Smoke Opacity Research Articles

Enhancing biodiesel engine performance and emission reduction using Fe and Zn coated zeolite catalytic converters

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the performance and emission characteristics of diesel, fish biodiesel (comprising 20% fish oil and 80% diesel), and fish biodiesel using Fe and Zn-coated zeolite catalytic converters. The research aims to mitigate environmental challenges associated with diesel engines by exploring the efficacy of metal-doped zeolite catalysts in reducing harmful emissions. Fish biodiesel was derived from fish waste via transesterification and tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Key performance metrics, including Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, Brake Thermal Efficiency, Exhaust Gas Temperature, cylinder pressure, Heat Release Rate, and ignition delay, were measured. Emission characteristics such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide, and smoke opacity were also analyzed. Results showed diesel had the lowest Specific fuel consumption, ranging from 730 g/kWh at 25% load to 320 g/kWh at full load. Fish biodiesel exhibited higher Specific fuel consumption, from 770 g/kWh to 350 g/kWh. Regarding emissions, the NOx of the biodiesel increased significantly compared to diesel; the use of a catalytic converter has reduced the NOx emission to a maximum extent of 37.5% at full load for a Fe-coated converter. The Zn-coated converter also improved emissions by up to 33% for NO but was slightly less effective than the Fe-coated converter. The study concludes that Fe-coated zeolite catalytic converters significantly enhance biodiesel-fueled diesel engines’ performance and emission characteristics. Both catalytic converters reduced the smoke emission significantly. These findings highlight the potential for developing more efficient and eco-friendly emission control technologies and promoting using renewable transportation fuels.

The Emissions of a Compression-Ignition Engine Fuelled by a Mixture of Crude Oil and Biodiesel from the Lipids Accumulated in the Waste Glycerol-Fed Culture of Schizochytrium sp.

Microalgae are considered to be a promising and prospective source of lipids for the production of biocomponents for conventional liquid fuels. The available sources contain a lot of information about the cultivation of biomass and the amounts and composition of the resulting bio-oils. However, there is a lack of reliable and verified data on the impact of fuel blends based on microalgae biodiesel on the quality of the emitted exhaust gas. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to present the emission characteristics of a compression-ignition engine fuelled with a blend of diesel fuel and biodiesel produced from the lipids accumulated in the biomass of a heterotrophic culture of Schizochytrium sp. The final concentrations of microalgal biomass and lipids in the culture were 140.7 ± 13.9 g/L and 58.2 ± 1.1 g/L, respectively. The composition of fatty acids in the lipid fraction was dominated by decosahexaenoic acid (43.8 ± 2.8%) and palmitic acid (40.4 ± 2.8%). All parameters of the bio-oil met the requirements of the EN 14214 standard. It was found that the use of bio-components allowed lower concentrations of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas, ranging between 33 ± 2 ppm and 38 ± 7 ppm, depending on the load level of the engine. For smoke opacity, lower emissions were found in the range of 50–100% engine load levels, where the observed content was between 23 ± 4% and 53 ± 8%.

Comparative research on acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) and butanol (Bu) as next-generation biofuels in compression ignition engine

Increasing global energy demand, along with economic and environmental issues, have necessitated substituting fossil fuels with biofuels. ABE (acetone-butanol-ethanol mixture), an intermediate product of biobutanol fermentation characterized by low-cost production, has recently emerged as a promising renewable fuel to replace biobutanol (Bu) for engine applications. This study compares ABE and Bu to determine which fuel is superior. To this end, their effects on engine operation and pollutant emissions were investigated. Each biofuel was tested on a research engine under varied loading conditions after being blended with diesel fuel at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 30% by volume. The results revealed that the diesel (D)-ABE and diesel-biobutanol (D-Bu) blends experienced dominant premixed combustion; however, deteriorated engine performance somewhat. ABE30 and Bu30 presented the highest increases in fuel consumption (11.67% and 7.89%, respectively), and the highest decreases in thermal efficiency (2.17% and 1.17%, respectively). All fuel blends offered a remarkable concurrent reduction in NO emission and smoke opacity. More specifically, ABE20 provided an average reduction in NO and smoke opacity (41.79% and 49.59%, respectively), as compared to diesel fuel, whereas Bu20 offered a mean reduction in NO and smoke opacity (45.42% and 54.98%, respectively). Collectively, results revealed that Bu20 and its counterpart ABE20 could be the most suitable candidates among the tested fuels. Considering ABE’s lower cost and less energy intensity production process than Bu, ABE20, which is compatible with existing engine technology and improves NOX-PM trade-off with a slight sacrifice in engine performance, emerges as a most promising biofuel.

