Smoking Behavior Research Articles

Hubungan Perilaku Merokok Konvensional terhadap Saturasi Oksigen pada Pasien General Anestesi di Ruang Intra Anestesi

Smoking that causes pathophysiological changes in almost all parts of the lower respiratory tract including lung organs, inhaled cigarette smoke contains harmful chemicals that can damage the immune system of the respiratory tract so that it can cause disorders of the respiratory tract. Some respiratory system disorders such as airway obstruction, or conditions that can result in airway obstruction, airway infections, and other disorders that can inhibit gas exchange. To determine the relationship of smoking behavior to oxygen saturation in general anesthesia patients in the Intra-Anesthesia Room of Level III Hospital Reksodiwiryo Padang. The type of research is quantitative, with a sample size of 34 respondents using purposive sampling technique. Univariate data analysis is presented in the form of a frequency distribution and bivariate analysis using the chi-square test, data processing using the IBM SPSS version 25.0 computer program. The most age is 26-35 years, which is 17 people (50,0%), the most education is high school, which is 16 people (47,1%), the most jobs are traders, which is 10 people (29,4%), the most conventional smoking behavior is heavy smokers, which is 13 people (38,2%), the most oxygen saturation is abnormal, which is 23 people (67,6%), and there is a relationship between smoking behavior and oxygen saturation in general anesthesia patients in the Intra-Anesthesia Room of Level III Hospital, Reksodiwiryo Padang (p = 0,014). The most age is 26-35 years, the most education is high school, the most jobs are traders, the most conventional smoking behavior is heavy smokers, the most oxygen saturation is abnormal and there is a relationship between smoking behavior to oxygen saturation in general anesthesia patients in the Intra-Anesthesia Room of Level III Hospital Reksodiwiryo Padang

Smoking Cessation Support for Active Smokers

Smoking behavior is a significant risk factor causing heart and blood vessel disorders and resulting in high mortality rates. It is essential to stop this behavior as an effort to prevent and control risk factors, break the chain of nicotine addiction, and reduce the prevalence of heart and blood vessel disease. This study aimed to improve the knowledge and attitudes of smoking cessation in active smokers. The coaching clinic using smoking effect video learning for nine active smokers in RT 02 RW 06 Pasar Ambacang, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. A smoking cessation questionnaire was used to measure attitudes of respondents. The results found a significant increase in smoking cessation scores from 18 to 22 after participating in education. Video-based education is effective for increasing knowledge and motivating smokers to want to stop smoking. Continuous education and assistance are needed to increase the implementation of smoking cessation in the community.

Misinformation, consumer risk perceptions, and markets: The impact of an information shock on vaping and smoking cessation

AbstractWe study the impact of an information shock created by an outbreak of lung injuries apparently related to e‐cigarettes. We use data from multiple sources: surveys of risk perceptions conducted before, during, and after the outbreak; an in‐depth survey on risk perceptions and vaping and smoking behavior; and national aggregate time‐series sales data. We find that after the outbreak, consumer perceptions of the riskiness of e‐cigarettes sharply increased. From our estimated e‐cigarette demand models, we conclude that the information shock reduced e‐cigarette demand and the use of e‐cigarettes for smoking cessation by about 30 percent.

Genetic correlation between smoking behavior and gastroesophageal reflux disease: insights from integrative multi-omics data

