Smoking Behavior Of Women Research Articles

Association between ovarian hormones and smoking behavior in women.

Association between ovarian hormones and smoking behavior in women.

The Effect of Earned Income Tax Credit Expansions on the Smoking Behavior of Women

We investigate the impact of Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) expansions on the smoking behavior of women. The differential increases in federal EITC benefits by family size as part of the 1993 OBRA expansion allow for a comparison of smoking status changes between women with and without children and between mothers with one and more than one child. We exploit these changes in a difference-in-differences framework using data from the 1993-2001 waves of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to show that the increase in EITC benefits yielded a significant decline in the likelihood of smoking among unmarried women with less than a college degree. These results are also robust to an alternative measure of EITC expansion, specifically the maximum state-level EITC benefit (in dollars), which varies across states and over the full course of the sample time frame.

Gender Differences in Smoking Following an Implicit Mood Induction

Smoking is significantly associated with negative affect, which may play an especially important role in the smoking behavior of women. The purpose of this laboratory study was to examine the role of gender in the relationship of negative mood and smoking maintenance for male and female smokers following an implicit mood induction using music. Ninety adult smokers (50% female) completed a laboratory session during which they were randomly assigned to a negative mood induction, a positive mood induction, or a neutral mood condition. Latency to smoke and number of cigarettes smoked were assessed during an ad libitumsmoking period following the mood induction. Female smokers began smoking more quickly following the negative mood induction when compared with males. There were no gender differences in the number of cigarettes smoked or for cravings to smoke by mood condition. This study demonstrated gender differences in the relationship between negative affect and smoking behavior following an implicit and subtle mood manipulation. A better understanding of gender differences in smoking behavior can provide valuable information about mechanisms that maintain smoking behavior and guide treatment development to help adults quit smoking.

Socioeconomic Status and Women's Smoking Behavior: A Literature Review

Objectives: This paper presents a literature review that examines the relationship between socioeconomic statusand women’s smoking behavior in the United States.Methods: A literature search was conducted among national and international peer-reviewed literature in thefollowing databases: Academic Search Premier, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Education Resource InformationCenter (ERIC), MEDLINE, and PsycARTICLES. A manual search was performed to obtain relevant articleswithin selected journals.Results: Of the 9 reviewed studies, 5 indicated that a low education level is a causal factor which has a significantrelationship with smoking behavior among women. 6 of the reviewed studies provided evidence that householdincome level plays an important role in women’s cigarette smoking. Finally, 2 of the reviewed studies indicatedthat women’s smoking behavior is influenced by their marital status.Conclusion: The findings from this literature review indicate that future smoking prevention efforts targetingwomen might benefit from incorporating education, household income, and marital situation intomulti-component programs that focus on the differences in socioeconomic status.

Socioeconomic Status and Women's Smoking Behavior: A Literature Review

Socioeconomic Status and Women's Smoking Behavior: A Literature Review

Pregnant women's responses to a tailored smoking cessation intervention: turning hopelessness into competence

Background: Cognitive behavioral interventions consisting of brief counseling and the provision of self-help material designed for pregnancy have been documented as effective smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women. However, there is a need to understand how such interventions are perceived by the targeted group.Aim: To understand the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses of pregnant women to a clinic-based smoking cessation intervention.Methods: In-depth interviews with women attending four antenatal clinics in Cape Town, South Africa, who were exposed to a smoking intervention delivered by midwives and peer counselors. Women were purposively selected to represent a variation in smoking behavior. Thirteen women were interviewed at their first antenatal visit and 10 were followed up and reinterviewed later in their pregnancies. A content analysis approach was used, which resulted in categories and themes describing women's experiences, thoughts, and feelings about the intervention.Results: Five women quit, five had cut down, and three could not be traced for follow-up. All informants perceived the intervention positively. Four main themes captured the intervention's role in influencing women's smoking behavior. The process started with ‘understanding their reality,’ which led to ‘embracing change’ and ‘deciding to hold nothing back,’ which created a basis for ‘turning hopelessness into a feeling of competence.’Conclusion: The intervention succeeded in shifting women from feeling pessimistic about ever quitting to feeling encouraged to try and quit. Informants rated the social support they received very highly and expressed the need for the intervention to become a routine component of clinic services.