Effect of hybrid nanoparticles dispersed ternary fuel blend on diesel engine performance and emissions: Experimental and Taguchi-Grey relation study

The present study deals with the influence of hybrid nanoparticles dispersed in ternary fuel mixtures on the evaluation of the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine. The fuel blend consists of 70% diesel, 20% Madhuca longifolia biodiesel, and 10% ethanol (by volume). The hybrid nanoparticles of ferric chloride (FeCl3) and graphene nanoparticles were then added to this ternary fuel mixture in different proportions, namely 50 mg/L and 75 mg/L, together with the surfactant and the dispersant in a ratio of 1:1. Moreover, the experiments were conducted on a diesel engine to evaluate the performance and emission parameters by varying different fuel samples, different loads (3, 6, 9, and 12 kgf) and injection pressures (i.e. 200, 225,and 250 bar). In addition, the Taguchi-Grey relation analysis was used for optimization, and the input parameters are fuel samples, loads and injection pressures. Experimental performance metrics, including brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE), were improved when hybrid nanoparticles were added to the ternary fuel blend compared to diesel. At the same time, smoke opacity, nitrogen oxides (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were reduced. Increasing the injection pressure also led to positive results, apart from NOx. Both performance and emissions were better for hybrid nanofuel based on surfactants and dispersants than for the base fuel, and it performed better of all dispersant-added nanofuels. The better results were obtained with D70B20E10NPs75QPAN75 mg/L than with the other fuel samples. The maximum BTE and lowest BSFC are 33.26% and 0.206 kg/kWh, while the minimized CO, UHC, NOx and smoke values at full load are 0.019%, 21 ppm, 833 ppm and 36.25%, respectively, at full load and injection pressure of 250 bar. By combining experimental investigations with the Taguchi -Grey method, a comprehensive and rapid assessment of the effects on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines was achieved.

Evaluating Engine Performance, Emissions, Noise, and Vibration: A Comparative Study of Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel Mixture

This study investigates the performance, emissions, noise, and vibration characteristics of a single-cylinder, air-cooled, four-stroke diesel engine running on pure diesel (D100) and biodiesel blends (B10: 90% diesel, 10% biodiesel; B20: 80% diesel, 20% biodiesel) at 1800 rpm, where the engine delivers maximum torque. Key metrics such as torque, power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), exhaust gas temperature, noise, vibration, and emissions (CO, CO2, HC, O2, NOx, and smoke opacity) were analyzed. The findings indicate that B10 enhances torque, power output, and overall fuel efficiency, especially at low to medium loads, with a significant 17.54% reduction in BSFC compared to D100 at 40% engine load. Vibration levels generally increased with biodiesel addition, while B10 and B20 both reduced smoke opacity, with B20 having a more substantial effect. HC emissions decreased at idle with B10 but increased at higher loads, suggesting more complete combustion with potential thermal stress on engine components. Noise and vibration results were mixed; B20 reduced noise at higher loads but increased vibration. At 100% load, B20 decreased noise by 1.42% compared to D100. Despite benefits such as improved torque and reduced particulate emissions, biodiesel blends, particularly B20, led to increased NOx and CO2 emissions, emphasizing the need for further op-timization of blend formulations and emission control strategies. This study provides valuable insights into the tradeoffs and potential of biodiesel blends as sustainable diesel alternatives.

Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil and its Impact on Engine Performance and Emissions Using Response Surface Methodology

This study aims to improve biodiesel production by assessing the effects of biodiesel-diesel fuel blends on engine performance and emissions using response surface methodology (RSM). The biodiesel was produced by the transesterification process. Here we see how the molar ratio (A), catalyst quantity (B), reaction temperature (C), and reaction time (D) affect the biodiesel conversion rate. During optimization, a Box-Behnken design (BBD) based on RSM was employed. Ideal conditions for achieving a biodiesel yield of 98.2069% were a B of 0.811601 wt%, a C of 75.8837°C, a D of 98.2069 min, and A of 10935:1. Adjusting parameters like engine speed and biodiesel fuel mix ratio enhanced engine behavior and condensed exhaust emissions. The trials were structured utilizing the central composite design (CCD) technique grounded on RSM. The optimum operating criteria for the engine were evaluated to be a biodiesel ratio of 12.5845% and speed of engine is 2011.24 rpm. Under these conditions, the power output was 50.0817kW, torque was 254.757 Nm, smoke opacity was 6.48966%, CO emissions were 270.009 ppm, and NOx emissions were 819.573 ppm.

Enhancing the usability range of acetylene in CI engines through split injection of high-reactive fuel under RCCI operation: Optimized operability using an MCDM approach

Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) has emerged as a promising solution to address the challenges of advanced combustion techniques in diesel engines, balancing combustion control and emission reduction. This study investigates the impact of split-injection high-reactivity fuel (HRF) dosing in RCCI to enhance charge homogeneity at lower injection timing advancements. It systematically explores progressive advancements in HRF injection timing, distinguishing between main and pilot injections. The main injection varied from 20° bTDC to 70° bTDC, while the pilot injection, relative to the main injection, spans 25°-40° CA ahead with a 5° progression. As an LRF, Port-injected Acetylene supplements the process with variable premixed ratios. Further, using a multi-criteria decision-making method (AHP), the study optimizes operating conditions, proposing a main injection at 20° bTDC, a pilot injection 40° CA ahead, and 70 % LRF participation. This optimized condition yields significant benefits such as 32.99 % higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE), 160 % longer premixed duration, 18.65 % lower maximum temperature, 89.41 % lower NO emissions, 91.83 % lower hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, 91.24 % lower CO emissions and 97.20 % lower smoke opacity compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC) operation. The results highlight the advantages of multiple fuel injections in RCCI, improving blending characteristics at lower injection angles.

Influence of Dual Fueling on the Performance of a Compression Ignition Engine

Abstract The diesel engine although offering a high efficiency and low fuel consumption is slowly being marginalized regarding thermal engines due to high pollutant like NOx and smoke particles. Although there are alternative propulsion systems, they are not proper for industrial use. For this reason, we need to find a solution to improve this engine and to obtain lower emissions and a higher efficiency. In this paper we propose a solution that can improve the efficiency and reduce the pollutants produced by diesel engine, using a secondary fuel. The idea is to inject the secondary fuel in the intake manifold of the engine, creating a mix between the air and the fuel. This mixture will fill the cylinders and a pilot injection will be used to ignite the content of the cylinder and to provide the additional fuel needed to obtain the targeted performance, while maintaining the emissions at a minimum. In this scope an experimental test bench with a diesel engine, equipped with a secondary injection system was created. The secondary fuel is injected, in the intake manifold, separately than the main diesel fuel, via a single point injection system. The entire system was created in the laboratory and is driven with a in house software solution that allows us to control every aspect of the engine such as timing, injection duration, fuel pressure and so on. As a result of the experiment, was observed that the engine performance is not diminished. The NOx emission presents a decrease in the same operating conditions. The smoke opacity is reduced significantly and the HC emissions present a slight increase for the same conditions

Simulated fire video collection for advancing understanding of human behavior in building fires.