BackgroundObservational studies have preliminarily revealed an association between smoking and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, little is known about the causal relationship and shared genetic architecture between the two. This study aims to explore their common genetic correlations by leveraging genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of smoking behavior—specifically, smoking initiation (SI), never smoking (NS), ever smoking (ES), cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), age of smoking initiation(ASI) and GERD.MethodsFirstly, we conducted global cross-trait genetic correlation analysis and heritability estimation from summary statistics (HESS) to explore the genetic correlation between smoking behavior and GERD. Then, a joint cross-trait meta-analysis was performed to identify shared “pleiotropic SNPs” between smoking behavior and GERD, followed by co-localization analysis. Additionally, multi-marker analyses using annotation (MAGMA) were employed to explore the degree of enrichment of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability in specific tissues, and summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) was further utilized to investigate potential functional genes. Finally, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to explore the causal relationship between the smoking behavior and GERD.ResultsConsistent genetic correlations were observed through global and local genetic correlation analyses, wherein SI, ES, and CPD showed significantly positive genetic correlations with GERD, while NS and ASI showed significantly negative correlations. HESS analysis also identified multiple significantly associated loci between them. Furthermore, three novel “pleiotropic SNPs” (rs4382592, rs200968, rs1510719) were identified through cross-trait meta-analysis and co-localization analysis to exist between SI, NS, ES, ASI, and GERD, mapping the genes MED27, HIST1H2BO, MAML3 as new pleiotropic genes between SI, NS, ES, ASI, and GERD. Moreover, both smoking behavior and GERD were found to be co-enriched in multiple brain tissues, with GMPPB, RNF123, and RBM6 identified as potential functional genes co-enriched in Cerebellar Hemisphere, Cerebellum, Cortex/Nucleus accumbens in SI and GERD, and SUOX identified in Caudate nucleus, Cerebellum, Cortex in NS and GERD. Lastly, consistent causal relationships were found through MR analysis, indicating that SI, ES, and CPD increase the risk of GERD, while NS and higher ASI decrease the risk.ConclusionWe identified genetic loci associated with smoking behavior and GERD, as well as brain tissue sites of shared enrichment, prioritizing three new pleiotropic genes and four new functional genes. Finally, the causal relationship between smoking behavior and GERD was demonstrated, providing insights for early prevention strategies for GERD.

THE EFFECT OF FEAR OF COVID-19 DISEASE ON SMOKING BEHAVIOR

This study aimed to examine the effects of fear of COVID-19 disease on individuals' smoking behavior. Between April and July 2021, 384 patients who applied to family health centers in Kayseri Melikgazi district were administered a questionnaire, the fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and the Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test (FNDT). Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare the groups, Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation of numerical data, chi-square tests were used to analyze categorical data. The median FCV-19S score of the group was 16.0 (min:7-max:35). During the pandemic, 79.1% of the participants had no change in their smoking status. The proportion of smokers who reduced the amount of cigarettes they smoked was higher in those who reported deaths in their circle of friends and relatives due to COVID-19 and in those with lower FNDT scores (p

Association between Smoking Habit Changes and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Ischemic Stroke Patients: a Nationwide cohort study.

Smoking is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke (IS). While the relationship between smoking and the risk of cardiovascular diseases is established, the impact of changing smoking habits post-IS on the risk of subsequent MI remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the effects of alterations in smoking behavior following an IS diagnosis on the likelihood of experiencing an MI. Utilizing data from the Korean National Health Insurance Services Database, this nationwide population-based cohort study included 199,051 participants diagnosed with IS between January 2010 and December 2016. Smoking status was categorized based on changes in smoking habits before and after IS diagnosis. The association between changes in smoking behavior and the risk of subsequent MI was analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models. During a median follow-up of 4.17 person-years, a total of 5,734 (2.88%) patients were diagnosed with MI after IS. Smoking quitters (2.93%) or former smokers (2.47%) have a similar or lower rate of MI than the average, even if they have smoked cigarettes, while sustained smokers (3.46%) or new smokers (3.81%) have much higher rates of MI. Among sustained and new smokers, the risk of incident MI were significantly higher than never smokers (new smoker adjusted HR [aHR]: 1.496, 95% CI 1.262-1.774; sustained smoker aHR 1.494, 95% CI 1.361-1.641). Also, among the study participants, approximately two-thirds continued smoking after their IS diagnosis. Changing smoking habits after an IS diagnosis significantly influences the risk of subsequent MI. Specifically, continuing or starting to smoke after an IS diagnosis is associated with a higher risk of MI. These results underscore the importance of targeted smoking cessation interventions for stroke patients to reduce the risk of subsequent myocardial infarction.

Food Resource Management and Healthy Eating Focus Associates with Diet Quality and Health Behaviors in Low-Income Adults.

