated with greater expectations of trying smoking for nonsmokers but lower expectations of becoming a regular smoker for smokers. Implications for interventions are discussed.

The effect of cigarette smoking on anti-oxidation function of HDL

Objective: Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for prediction of heart disease. Much research indicates that smoking reduce the level of HDL-C simultaneously. Smoking cessation can reverse this kind of change. But the continual variation of the function of HDL in the process of smoking remains unknown. The objective of our research is to determine whether the anti-oxidation function of HDL varies in healthy candidates during smoking. Methods: 42 healthy candidates were enrolled and divided into 4 groups: non-smokers before and after smoking, smokers before and after smoking. Lipoprotein was isolated by ultracentrifugation from plasma samples. The anti-oxidation ability of HDL was tested by ultraviolet absorption spectrometry and lagging time (Tlag) and t at Vmax of the OD-t curve. Results: Pulse rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure are obviously higher after smoking in both non-smokers and chronic smokers. Serum amyloid A is obviously higher after smoking in non-smokers; SAA is lower in chronic smokers than non-smokers after smoking. Tlag of mixed lipoprotein is lower after smoking in both non-smokers and chronic smokers. Tlag of chronic smokers is higher than non-smokers, whatever the value before or after smoking. The margin (descending) in chronic smokers is larger than in non-smokers. T at Vmax of mixed lipoprotein of chronic smokers is higher than non-smokers, whatever the value before or after smoking. Conclusions: After once-smoking, the anti-oxidation ability of HDL decreases. The anti-oxidation ability of HDL increases in chronic smokers, which is a possible compensative mechanism of organism. But it cannot correct the chronic oxidation state by long-time cigarette smoking. The anti-oxidation ability of HDL in chronic smokers performs a more obvious descending when organism is encountering an acute stress strike.

Nasal mucociliary clearance in total laryngectomized patients

We measured the nasal mucociliary activity in total laryngectomy patients, and to compare among themselves, smokers, diabetics and normal population besides that to investigate the short and long term effects of total laryngectomy on nasal mucosa. The study includes 39 patients who had total laryngectomy between the January 1998-August 2005 and 36 volunteer healthy individuals. To examine the early and late changes on nasal mucosa the patients that had total laryngectomy separated into two groups as operated before August 2003 (> 2 years), as operated after August 2003 (< 2 years). Moreover diabetic patients and smokers are differently grouped. This study is performed in Haydarpasa Numune Hospital for Research and Education, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, between May 2005-September 2005. Mucociliary clearance measurement is performed by saccharin test for all patients and control group. The mucociliary clearance of the patients (diabetics-nondiabetics, smokers-non smokers) are measured and examined if they show any difference among themselves. For the patients operated between the dates August 2003-2005 (< 2 years group) the nasal mucociliary clearance time average is found 8,15 +/- 2.06 min., for the patients operated before August 2003 (> 2 years group) the mean time is found 23.79 +/- 5.58 min., for the control group the mean time is found 14.5 +/- 3.55 min In operated group the patients who are diabetics has longer mucociliary clearance time than nondiabetics, and the difference is statistically significant. Similarly in control group diabetics has longer mucociliary clearance time than nondiabetics. As another parameter smoking, comparing the groups among themselves, smokers have longer mucocilliary clearance time than nonsmokers. In total laryngectomy patients hypersecratory phase is produced in early period and nasal mucosal clearance is increased. On the other hand, dependent on chronic infections nasal mucosa is atrophied and nasal mucosal clearance is disrupted. However smoking and diabetes mellitus also damage the mucocilliary clearance.

Changes in active and passive smoking in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey

The aim of the present investigation was to study changes and determinants for changes in active and passive smoking. The present study included 9,053 adults from 14 countries that participated in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II. The mean follow-up period was 8.8 yrs. Change in the prevalence of active and passive smoking was expressed as absolute net change (95% confidence interval) standardised to a 10-yr period. Determinants of change were analysed and the results expressed as adjusted hazard risk ratio (HRR) or odds ratio (OR). The prevalence of active smoking declined by 5.9% (5.1-6.8) and exposure to passive smoking in nonsmokers declined by 18.4% (16.8-20.0). Subjects with a lower educational level (HRR: 0.73 (0.54-0.98) and subjects living with a smoker (HRR: 0.45 (0.34-0.59)) or with workplace smoking (HRR: 0.69 (0.50-0.95)) were less likely to quit. Low socio-economic groups were more likely to become exposed (OR: 2.21 (1.61-3.03)) and less likely to cease being exposed to passive smoking (OR: 0.48 (0.37-0.61)). In conclusion, the quitting rate was lower and the risk of exposure to passive smoking higher among subjects with lower socio-economic status. Exposure to other peoples smoking decreased quitting rates and increased the risk of starting to smoke.