The goal of the present research was to develop a video collection of simulated fires to investigate how people perceive growing building fires. In fire safety science, a critical factor to occupant responses to building fires is the pre-movement period, determined by how long it takes an individual to initiate taking protective action with an incipient fire. Key to studying the psychological processes that contribute to the duration of the pre-movement period is presenting human subjects with building fires. One approach used in previous research is to present videos of building fires to individuals via scenarios. The numerical simulations used to model fire dynamics can be used to render videos for these scenarios. However, such simulations have predominantly been used in fire protection engineering to design buildings and are relatively inaccessible to social scientists. The present study documents a collection of videos, based on numerical simulations, which can be used by researchers to study human behavior in fire. These videos display developing fires in different types of rooms, growing at different rates, different smoke thickness, among other characteristics. As part of a validation study, participants were presented with subsets of the video clips and were asked to rate the perceived risk posed by the simulated fire. We observed that ratings varied by the intensity and growth rate of the fires, smoke opacity, type of room, and where the viewpoint was located from the fire. These effects aligned with those observed in previous fire science research, providing evidence that the videos could elicit perceived risk using fire simulations. The present research indicates that future studies can utilize the video library of fire simulations to study human perceptions of developing building fires as situational factors are systematically manipulated.

Experimental study of diesel engine performance and emissions from microalgae fuel blends with SiO2 nanoadditives: RSM and Taguchi optimization.

In this investigation, the effects of blending microalgae biodiesel with silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles in a diesel engine are evaluated. For the study, test fuels (diesel, B20, B20n25, B20n50, B20n75, and B20n100) were prepared by blending pure diesel with microalgae biodiesel with the addition of SiO2 nanoparticles having particle sizes ranging from 25 to 100 ppm. A liquid-cooled, two-cylinder, four-stroke, compression ignition engine having a load range between 2 and 12 kW, fuel injection timing of 23° bTDC, and 16.5:1 compression ratio was chosen for this study. The results demonstrated that the test fuels enhanced the engine performance and declined emissions. Performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were all improved by 1.6-4.8% and 8.55-15.33%, respectively, by the biodiesel containing SiO2 nanoparticles. At full engine load, emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2), smoke opacity (BSN), and NOx declined by 1.8-9%, 6.2-21.4%, and 19-34% respectively. The study backs the use of SiO2 nanoadditives for better performance and lower emissions in diesel engines. Test results were analyzed by Taguchi and RSM method to find optimized conditions.

Effect of Butylated Hydroxytoluene Nanoparticles Blended with Biodiesel Derived from Bauhinia Purpurea Linn Seed Fueled in a CRDI Diesel Engine

This study sought to investigate techniques for lowering diesel engine emissions by using waste seed as an alternative energy source in place of conventional fossil fuels. This study thoroughly investigated the process of transesterifying waste seed oil obtained from Bauhinia purpurea linn for use as fuel in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) nanoparticles serve as a combustion enhancer. The engine outcome metrics were analyzed using diesel, Bauhinia purpurea linn biodiesel (BPLB) and BPLB-BHT blends ([Formula: see text]m BHT 10 ppm and [Formula: see text]m BHT 10 ppm) without changing the operating circumstances. At full brake power, the [Formula: see text]m BHT 10 ppm mix outperformed the BPLB and [Formula: see text]m BHT 10 ppm blends, but fell short of diesel. The [Formula: see text]m BHT 10 ppm blend reduced smoke opacity by 39.14%, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by 42.71%, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 59.03% and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions by 12.29% compared to neat diesel fuel at maximum brake power.