Nutrition education and food resource management (FRM) can assist food-insecure individuals in acquiring healthy and affordable food. We aimed to assess the relationships between FRM skills and healthy eating focus with diet quality and health-related behaviors in low-income adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey of 276 low-income adults living in a low-food-access community in Northeast Connecticut. Through analysis of covariance, adults who usually or always had a meal plan, considered reading nutrition labels important, made a grocery list, were concerned about their food healthiness, and rated their diet quality as very good/excellent reported higher diet quality (frequency-based and liking-based scores) (p < 0.05 for all). Individuals who considered reading food labels very important and reported having a good diet reported less frequent pandemic-related unhealthy behaviors (consumption of candy and snack chips, soda or sugary drinks, weight gain, smoking) (p < 0.001). Furthermore, higher-frequency-based diet quality was associated with lower risk of overweight or obesity (OR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.76; p-trend < 0.01). Thus, FRM skills and healthy eating focus were associated with higher diet quality and healthier self-reported changes in diet, weight, and smoking behaviors during the pandemic.

An Overview of Prospective Brides’ Preconceptional Health Using “Elsimil Application”

Preconceptional health has significant effect on pregnancy outcomes.Preconceptional health should be identified during premarital screening to allow brides sufficient time to enhance their health status. Aims: The objective of this study was to assess the preconceptional health characteristics of potential brides in Malang Regency using "Elsimil application". Study design: A quantitative descriptive research methodology was employed in the study, utilising a secondary data analysis approach. Place and Duration of Study: The data for the study was obtained from potential brides who completed the premarital screening questionnaire on the Elsimil Application between January and May 2022 in Malang, Indonesia. Methodology: The used sampling technique was the total sampling technique. The variables studied were prospective bride's preconceptional health with sub-variables: age, BMI, Hb levels, upper arm circumference, and smoking behaviour which were collected using an instrument in the form of a checklist table. Results: The findings of the descriptive statistical analysis, which included the investigation of the frequency and percentage, revealed that a significant proportion of potential brides in Malang Regency over the period of January to May 2022, who participated in the "Elsimil" premarital screening questionnaire, exhibited a preconception health state that was deemed to be at risk (61.1%). Scientific Novelty: This research introduces the use of the Elsimil Application to improve the preconception health of prospective brides and grooms. Its novelty lies in the integration of digital technology to monitor health, provide health education, analyse risk data, and evaluate the effectiveness of applications in real practice, which has a positive impact on maternal and child health. Conclusion: Premarital screening providers need to monitor prospective brides until their preconception health status is ideal.

Identification of Urine Cotinine in Secondhand Smoke and its Association with Socio-Environmental

Background: Exposure to cigarette smoke not only affects active smokers but also endangers passive smokers, leading to various health problems. However, research on passive smokers is still very limited, particularly regarding the relationship with socio-environmental factors. Cotinine is the primary metabolite of nicotine consumption and can serve as a biomarker for tobacco use and its derivatives; moreover, its presence is associated with poor health risks. Socio-environmental conditions are influential factors in smoking behavior, but the relationship between these factors and cotinine identification in passive smokers has not been fully studied. This study aimed to identify cotinine in passive smokers and their relationship with socio-environmental conditions. Methods: This study utilized an analytical survey with a cross-sectional approach. The sample size consisted of 53 passive smokers who had never actively smoked and were over 15 years old. Urine cotinine was identified using a competitive immunochromatography method, and profile of passive smokers was obtained through questionnaires. The collected data were then statistically analyzed. Results: The results showed that 36 samples tested positive for cotinine (67.90%), with the majority being females (28 individuals; 77.80%). Statistical tests indicated a significant relationship between urine cotinine identification and exposure location (p&lt;0.001) and exposure frequency (p&lt;0.001). In contrast, factors such as sex (p=0.570) and occupation (p=0.861) did not show a significant relationship with the identification of cotinine in passive smoker’s urine. Conclusion: Factors such as exposure location and exposure frequency are related to cotinine identification, whereas sex and occupation are not related to cotinine identification in passive smoker’s urine.

Effectiveness and feasibility of the self-administered and repeated episodic future thinking exercises in smoking cessation.