640 Passive cigarette smoking in non-smokers would have acute adverse effect on arterial stiffness

640 Passive cigarette smoking in non-smokers would have acute adverse effect on arterial stiffness

The Acute Effect of Smoking on Cutaneous Microcirculation Blood Flow in Habitual Smokers and Nonsmokers

Background: Smoking is known to be a primary cause of chronic harmful effects on the vascular system. It also induces some acute effects on the coronary circulation and on the ophthalmic artery. Objective: The aim of our study was to assess the effect of smoking a single cigarette on cutaneous blood flow in habitual smokers as well as in nonsmokers. Methods: A laser Doppler flowmeter was used to perform measurements of cutaneous microcirculation. Flowmetric data were recorded (i) before smoking, (ii) inhaling from an unlighted cigarette, (iii) during cigarette smoking, (iv) 2 and (v) 5 min after smoking. Results: We could show that smoking a single cigarette acts on the cutaneous microcirculation reducing blood flow in both groups of subjects (38.1% reduction in smokers and 28.1% reduction in nonsmokers; p <0.01). Interestingly, the recovery phase is faster in nonsmoker subjects than in smoker ones; in fact, the recovery is complete 2 and 5 min after cigarette smoking in nonsmokers and in smokers, respectively. Conclusion: Smoking a single cigarette decreases the cutaneous blood flow in habitual smoker as well as in nonsmoker subjects. Moreover, the slower recovery phase of smokers suggests that their microcirculation become inured to smoke.

DNA Adducfs, Protein Adducts, and Sister Chromatid Exchange in Cigarette Smokers and Nonsmokers&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;

In order to validate markers of internal dose and biologically effective dose of carcinogens, a battery of measurements was made on blood samples from 22 smokers and 24 nonsmokers. The markers included immunoreactivity in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) quantified in white blood cells with the use of a polyclonal anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-I-DNA antibody, 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin (4-ABP-Hb) adducts measured by negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry, sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in cultured lymphocytes, and cotinine in plasma measured by radioimmunoassay. Several blood samples were drawn from each subject. In blood samples 1 and 3 having detectable levels of DNA adducts, mean femtomole-per-microgram levels were consistently higher among smokers compared to nonsmokers. The borderline significance of this difference may be attributable to the small numbers of subjects. Consistently higher adduct levels were seen in females compared to males. In sample 3, adduct levels were significantly correlated with measurements of active smoking in smokers and with passive smoking in nonsmokers. By contrast to the ELISA data, which may reflect cumulative exposure from multiple background sources, the 4-ABP-Hb assay was able to distinguish clearly between smokers and nonsmokers. SCEs were significantly elevated in the smokers compared to nonsmokers. Also observed were significant correlations between 4-ABP-Hb and both cotinine and SCEs, as well as a positive correlation between the 4-ABP-Hb and DNA adduct levels (sample 3) that was highly significant. The correlation between DNA and 4-ABP-Hb adducts was significant in smokers but not nonsmokers (sample 3). These results support the need for batteries of markers to detect and to quantify the carcinogenic dose to humans resulting from both specific and "background" environmental exposures.

Use of urinary nicotine concentrations to estimate exposure and mortality from passive smoking in non-smokers.

SummaryData on urinary nicotine concentrations in smokers and non‐smokers were used to estimate exposure and risks from passive smoking in non‐smokers. The average concentration in 188 urban non‐smokers was 10.8 ng/ml which was 0.7% of the average of 1471 ng/ml in a sample of 229 cigarette smokers. This suggests that the amount of nicotine that non‐smokers absorb from passive smoking is about 0.7% of the intake of smokers. The proportionate intake of tar and gases such as carbon monoxide is likely, if anything, to be higher. If the risk of death is in direct proportion to dose, passive smoking may account for the premature death of about 1000 non‐smokers a year in Britain and more than 4000 per year in the United States.

Hydroxyproline excretion in urine of smokers and passive smokers

Urinary hydroxyproline excretion was investigated in 125 male cigarette smokers, 194 male pipe and/or cigar smokers, and 24 male nonsmokers. Hydroxyproline excretion was calculated either as hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio or as body surface-standardized amounts of hydroxyproline excreted in urine sampled during day, during night, or over 24 hr. The association of hydroxyproline excretion with smoke uptake variables such as daily cigarette consumption, carboxyhemoglobin, serum cotinine, and nicotine in urine and with self-reported passive smoking exposure in nonsmokers was analyzed. The hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio was found to be unsuitable as a measure of hydroxyproline excretion since creatinine urine concentrations correlate inversely with smoke uptake in cigarette and pipe/cigar smokers. The amount of hydroxyproline excreted in 24-hr urine and standardized for body surface was not significantly associated with smoke uptake in pipe/cigar smokers or exposure to passive smoking in nonsmokers. In cigarette smokers the situation appeared similar, although the results were less clear-cut. The data do not favor the premise that measuring urinary hydroxyproline excretion is an accurate method of investigating a lung-damaging effect of smoking, passive smoking, or air pollution.

The effects of smoking on the CFF threshold

CFF thresholds were determined in groups of smokers and non-smokers when nicotine was administered (a) through smoking a cigarette, (b) orally. It was found that the CFF threshold was raised after the administration of nicotine orally, and also after smoking one cigarette; however there was no change after smoking for non-smokers (presumably because they fail to inhale) or for smokers who had not abstained beforehand. The experiment supports the hypothesis that nicotine is a stimulant drug.