Investigation of the operating characteristics of diesel engines with chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles dispersed in Mesua ferrea biodiesel: an experimental and predictive approach using ANNs and RSM

Abstract This study investigates the effects of using biodiesel from Mesua ferrea (BD20) and chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles in diesel engines. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were developed to make precise predictions of the operating parameters. The amount of Cr2O3 nanoparticles was set at 80 mg/L, and surfactant and dispersant were applied to the nanoparticles in the same amounts. The study was carried out with different compression ratios and load conditions. The parameters evaluated were engine load, fuel samples and compression ratio as inputs and BTE, BSFC, CP, NHRR, CO, UHC, NO x and smoke opacity as outputs. The addition of the QPAN80 additive at the same dosage of 80 mg/L together with the BD20 fuel blend containing Cr2O3 at a concentration of 80 mg/L resulted in a significant increase in BTE by 16.58 % and a reduction in BSFC by 0.58 %. While the NHRR increased by 85.40 %, the CP increased sharply by 24.47 %. The CO concentration decreased by 31.85 %, the UHC concentration by 22.22 %, the NO x concentration by 6.16 % and the smoke emission by 62.61 %. For each output parameter, the correlation coefficient (R 2), calculated using ANNs and RSM was between 0.96 and 0.98. The observed range of values demonstrates a robust correlation between the experimental data and the predicted outcomes.

Enhancing diesel engine efficiency and emission performance through oxygenated and non-oxygenated additives: A comparative study of alcohol and cycloalkane impacts on diesel-biodiesel blends

This study evaluates the impact of renewable fuel additives on diesel engine performance, combustion, and emissions. Safflower seed oil was converted into biodiesel (BD) through transesterification, achieving a 94.12 % conversion yield, verified by spectroscopic analysis. Test fuels were prepared by adding 5 %, 15 %, and 25 % n-pentanol (PE, oxygenated) and cyclohexane (CHx, non-oxygenated) to diesel fuel (DF) and BD. These blends were tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine under varying loads. At maximum load, BSFC values were 0.251 for DF, 0.333 for 25 % PE, and 0.269 kg/kWh for 25 % CHx. BTE values were 32.184 % for DF, 27.028 % for 25 % PE, and 31.147 % for 25 % CHx. The peak in-cylinder pressure and net heat release for the 25 % PE blend, which were the highest among the test fuels, were 58.148 bar and 37.010 J/°CA, respectively. Average NOx emissions were 171 for DF, 135.75 for 25 % PE, and 170.50 ppm for 25 % CHx. CO emissions were 171 for DF, 149.25 for 25 % PE, and 170.25 ppm for 25 % CHx. Smoke opacity values were 0.75 for DF, 0.308 for 25 % PE, and 0.675 m-1 for 25 % CHx. Despite higher costs, CHx offers reduced environmental impact without significantly compromising engine performance.

Investigation on NOx control of a CI engine through the collective effect of hydrogen and biodiesel blend at modified compression ratio

The main challenges with using biodiesel in CI engines are higher NOx emissions and reduced brake thermal efficiency. These biodiesel-related issues can be handled by concurrently introducing gaseous fuels along with primary fuel into CI engines. This study examines the effects of hydrogen in a dual fuel mode operation with diesel and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blend (B20) at different compression ratios on the engine's performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. A single-cylinder, 4-stroke, variable compression ratio engine operating at 1500 rpm was used for the research. A standard compression ratio (SCR) of 17.5 and a modified compression ratio (MCR) of 15.5 at a constant hydrogen flow rate of 6 L per minute (lpm) were used with diesel and B 20. The addition of hydrogen with diesel and B20 resulted in higher cylinder pressure and heat release rate when compared to pure diesel and B20 operation. This resulted in a shorter delay period (by an average of 9.4 % and 7.1 %) with lower peak pressure than pure diesel and B20 operation. During the dual fuel mode of H2 with B 20 at a modified compression ratio, the maximum heat release rate was decreased and its occurrence was retarded. NOx, UBHC, and CO emissions of the engine were decreased significantly by an average of 20.8% 43.7, %, and 22 % respectively with 37.7 % increase in smoke opacity. The increase in NOx emission with the use of H2 with diesel was reduced by operating H2 with B20 and at a reduced compression ratio. This lower emission was achieved with a compromise of a marginal decrease in engine brake thermal efficiency.

