Smoke Exposure Risk Research Articles

Association of household secondhand smoke exposure and mortality risk in patients with heart failure

BackgroundSecondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a well-established cardiovascular risk factor, yet association between SHS and prognosis of heart failure remains uncertain.MethodData were obtained from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys III from 1988 to 1994. Currently nonsmoking adults with a self-reported history of heart failure were included. Household SHS exposure was assessed by questionnaire. Participants were followed up through December 31, 2011. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to assess the association of household SHS exposure and mortality risk. Potential confounding factors were adjusted.ResultsOf 572 currently nonsmoking patients with heart failure, 88 were exposed to household SHS while 484 were not. There were totally 475 deaths during follow-up. In univariate analysis, household SHS was not associated with mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76–1.26, p = 0.864). However, after adjustment for demographic variables, socioeconomic variables and medication, heart failure patients in exposed group had a 43% increase of mortality risk compared with those in unexposed group (HR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.10–1.86, p = 0.007). Analysis with further adjustment for general health status and comorbidities yielded similar result (HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.13–1.92, p = 0.005).ConclusionHousehold SHS exposure was associated with increased mortality risk in heart failure patients.

Changes in secondhand smoke exposure levels and risk of type 2 diabetes in middle age: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)

ObjectivesSecondhand smoke (SHS) was known as one of the risk factors for type 2 diabetes. So far, some studies revealed the association of SHS exposure and type 2 diabetes, however,...

Magnitude and Chronicity of Environmental Smoke Exposure Across Infancy and Early Childhood in a Sample of Low-Income Children.

Infants and young children may be at an increased risk for second- and thirdhand exposure to tobacco smoke because of increased respiration rate and exposure to surface residue. However, relatively fewer studies have examined biomarkers of exposure (cotinine) in children under age 4 years. This study examines the magnitude and chronicity of exposure across early childhood among children from low-income families in order to better characterize contextual risk factors associated with exposure. A total of 1292 families were recruited in six nonurban counties of Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Cotinine was assayed from infant saliva at 6, 15, 24, and 48 months of age (N = 1218), and categorized as low (≤0.45 ng/mL), moderate (0.46-12 ng/mL), or high (≥12 ng/mL) at each time point. Categories were highly correlated across time. Latent class analysis was used to summarize patterns of exposure categories across time. Magnitude of exposure in this sample was high, with approximately 12% of infants registering cotinine values at least 12 ng/mL, consistent with active smoking in adults. Greater exposure was associated with lower income, less education, more residential instability, and more instability in adult occupants in the home, whereas time spent in center-based day care was associated with lower exposure. Young children from low-income, nonurban communities appear to bear a higher burden of secondhand smoke exposure than previous studies have reported. Results contribute to understanding populations at greater risk, as well as specific, potentially malleable, environmental factors that may be examined as direct contributors to exposure. Results suggest that infants from low-income, nonurban families have higher risk for environmental smoke exposure than data from nationally representative samples. Predictors of exposure offer insights into specific factors that may be targeted for risk reduction efforts, specifically conditions of children's physical space. In addition to considering the increases in risk when an adult smoker lives in a child's home, families should also attend to the possible risk embedded within the home itself, such as residual smoke from previous occupants. For high-risk children, day care appears to mitigate the magnitude of exposure by providing extended time in a smoke-free environment.

Prenatal smoking exposure and cardio-metabolic risk factors in adulthood: a general population study and a meta-analysis.

Prenatal smoking exposure is associated with obesity and other cardio-metabolic risk factors in children, but no previous meta-analysis has been conducted in adults. We investigated the association of prenatal smoking exposure in the Danish General Suburban Population Study (GESUS) with BMI, waist circumference, total cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, gestational type 2 diabetes, and hypertension in adulthood. We subsequently performed a meta-analysis, adding published studies investigating the association between prenatal smoking and the risk of cardio-metabolic outcomes among individuals at least 18 years of age. We included 19 eligible observational studies with various cardio-metabolic outcomes (N = 24,201-308,981 adults). In individuals exposed to prenatal smoking, the pooled random effects adjusted odds ratio were 1.35 (95% CI: 1.16-1.56) for being overweight, 1.46 (1.39-1.54) for being obese, 1.07 (0.89-1.29) for type 2 diabetes, 1.17 (0.92-1.48) for hypertension, and 1.38 (1.19-1.61) for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), compared with no exposure. The standardized means in waist circumference, total cholesterol, diastolic, and systolic blood pressure were not different in individuals exposed vs. not exposed to prenatal smoking. Heterogeneity was moderate to high (51% < I2 < 99%). However, removal of the high heterogeneity removed the associated uncertainty in the point estimate and revealed that prenatal smoking is associated with increased BMI in adulthood. There was also no evidence of publication bias in themeta-analyses. The findings from the meta-analyses suggested that prenatal smoking exposure is associated with an increased odds ratio of overweight, obesity, and GDM in adulthood, but not with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, waist circumference, or total cholesterol. These findings highlight the importance of abstaining from smoking by pregnant women.