Delay discounting (DD) is associated with smoking behavior and relapses. Episodic future thinking (EFT) is one of the leading interventions shown to reduce DD. The 1-month follow-up study with 60 participants that employed EFT as active intervention and episodic recent thinking (ERT) as control intervention was conducted in participants receiving smoking cessation treatment. In EFT group, there was significant decrease in DD rates from pre-intervention to post-intervention (p = 0.009), whereas no significant change was observed in ERT group (p = 0.497). DD rates in EFT group did not change significantly over 1 month (p = 0.059), while decrease was detected in ERT group (p = 0.011). Smoking cessation rates between groups were similar (p = 0.486). Adherence with completing follow-up evaluation forms and performing relevant exercises was higher in EFT group (p = 0.038, p = 0.006). Adding EFT to usual smoking cessation treatment did not increase smoking cessation rates, however feasibility of the self-administered exercises needs to be improved to clarify clinical effects.

Determinants of Electronic Smoking Behavior among Adolescents in Indonesia (Analysis of Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2019)

Background:E-cigarettes are a concerning issue since e-smoking has affected young people. This phenomenon will be influenced by how common e-cigarette use is among youth. Nevertheless, health experts have found that e-cigarettes have negative effects on health. Objectives:The purpose of this study was to determine factors connected with electronic smoking habits among adolescents in Indonesia. Methods:The 2019 Global Youth Tobacco Survey was used in this cross-sectional study employing a multistage cluster random sampling approach. A total of 7,758 samples were taken after selection based on inclusion criteria. Results:According to this study, 21% of adolescents had tried e-cigarettes. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that sex (POR: 5.834, 95% CI: 4.749—7.167), allowance (POR: 2.432, 95% CI: 1.874—3.157), obtaining e-cigarette information from friends, shopkeepers, and promotion events (POR: 2.422, 95% CI: 1.959—2.994), and knowledge and attitude (POR: 2.030, 95% CI: 1.683—2.449) were the most influential factors on electronic smoking habits among adolescents in Indonesia. Conclusion:The results indicated that sex, allowance, access to information on e-cigarettes, and the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents strongly influence the likelihood of trying e-cigarettes. Strict policies regarding the use of e-cigarettes among adolescents need to be enforced, especially in regulating advertising and pricing to make them less affordable for adolescents. Keywords:determinants, e-cigarette, smoking, behaviour, adolescent

Reactions to a Nicotine Reduction Policy Among Adolescents Who Smoke: A Qualitative Study.

The Biden administration is pursuing a nicotine reduction policy in the U.S. to render cigarettes less addictive. In this study, we qualitatively investigated adolescents' subjective responses to very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes, reasons for incomplete adherence to using them, and their expected responses to a nicotine reduction policy. Adolescents who smoke cigarettes daily (ages 15-19; N=60) were enrolled in a three-week double-blind randomized clinical trial and assigned to smoke either normal nicotine content (NNC) or VLNC research cigarettes. Following the trial, 52 participants completed qualitative interviews about their reactions to the cigarettes and to the idea of a nicotine reduction policy. We utilized a template style approach to thematic analysis involving immersion in the data, codebook development with both inductive and deductive codes, and iterative refinement of themes. Reasons for incomplete adherence to smoking only research cigarettes focused on dislike for cigarette taste and lower satisfaction compared to usual brand cigarettes. Negative evaluations of research cigarettes were common across both groups. Many participants in both groups reported that they would decrease their smoking or quit entirely if the research cigarettes were the only ones legally available for purchase in the U.S. Adolescents may respond to a cigarette nicotine reduction policy by decreasing their cigarette smoking and eventually quitting. These findings suggest a need for public health strategies to reduce smoking initiation and progression in young people and to encourage cessation in the context of a nicotine reduction policy. Participants' negative subjective responses and challenges with research cigarette adherence offer insight into factors that might influence young people's reactions to a real-world nicotine reduction policy. Adolescents who smoke may increase their use of alternative tobacco products, especially e-cigarettes, if this policy were implemented. Specifically, themes identified across participant responses highlight important considerations for how such a policy might be implemented with specific attention to the unique smoking behaviors and needs of this vulnerable population.