Investigation of biodiesel blends and hydrogen addition effects on CI engine characteristics through statistical analysis

This study investigates the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder compression ignition engine fueled with blends of Soy methyl ester (BS100) and macauba methyl ester (BM100) biodiesels, with hydrogen addition. Biodiesel blends (BSM10 - BSM50), and hydrogen addition (2–5%) were tested at various engine loads and speeds. The optimal blend, BSM20 (80% BS100 + 20% BM100), showed up to 7.8% higher brake thermal efficiency and 6.2% lower brake-specific fuel consumption than diesel. Emissions were significantly reduced: NOx by 12.9%, HC by 22.4%, CO by 27.5%, and smoke opacity by 18.7%. Adding 5% hydrogen to BSM20 further improved performance, reducing fuel consumption by up to 3.1% and increasing thermal efficiency by 2.5%, with substantial reductions in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. This investigation highlights the potential of sustainable biodiesel blends and hydrogen as viable alternatives to conventional diesel fuels, offering significant environmental benefits and enhanced engine performance.

Analysis of a CRDI diesel engine powered by ternary fuel blends (diesel, biodiesel, and pentanol) doped with alumina nano-additives

Environmental constraints associated with fossil fuels have driven researchers to find a novel, potential and environmentally benign alternative fuel. Biodiesel, vegetable oil, and alcohol have gained rapid momentum thanks to their renewable nature and comparable energy contents in recent years. Accordingly, a Ternary fuel blend is prepared comprising three fuels namely diesel, biodiesel, and pentanol. Waste cooking oil was identified as the source for biodiesel and Pentanol was chosen among various alcohol alternatives due to improved energy density, reduced toxicity. These are endorsed to the enhancement in surface area-volume ratio of nano additives which boosts the catalytic combustion activity and also causing lesser fuel to take part in combustion for maintaining a constant engine speed. The experimentation is done with ternaryfuel blends with varying pentanol and biodiesel concentrations of diesel, biodiesel and pentanol). Upon experimentation, it was observed that, ternary fuel blend ‘TF’ comprising 70% diesel, 20% biodiesel and 10% pentanol, yielded best performance and was used for doping of Alumina oxide (Al2O3) nano additives. The Al2O3 nanoparticles were doped with ternary blends at fractions of 10 ppm, 20 ppm, and 30 ppm. It was observed that 20 ppm Al2O3 nanoparticle blended TF blend improved BTE and lowered BSFC by about 12.01% and 22.57% respectively. The performance tremendously along with lowered the CO emission by 49.21%, HC emission by 18.91% and smoke opacity by 9.02%.

The conjoint effect of lab-grown nano-graphene dispersant and omega-9 fatty acid surfactant on performance of CI engine

This article aims to assess the performance characteristics of lab-grown graphene nanoparticles via electrolytic exfoliation as nano additives in engine oil. Physical characterization confirmed the morphology and purity of the prepared graphene nanoparticles. Nanolubricants were prepared at 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% volume fraction of the nanoparticles with the addition of oleic acid as surfactant. Measurements of density and viscosity for the nanolubricants were recorded at varying concentrations and temperatures. The performance parameters of a 4-stroke single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine were computed using the formulated nanolubricants. The emission of toxic gases into the environment post-engine performance evaluation was also analyzed for different formulations of nanolubricant samples. Results showed that the relative viscosity variation with concentration for the experimental data was in well agreement with other available predictive models. The nanolubricant with 0.1% concentration yielded a reduction of 13.96 ± 0.39% in total fuel consumption (TFC), a reduction of 5.55 ± 0.17% in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and an augmentation of 3.96 ± 0.13% in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) in comparison to plain engine oil and other prepared formulations. Also, a marginal reduction in emission of exhaust toxic gases i.e., (2.13 ± 0.1%) ppm in NOx and a significant maximum reduction of 7.46 ± 0.2% in smoke opacity has been obtained with 0.1% nanolubricant sample as compared to other test samples. The results from the present study may be useful for developing sustainable nanolubricants for environmental viability and energy savings.