Intergenerational effects of maternal early life adversity on infant DNA methylation of NR3C1

Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, little is known regarding in utero smoke exposure and offspring cardiometabolic risk. Thus, we examined the association between in utero smoke exposure and cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents.Participants included 7464 adolescents aged 12–15 years identified from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2014). Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses estimated sex-specific means and odds ratios (ORs) for the association between in utero smoke exposure and MetS and cardiometabolic risk factors.MetS prevalence was 9.0% in exposed versus 5.9% in unexposed adolescents. In utero smoke exposure was significantly associated with increased odds of MetS among males in models controlling for adolescent age, maternal age, and race/ethnicity (OR: 2.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.19, 5.20), with attenuation of this effect in subsequent models. In utero smoke exposure was associated with significantly elevated mean body mass index and waist circumference percentiles among female adolescents across most models in regression analyses.In utero smoke exposure appears to be associated with an increased likelihood of high waist circumference and body mass index percentiles, especially among female adolescents. Our study demonstrates the long-term cardiometabolic impact in offspring, highlighting the importance of prepregnancy smoking cessation.

In utero exposure to tobacco smoke, subsequent cardiometabolic risks, and metabolic syndrome among U.S. adolescents

PurposeMaternal smoking during pregnancy increases risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, little is known regarding in utero smoke exposure and offspring cardiometabolic risk. Thus, we examined the association between in utero smoke exposure and cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents. MethodsParticipants included 7464 adolescents aged 12–15 years identified from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2014). Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses estimated sex-specific means and odds ratios (ORs) for the association between in utero smoke exposure and MetS and cardiometabolic risk factors. ResultsMetS prevalence was 9.0% in exposed versus 5.9% in unexposed adolescents. In utero smoke exposure was significantly associated with increased odds of MetS among males in models controlling for adolescent age, maternal age, and race/ethnicity (OR: 2.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.19, 5.20), with attenuation of this effect in subsequent models. In utero smoke exposure was associated with significantly elevated mean body mass index and waist circumference percentiles among female adolescents across most models in regression analyses. ConclusionsIn utero smoke exposure appears to be associated with an increased likelihood of high waist circumference and body mass index percentiles, especially among female adolescents. Our study demonstrates the long-term cardiometabolic impact in offspring, highlighting the importance of prepregnancy smoking cessation.

Decreasing trend in passive tobacco smoke exposure and association with asthma in U.S. children

In this study, we assessed trends of serum cotinine levels over time among US children ages 3–11 years and compared the risk of asthma in groups exposed to passive tobacco smoke. We utilized National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data collected from 2003 to 2014 (n = 8064). Serum cotinine level, household smoker status, asthma status, and sociodemographic information were extracted for multiple regression analyses. The adjusted biannual change in log (cotinine) in comparison to earlier NHANES survey cycles was − 0.196 (p < 0.001) overall, − 0.055 (p = 0.089) among children with household smoker(s), and − 0.129 (p < 0.001) among children without. The proportion of children living with household smokers decreased from 24.9% in the 2003–2004 cycle to 11.4% in the 2013–2014 cycle. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for asthma were 1.34 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00–1.80; 2nd tertile vs 1st tertile) and 1.69 (95%CI: 1.25–2.29; 3rd tertile vs1st tertile), respectively. Highly exposed asthmatic children, in the 3rd cotinine tertile (>0.13 ng/mL), were primarily Non-Hispanic Black (61.0%) and whose family incomes were below poverty guidelines. Overall results reveal passive smoke exposure level among children ages 3–11 in the US decreased over the study period. Nevertheless, higher exposure to passive smoke is still associated with higher odds of childhood asthma. Targeted smoking cessation interventions in clinical practices are needed to reduce tobacco smoke exposure and related asthma risk in children, particularly in low-income and minority groups.