A qualitative exploration of experts’ views about multi-dimensional aspects of hookah smoking control in Iran

BackgroundThe related literature has primarily addressed cigarette smoking control. It seems that researchers have failed to explore the determinants of hookah smoking (HS) control. In an attempt to fill this gap, the present study explores experts’ views about aspects of HS control in Bandar Abbas, a city in the south of Iran.MethodsThe present qualitative study, conducted in 2022 and 2023, used a content analysis. To this aim, 30 experts in tobacco prevention and control were invited to participate in the research. Twenty seven accepted the invitation. In-depth, semi-structured, and face-to-face interviews were held with the experts. A purposive sampling was used and the data collection continued until data saturation. The interviews lasted between 18 and 65 min. MAXQDA 10.0 was used for data management and analysis.ResultsThe expert interviewees had a mean age of 44.77 ± 6.57 years and a mean work experience of 18.6 ± 6.8 years. A total number of six main categories were extracted from the data, including usin influential figures to control HS, controlling HS by alternative activities, changing beliefs and attitudes toward HS, taking administrative and regulatory measures, and facilitating HS cessation.ConclusionThis qualitative study explored the multifaceted ways people adopt to quit HS. Using influential figures to control hookah smoking, promoting alternative activities as a means of control, changing beliefs and attitudes, enforcing administrative regulations, and facilitating quit attempts all play an important role in tackling the prevalence of hookah smoking. These findings emphasize the importance of a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to integrate various interventions to effectively address hookah smoking behavior.

Social and environmental stressors of cardiometabolic health

Exposures to social and environmental stressors arise individual behavioural response and thus indirectly affect cardiometabolic health. The aim of this study was to investigate several social and environmental stressors and the paths of their influence on cardiometabolic health. The data of 2154 participants (aged 25–64 years) from the cross-sectional population-based study were analysed. The composite score of metabolic disorders (MS score) was calculated based on 5 biomarkers: waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides. The effects of social stressors (education level, income), environmental stressors (NO2, noise) and behavioural factors (unhealthy diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary behaviours) on MS score were assessed using a structural model. We observed a direct effect of education on MS score, as well as an indirect effect mediated via an unhealthy diet, smoking, and sedentary behaviours. We also observed a significant indirect effect of income via sedentary behaviours. The only environmental stressor predicting MS was noise, which also mediated the effect of education. In summary, the effect of social stressors on the development of cardiometabolic risk had a higher magnitude than the effect of the assessed environmental factors. Social stressors lead to an individual’s unhealthy behaviour and might predispose individuals to higher levels of environmental stressors exposures.

The Effect of Adult Smoking Behavior on Children's Exposure to Secondhand Smoke. An Analysis Based on Salivary Cotinine Levels Among Children in Dhaka and Karachi.

Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) risks children's health. However, biomarkers are rarely used to study SHS exposure among children in low- and middle-income countries. We analyzed cross-sectional data collected between March and November 2022 for a cluster-randomized controlled trial investigating a Smoke-Free Intervention in 2769 children aged 9-15 in 74 schools (34 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and 40 in Karachi, Pakistan). Children's saliva was tested for the concentration of cotinine-a highly sensitive and specific biomarker for SHS exposure. Based on their reports, children's homes were categorized as Nonsmoking Homes (NSH) when residents were nonsmokers; Smoke-free Homes (SFH) when residents and visitors smoked outdoors only; and Smoke-permitted Homes (SPH) when either residents or visitors smoked indoors. We compared cotinine concentrations across these home types and the two cities using a proportional odds model. Overall, 95.7% of children (92% in Dhaka; and 99.4% in Karachi) had cotinine levels between 0.1 and 12 ng/mL, indicating SHS exposure. Median cotinine levels were higher in Karachi (0.58 ng/mL, IQR 0.37 to 0.93) than in Dhaka (0.27 ng/mL, IQR 0.16 to 0.49). Median cotinine concentration was also higher among children living in SPH than those in either NSH or SFH; with absolute differences of approximately 0.1-0.3 and 0.05 ng/mL, respectively. The level of SHS exposure in Dhaka and Karachi indicates widespread and unrestricted smoking. Smoking restrictions in households and enforcement of smoking bans are urgently needed. The high levels of SHS exposure in children living in SFH suggest parental behavior to hide their smoking and/or exposure in private vehicles or public spaces. It is important to advocate for SFH and cars to protect children from SHS exposure. However, these initiatives alone may not be enough. There is a need to enforce smoking bans in enclosed public places and transportation, as well as extend these bans to playgrounds, parks, fairgrounds, and other public spaces that children frequently visit. It is essential to complement smoking restrictions with tobacco cessation advice and support in these settings.