Impact of hydrogen-assisted combustion in a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber powered by rapeseed oil/waste cooking oil biodiesel

This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends of rapeseed oil and waste cooking oil in a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber (TCC) compression ignition engine. Hydrogen was allowed into the engine in dual fuel mode to enhance the engine performance. The presence of oxygen in the biodiesel and hydrogen induction increased the peak pressure and heat release rate significantly for all the engine loads. At a peak load of 4.88 kW, the maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 31.77% was recorded for the D70R20W10 (diesel 70%, rapeseed oil 20%, waste cooking oil 10%) biodiesel blend. Furthermore, hydrogen induction enhanced the BTE by around 3%. The biodiesel blending substantially lowered the emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and smoke opacity. Additionally, hydrogen supplementation facilitated 5–10% carbon monoxide reduction over biodiesel blends by enabling more complete oxidation. However, higher temperatures generated due to complete combustion resulted in more NOx formation. Thus, the authors propose that biodiesel blends of rapeseed oil, waste cooking oil, and diesel with hydrogen induction improve engine performance and reduce regulated emissions.

Evaluation of CI engine characteristics using Jatropha‐Camphor oil blends with diethyl ether as an additive

AbstractThe compression‐ignition properties of crude Jatropha and camphor oil blends with di ethyl ether (DEE) added is covered in this research. Six fuel samples are made based on volume: 90% C70J30 with 10% diethyl ether (C70J30 + 10% DEE), 90% C30J70 with 10% di‐ethyl ether (C50J50 + 10% DEE), 70% Camphor oil with 30% crude Jatropha oil (C70J30), 50% Camphor oil with 50% crude Jatropha oil (C50J50), 30% Camphor oil with 70% crude Jatropha oil (C30750). A four‐stroke, one‐cylinder, naturally aspirated, compression‐ignition engine operating at a constant 1500 rpm with a load range of 0%–100% with a 25% interval is used for the experiment. According to test findings, the C70J30 + 10% DEE has the lowest brake‐specific energy consumption of 11.68 kJ/kWh, the maximum energy efficiency of 62.56%, and the highest thermal efficiency of 30.81%. Compared to the other biofuels examined, this puts it more in line with diesel. Additionally, blends of crude Jatropha oil and camphor oil showed at least 4.46 g/kWh of CO, 0.259 g/kWh of HC, and 74% of smoke opacity when DEE was added. However, it raises CO2 to 0.792 kg/kWh and NO to 9.54 g/kWh. The greatest peak pressure and quickest heat release are produced by adding more DEE as a fuel additive and using a larger percentage of camphor oil. It also increases the coefficient of variation of the peak pressure throughout 100 cycles. All things considered, the C70J30 + 10% DEE's CI engine features are better.

Combined effects of ferric oxide nanoparticles and C2–C4 alcohols with diesel/biodiesel blend on diesel engine operating characteristics

This study investigated the effects of using ferric oxide nanoparticles (FO) and C2–C4 alcohols with diesel/biodiesel blend in a diesel engine. Optimum operating conditions were explored, and an engine speed of 1750 rpm was optimal. The concentration of FO was estimated to be 760 ppm, considering the best conditions for carbon nanotube (CNT) production. Ethanol was immiscible in diesel fuel; however, any biodiesel percentage in the blend made it miscible. The used engine was too small to run with a blend containing more than 3 % ethanol. Propanol and butanol were blended at the same ethanol concentration for comparative purposes. A blend with 30 % biodiesel (B30) was found to be the best diesel/biodiesel blend. This was detected by the best coefficient of variation (COV) with reasonable performance and emissions. Ferric oxide nanoparticles reduced COV and improved engine performance. The COV increased for tested alcohols. However, blending B30 with alcohols, especially butanol, improved thermal efficiency. FO and alcohol increased NOx emissions and decreased both CO and smoke opacity. They increased the peak pressure and the heat release rate while reducing the combustion duration. Nonetheless, no CNT traces were detected in the present study under any conditions.