Activated carbon fiber filters could reduce the risk of surgical smoke exposure during laparoscopic surgery: application of volatile organic compounds.

Generation of smoke is inevitable during surgical procedures. Some volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in surgical smoke are known to be strong carcinogens. We used a prototype of a multi-layered complex filter in an attempt to eliminate VOCs. From June 2015 to July 2015, 20 patients underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Smoke (pre-filter) was collected 20min after the electrocautery device was first used during the surgery, by the direct collection method, with a 5-L Tedlar® gas-sampling bag. Twenty and 120min after the filter was applied, smoke (post-filter) was again collected using the same method. The sample was analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrography. The cancer risk and hazard quotient were analyzed based on US Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. Twenty patients with a median age of 54.5 (30-80) years were enrolled in the study. Eighteen VOCs were detected using the Japanese indoor air standards mix analysis. The total elimination rate of the VOCs was 86.49 ± 2.83%. The post-filter (120min) cancer risk (mean ± standard deviation) reduced to a negligible level for benzene, ethylbenzene, and styrene except 1,2-dichloroethane. The post-filter (120min) hazard quotient for each compound decreased to levels posing a negligible risk for acetone, hexane, benzene, toluene, p-xylene, o-xylene, and styrene. Strong carcinogens, such as 1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, and ethylbenzene, were eliminated by more than 85% by using this activated carbon fiber filter and the risks from these compounds decreased to an almost negligible level. We suggest using every measure, including these filters, to protect the health of operating room personnel.

Abstract P113: Predictors and Correlates of Secondhand Smoke in Work Environments Among Rural and Urban American Indians

Objective: In 2010 nearly 60% of American Indian (AI) adults in Minnesota reported they currently used cigarettes, a prevalence 3.5 times greater than the general population in that region. Here, we aim to describe the prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure and its correlates among Upper Midwest AIs in their homes and at work. Methods: Between 2010 and 2012 the American Indian Community Tobacco Project (AICTP) administered the Adult Tobacco Survey in collaboration with seven reservations and three urban communities in Minnesota. Eligible participants (n=2926) answered questions regarding exposure to secondhand smoke. Results: A third [33% (347 of 1059), 95% CI (30-36%)] of AIs reported being exposed to smoke in their workplace (compared to the 9% of the general Minnesota population). Half of males [50% (155 of 365), 95% CI (42-58%)] were exposed to secondhand smoke in the workplace, whereas only 27% [188 of 686, 95% CI (26-33%)] of females were exposed to secondhand smoke in the work environment. Of those who work on the reservation, 42% [237 of 570, 95% CI (36-48%)] of AI’s were exposed to secondhand smoke at their workplace. Within AI’s who have never smoked 25% [34 of 134, 95% CI (21-41%)] were still exposed to secondhand smoke within the workplace. Among AI’s who reported smoking policies in the workplace 30% [205 of 671, 95% CI (26-38%)] were exposed to secondhand smoke within the workplace, and 27% [158 of 578, 95% CI (20-30%)] of AI’s who stated their workplace was always enforced were still exposed to secondhand smoke in the workplace. A third [37% (120 of 321), 95% CI (35-54%)] of those who reported not having a workplace policy were exposed to secondhand smoke, demonstrating the need for policy development regarding smoking in the workplace. Conclusions: In conclusion, although strong policy protects most Minnesotans from secondhand smoke in workplaces, these policies do not seem to be benefitting AIs in the state. Discovery of who is at greatest risk for secondhand smoke exposure can inform future interventions and inform future policy optimization and protection.

Comparison Between Pediatricians and Physicians in Other Medical Specialties in Promoting Smoking Cessation in the Clinic.