Smoking behavior in women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Smoking behavior in women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Smoking behavior in women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Smoking behavior in women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Smoking behavior in women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Smoking behavior in women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Postpartum smoking behavior in women and related factors

Postpartum smoking behavior in women and related factors

Smoking behavior in women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study

The purpose of this study was to assess cigarette use and environmental smoke exposure in women with cervical cancer. Smoking behavior was recorded prospectively in a clinical trial of women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma. Of 315 participants, 133 women (42%) were current smokers; 72 women (23%) were former smokers, and 110 women (35%) were never smokers. Current smokers began smoking earlier (16 vs 18 years; P = .009), for more years (29 vs 24 years; P = .005), and in greater amounts (20 vs 11 cigarettes/d; P < .001) than former smokers. Active smokers lived more often with another smoker (63.3%), compared with former smokers (35.0%; P < .001) or never-smokers (28.7%; P < .001). Agreement between self-report and urine cotinine level was high (kappa = 0.872; P < .001). A significant decrease in cotinine level during treatment occurred in 5.2% of current smokers. Prevalence of smoking and tobacco consumption was twice that of the North American female population. Few smokers quit or decreased consumption during treatment.

Menstrual cycle and cue reactivity in women smokers

Emerging research suggests potential effects of the menstrual cycle on various aspects of smoking behavior in women, but results to date have been mixed. The present study sought to explore the influence of menstrual cycle phase on reactivity to smoking in vivo and stressful imagery cues in a sample of non-treatment-seeking women smokers. Via a within-subjects design, nicotine-dependent women (N = 37) participated in a series of four cue reactivity sessions, each during a distinct biologically verified phase of the menstrual cycle (early follicular [EF], mid-follicular [MF], mid-luteal [ML], and late luteal [LL]). Subjective (Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief; QSU-B) and physiological (skin conductance and heart rate) measures of craving and reactivity were collected and compared across phases. Subjective reactive craving (QSU-B) to smoking in vivo cues varied significantly across the menstrual cycle (p = .02) and was higher in both EF and MF phases versus ML and LL phases, but this finding was not sustained when controlling for reactivity to neutral cues. Heart rate reactivity to stressful imagery cues (p = .01) and skin conductance reactivity to smoking in vivo cues (p = .05) varied significantly across the menstrual cycle upon controlling for reactivity to neutral cues, with highest reactivity during the MF phase. Menstrual cycle phase may have an effect on reactivity to smoking-related and stressful cues among women smokers. These findings contribute to an expanding literature, suggesting menstrual cycle effects on smoking behaviors in women.

Lifecourse influences on maternal smoking before pregnancy and postpartum among women from ethnic minority groups

Studies using a lifecourse framework to examine women's smoking behaviour have focused on samples of predominantly white women. We examined the contributions of conventional lifecourse factors and women's domestic trajectories to smoking behaviour before pregnancy and postpartum among women from ethnic minority groups. We analysed data from 2140 mothers from ethnic minority groups in the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Mothers reported their smoking habits (smoking >or=1 cigarette/day) before pregnancy, at 9 months, and 3 years postpartum, along with information used to characterise their social and domestic lifecourse trajectories. In a mutually adjusted model, women were more likely to smoke before pregnancy if, when they were children, their father held a routine/manual occupation [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.67, 95% confidence interval 1.00-2.80] (compared with managerial/professional), they left education at age <or=18 (aOR 2.10, 1.18-3.73) (compared with >or=22), or they were currently in a routine/manual occupation (aOR 1.53, 0.84-2.76) (compared with managerial/professional). Women were also more likely to smoke before pregnancy if they were age 14-19 years at their first birth (aOR 1.92, 1.05-3.50) (compared with age >or=30) or a lone parent (aOR 3.39, 2.18-5.28) (compared with non-lone parents). Similar relationships were apparent for smoking at 9 months and 3 years postpartum. Among women from ethnic minority groups, those on more disadvantaged social and domestic lifecourse trajectories were more likely to smoke before pregnancy and postpartum. These patterns are consistent with studies of predominantly white women, indicating the importance of disadvantage across the lifecourse in all ethnic groups.