Major Psychiatric Disorders, Substance Use Behaviors, and Longevity

Observational studies suggest that major psychiatric disorders and substance use behaviors reduce longevity, making it difficult to disentangle their relationships with aging-related outcomes. To evaluate the associations between the genetic liabilities for major psychiatric disorders, substance use behaviors (smoking and alcohol consumption), and longevity. This 2-sample mendelian randomization (MR) study assessed associations between psychiatric disorders, substance use behaviors, and longevity using single-variable and multivariable models. Multiomics analyses were performed elucidating transcriptomic underpinnings of the MR associations and identifying potential proteomic therapeutic targets. This study sourced summary-level genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, gene expression, and proteomic data from cohorts of European ancestry. Analyses were performed from May 2022 to November 2023. Genetic susceptibility for major depression (n = 500 199), bipolar disorder (n = 413 466), schizophrenia (n = 127 906), problematic alcohol use (n = 435 563), weekly alcohol consumption (n = 666 978), and lifetime smoking index (n = 462 690). The main outcome encompassed aspects of health span, lifespan, and exceptional longevity. Additional outcomes were epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) clocks. Findings from multivariable MR models simultaneously assessing psychiatric disorders and substance use behaviorsm suggest a negative association between smoking and longevity in cohorts of European ancestry (n = 709 709; 431 503 [60.8%] female; β, -0.33; 95% CI, -0.38 to -0.28; P = 4.59 × 10-34) and with increased EAA (n = 34 449; 18 017 [52.3%] female; eg, PhenoAge: β, 1.76; 95% CI, 0.72 to 2.79; P = 8.83 × 10-4). Transcriptomic imputation and colocalization identified 249 genes associated with smoking, including 36 novel genes not captured by the original smoking GWAS. Enriched pathways included chromatin remodeling and telomere assembly and maintenance. The transcriptome-wide signature of smoking was inversely associated with longevity, and estimates of individual smoking-associated genes, eg, XRCC3 and PRMT6, aligned with the smoking-longevity MR analyses, suggesting underlying transcriptomic mediators. Cis-instrument MR prioritized brain proteins associated with smoking behavior, including LY6H (β, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.03; P = 2.37 × 10-6) and RIT2 (β, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.03; P = 1.05 × 10-5), which had favorable adverse-effect profiles across 367 traits evaluated in phenome-wide MR. The findings suggest that the genetic liability of smoking, but not of psychiatric disorders, is associated with longevity. Transcriptomic associations offer insights into smoking-related pathways, and identified proteomic targets may inform therapeutic development for smoking cessation strategies.

The effect of heavy smoking on retirement risk: A mendelian randomisation analysis

Background and aimsThe extent to which heavy smoking and retirement risk are causally related remains to be determined. To overcome the endogeneity of heavy smoking behaviour, we employed a novel approach by exploiting the genetic predisposition to heavy smoking, as measured with a polygenic risk score (PGS), in a Mendelian Randomisation approach. Methods8164 participants (mean age 68.86 years) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing had complete data on smoking behaviour, employment and a heavy smoking PGS. Heavy smoking was indexed as smoking at least 20 cigarettes a day. A time-to-event Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis, using a complementary log–log (cloglog) link function, was employed to model the retirement risk. ResultsOur results show that being a heavy smoker significantly increases the risk of retirement (β = 1.324, standard error = 0.622, p < 0.05). Results were robust to a battery of checks and a placebo analysis considering the never-smokers. ConclusionsOverall, our findings support a causal pathway from heavy smoking to earlier retirement.

The effects of smoking on pain scores, vital signs, and analgesic consumption in patients undergoing tympanomastoidectomy surgery.