Mood, Dietary Restraint, and Women's Smoking and Eating Urges

Women may have difficulty maintaining smoking cessation efforts due to negative affect and fear of weight gain. Dieting smokers who rely on cigarettes for affect regulation and weight management may be especially prone to weight gain and smoking relapse following initial smoking abstinence. The present study, which included 82 women smokers, assessed the relationship between dieting status, self-efficacy, and temptation to smoke and eat following a depressing or elating mood induction. Women with high levels of dietary restraint (i.e., more dieting behavior) had more confidence in their ability to refrain from smoking when in the elated mood condition, and they were more tempted to smoke when in the depressed condition. At low levels of dietary restraint (i.e., less dieting behavior), depressed or elated mood condition appeared to have little impact on women's confidence to refrain from smoking or their temptation to smoke. Dieting status seems to moderate the impact of positive and negative mood states, especially with respect to women's smoking behavior. These findings may have implications for dieters who are trying to quit smoking and also maintain their weight.

Life course socioeconomic conditions, passive tobacco exposures and cigarette smoking in a multiethnic birth cohort of U.S. women

Low socioeconomic status (SES) and exposure to passive tobacco smoke are associated with increased risk of smoking in adults, but the influences of these factors in earlier life periods on adult smoking behavior are not well understood. We investigated the relationship of SES and passive tobacco exposure over the lifecourse with adult smoking status in a multiethnic cohort of U.S. women (n = 262, average age = 41.8), using prospective data on maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood SES, and follow-up data on current smoking, adult SES and household tobacco exposure. Low adolescent and adult SES consistently increased the risk of current smoking, but most associations were not statistically significant in multivariable models. Blue collar parental occupation at birth increased the risk of smoking, particularly for current smoking relative to former smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-5.9). After adjusting for SES, current and former smokers were more likely than never smokers to have exposures to prenatal tobacco (OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 2.1-9.4 and OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0-4.2, respectively) and adult household tobacco (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.3-5.8 and OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.2-4.8, respectively). Our results show that early life conditions have enduring influences on women's smoking behavior in middle adulthood, even after considering similar types of conditions in later life periods.

Determinants of continuity and change over 10 years in young women's smoking

To examine prospectively continuity and change in smoking behaviour and associated attributes over a 10-year period. Participants (initially aged 18-23 years) in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health completed postal questionnaires in 1996, 2000, 2003 and 2006. The analysis sample was 6840 women who participated in all surveys and provided complete smoking data. Outcome variables were transitions in smoking behaviour between surveys 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4 and 1 and 4. Attributes that differentiated continuing smokers from quitters, relapsers from ex-smokers and adopters from never smokers were examined for each survey period. Explanatory variables included previous smoking history, demographic, psychosocial, life-style risk behaviour and life-stage transition factors. Over 10 years, 23% of participants either quit, re-started, adopted or experimented with smoking. Recent illicit drug use and risky or high-risk drinking predicted continued smoking, relapse and smoking adoption. Marriage or being in a committed relationship was associated significantly with quitting, remaining an ex-smoker and not adopting smoking. Living in a rural or remote area and lower educational attainment were associated with continued smoking; moderate and high physical activity levels were associated positively with remaining an ex-smoker. Life-style and life-stage factors are significant determinants of young women's smoking behaviour. Future research needs to examine the inter-relationships between tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use, and to identify the determinants of continued smoking among women living in rural and remote areas. Cessation strategies could examine the role of physical activity in relapse prevention.

Intelligence in girls and their subsequent smoking behaviour as mothers: the 1958 National Child Development Study and the 1970 British Cohort Study

Exposure to tobacco smoke either in utero or postnatally can have substantial adverse effects on child health, yet many women continue to smoke during pregnancy and after the birth. How women's intelligence in childhood affects their smoking behaviour as mothers is unclear. The participants were from two British national birth cohorts: 3325 women aged 33 years from the 1958 National Child Development Study and 1971 women aged 34 years from the 1970 British Cohort Study. We used structural equation modelling to examine the direct and indirect effects of intelligence measured at age 10-11 years, parental and current social class, educational attainment and age at first birth on smoking during pregnancy and current smoking status. Forty per cent of women in the 1958 cohort smoked during pregnancy, compared with 28% of those from the 1970 cohort. In both cohorts, women with lower IQ in childhood were more likely as adults to smoke during pregnancy and to be a smoker currently. Structural equation modelling showed that the effects of childhood IQ on smoking behaviour were indirect, as they were statistically mediated by educational attainment and age at first birth. There was some effect of educational attainment and age at first birth on smoking behaviour over and above the effect of intelligence. Childhood intelligence influenced women's smoking behaviour as mothers primarily through its contributions to educational attainment and age at first birth.

Social Support, Network Heterogeneity, and Smoking Behavior in Women: The 10-Town Study

Examine the associations among social support, network heterogeneity, and smoking behavior in a large sample of Finnish female municipal employees. Cross-sectional observational study. Workplaces in 10 towns in Finland. Smoking behavior and social support from one's partner, relatives, friends, supervisor, and coworkers was assessed by a questionnaire survey in 2000 to 2001. Logistic regression analysis. Total of 23,069 female employees (mean age = 45 years). Separate models for heavy smoking (> or = 20 cigarettes per day) were calculated for 4119 current smokers. The association between social support and ex-smoking was examined in 7352 ever-smokers. After adjustment for various confounders, women who reported low heterogeneity of their support network or no support from their partners or relatives were approximately 1.2 times more likely to be smokers compared with their counterparts with high heterogeneity or high support. Low network heterogeneity was also significantly associated with an elevated prevalence of heavy smoking in current smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.06, 2.19) and a lower likelihood of ex-smoking in ever-smokers (OR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.63, 0.87). The associations were more pronounced among nonmanual vs. manual employees. Our findings suggest an association among network heterogeneity, sources of social support, and smoking in female employees. The preventive impact of these social resources on smoking behavior is stronger among nonmanual female employees.

Effects of instructions on responses to the nicotine patch: a laboratory study

Smokers have weak positive expectancies for nicotine replacement therapies relative to smoking (Juliano and Brandon, Nicotine Tob Res, 6:569-574, 2004). This study investigated if a manipulation designed to alter expectancies for the nicotine patch was effective in increasing positive expectancies for the patch and influencing smoking cessation outcomes during a 2-day abstinence period. Smokers (n = 72) were randomly assigned to receive information that emphasized either patch benefits (n = 25) or standard patch information including side effects (n = 25). Participants wore placebo patches but were told that the patches contained nicotine. A control condition (n = 22) was informed that they received placebo patches while given standard patch information to independently test the effect of the nicotine-dose instructional set on abstinence outcomes. Benefits information significantly increased positive expectancies for the patch and promoted positive mood during the abstinence period relative to the side effects information. Nicotine-dose instructions resulted in fewer lapsed cigarettes and higher ratings of patch helpfulness than placebo instructions. In particular, women's smoking behavior appeared to be more influenced by nicotine instructions than that of men. The results of this preliminary study suggest that information provided to smokers about patch effects and nicotine content may influence behavioral and subjective outcomes of patch use.

The neighbourhood they live in—Does it matter to women's smoking habits during pregnancy?

Socioeconomic factors in the neighbourhood are associated with smoking habits in various populations. We studied a 10-year cohort to determine whether women's smoking behaviour during pregnancy can similarly be determined by neighbourhood economic and ethnic factors. The cohort included 127,074 primiparous pregnant women in 592 Swedish neighbourhoods during the years 1992–2001. Multilevel technique was used to regress pregnancy smoking on socioeconomic individual-level variables and neighbourhood characteristics. Seven percent of the variation in pregnancy smoking was at the neighbourhood level and the odds of smoking during pregnancy were doubled in poorer areas. Health education and smoking cessation interventions should be directed at maternity care units in deprived neighbourhoods.