In this study, we investigate the effects of smoking on pain scores, vital signs, and analgesic consumption in the intraoperative and postoperative period in patients undergoing tympanomastoidectomy surgery. A total of 100 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II status, aged 18-55 years, and who were planned to undergo tympanomastoidectomy surgery were divided into two groups: smokers (Group 1) and non-smokers (Group 2). The patients were compared for preoperative, intraoperative, and 24-hour postoperative carboxyhemoglobin, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, heart rate, pain intensity and verbal numerical rating scales, the extent of patient-controlled tramadol dose, nausea, and vomiting. There were 50 individuals in each group. Postoperative analgesic consumption and pain scores were higher in Group 1, and the first postoperative pain was felt earlier. Furthermore, in Group 1, preoperative carboxyhemoglobin levels and postoperative nausea were statistically higher before, after, and at the tenth minute after induction, whereas oxygen saturation was lower. The two groups had no statistical difference regarding intraoperative and postoperative vital signs. Postoperative analgesic consumption was not affected by age or gender. Smoking changes postoperative pain management, especially for this kind of operation, and these patients feel more pain and need more postoperative analgesic doses. Therefore, effective postoperative pain control should take account of smoking behavior, and analgesic doses may need to be adjusted for patients who smoke.

Maximizing the Effectiveness of Anti-Smoking Campaigns With Targeted Framing Strategies: Evidence From Behavioral and Neurological Studies

Background The global prevalence of smoking remains a significant public health concern, necessitating the development of effective anti-smoking campaigns to promote smoking cessation and discourage smoking initiation. Understanding the factors that influence individual responses to anti-smoking messages is critical for tailoring campaigns to different populations. Focus of the Article This study substantially exhibits the concepts of audience segmentation and targeting, informed by theory and formative research, and monitoring and evaluation research in the context of anti-smoking campaigns. Research Question The article aims to answer how smoking behavior and message framing influence individuals’ counterarguing responses to anti-smoking advertisements and the implications for ad effectiveness. Approach The research investigates the role of smoking behavior (smokers vs. non-smokers) and message framing (positive vs. negative) in shaping individuals’ counterarguing responses to anti-smoking advertisements, using two studies involving behavioral and neuroscientific methods. Methods Study 1 employed an online video task with 1920 participants, examining the effects of smoking behavior and message framing on ad effectiveness. Study 2 used electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain activity from 31 participants while they viewed anti-smoking video advertisements, focusing on the neural correlates of counterarguing and their effect on anti-smoking ad effectiveness. Results Study 1 found that smokers report lower ad effectiveness compared to non-smokers, and observed an interaction between smoking behavior and message framing. Study 2 found that smoking behavior significantly influenced brain activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) regions in response to anti-smoking ads. Additionally, a significant interaction was observed between smoking behavior and ad framing on brain activity in all three regions. Recommendations for Research or Practice The findings suggest that anti-smoking campaigns should be tailored to the specific needs and attitudes of smokers and non-smokers, with separate campaigns for each group. Future research could explore the role of other individual differences in shaping counterarguing responses, the long-term effects of exposure to different types of anti-smoking messages on smoking behavior, and using more advanced neuroimaging techniques to investigate the neural processes that underlie counterarguing responses to anti-smoking messages for better flow.

Global association of secondhand smoke exposure locations and smoking behaviour among adolescents in 99 countries.

This study classified 99 countries into four income groups and then analysed the impact of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home, in public places and at school, on current cigarette smoking prevalence. We utilised data from the WHO Global Youth Tobacco Survey and a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and weighted odds ratios (wORs) of adolescent smoking behaviour and SHS exposure locations. Both smoking behaviours increased with higher national income levels. Smoking behaviours in high and upper-middle-income countries (HICs and UMICs) exhibited an association with SHS exposure in public places (HIC: wOR, 3.50 [95% CI, 2.85-4.31]; UMIC: wOR, 2.90 [2.60-3.23]) compared to home. Low- and lower-middle-income countries (LICs and LMICs) showed an association with SHS exposure in the home (LIC: wOR, 5.33 [3.59-7.93]; LMIC: wOR, 2.71 [2.33-3.17]) than public places. The association between current cigarette smoking and SHS exposure at home increased with lower income levels, while anticipated future use of any form of tobacco with SHS exposure in public places rose in lower income countries. Targeted interventions based on income levels are essential, emphasising home strategies in lower income countries and public place efforts in higher income countries.