Louisiana has one of the highest rates of smoking in the country, putting its children at high risk of secondhand and third-hand smoke exposure and subsequent morbidity. Pediatricians have an important role to play by including smoking cessation promotion (SCP) in their discussions with patient caregivers. The purpose of this study was to examine SCP trends at Ochsner Health System and to determine if pediatricians are less likely to express confidence in and performance of SCP activities than physicians in other specialties. We distributed a survey to pediatricians and to physicians in the departments of obstetrics and gynecology, internal medicine, and psychiatry in the Ochsner Health System. The survey assessed physician confidence in and performance of several SCP behaviors. We analyzed pediatrician confidence in and performance of 3 behaviors (screening, counseling, and referring) and compared pediatrician responses to the responses of the physicians in the other specialties. Twenty-eight pediatrician and 33 other physician responses were included in the analysis. No significant correlation (P = 0.2785) was found between pediatrician confidence and performance in screening for smoking behavior. A significant correlation was found in counseling (P = 0.0159) and referring (P = 0.0214). In the comparison of pediatrician responses to other physician responses, the physicians in the other specialties had higher medians and/or quartiles for both confidence and performance of all 3 behaviors, and the differences were significant. The physicians in other specialties showed consistently higher rates of confidence and performance of SCP behaviors than the pediatricians. Intervention is necessary to encourage pediatricians at Ochsner Health System to promote smoking cessation in their practices.

Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Preclinical Markers of Cardiovascular Risk in Toddlers

To investigate relationships between secondhand smoke exposure in young children and several preclinical markers of cardiovascular risk that have been established as relevant to adult populations. There were 139 children, 2-5 years of age, enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Secondhand smoke exposure was objectively determined by hair nicotine level; a comprehensive panel of clinical markers (morning blood pressure, fasting glucose and insulin, lipid profiles, inflammation) and research markers (markers of oxidation, endothelial stress, and endothelial repair) of cardiovascular risk status were assessed. Univariate and multivariate linear regression were used to evaluate relationships between secondhand smoke exposure and cardiovascular risk markers. Hair nicotine levels were correlated directly with blood pressure and serum C-reactive protein, and inversely correlated with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and endothelial cell progenitor cell prevalence. In multivariate analyses, these relationships remained when controlled for age, sex, body mass index z-score, maternal education, and method of payment. Additionally, in multivariate analyses, hair nicotine level was significantly negatively correlated with total antioxidant capacity. These results support the view that secondhand smoke exposure in the very young has a detectable relationship with several markers of cardiovascular risk, long before the emergence of clinical disease. Further studies to define mechanisms and strategies to prevent and mitigate these risks early in life are warranted.

Abstract 2281: Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and breast cancer risk in the Norwegian women and cancer study cohort

Abstract Background: Today, the majority of middle-aged women in Norway are ever (i.e. either former or current) smokers, who started to smoke in their teens. Many of those who never have smoked themselves were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) as children. The purpose of the study, was to examine the effect of ETS in childhood on breast cancer risk in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study, a nationally representative prospective cohort study. Material and Methods: We followed 121 662 women, that were aged 34-70 years at enrolment, who completed a baseline questionnaire between 1991 and 2007, through linkages to national registries through December 2014. Questionnaire data included information on lifestyle factors, including lifetime history of smoking. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) while adjusting for relevant confounders and stratified by birth cohort. We included the following variables in the final multivariate models; age at enrolment, years of education (lt 10, 10-12, 13-16, 17+), age at menarche (lt 13,13-14, 15+), ever oral contraceptives use (yes, no), a variable including nulliparous and a combination of total number of births, (1, 2, 3+) and of age at first childbirth (age lt 20, 20-24, 25-29, 30+) for a total of 13 categories, family history of breast cancer in the mother (yes, no), body mass index (calculated from current height and weight (lt 20, 20-24.9, 25-29.9, 30+) kg/m 2, , menopausal status (yes, no), postmenopausal hormone therapy use (never, former, current) and average alcohol consumption, based on the content of pure alcohol in different sorts of beverages and portion sizes, as grams of alcohol per day (0, 0.1-1.40, 4.1-10, &amp;gt;10)). Women who reported to be teetotalers and those answering ‘seldom or never’ had their alcohol consumption set to 0. Results: During a mean follow-up of 15 years, 4501 women developed invasive breast cancer confirmed by histology. Altogether, 23.7% of the women reported to be exposed to ETS during childhood. The women reported that the active smoker in 7.7% was the father, in 0.66 % the mother, in 3.57% both parents, and in 11.8 % the information about the active smoker was missing. Compared with never smokers, the multivariable adjusted HR estimate for ETS during childhood where the father was the smoker was statistically significantly increased with 23% (HR=1.23; 95% CI 1.07-1.42). The corresponding figures for those being exposed to ETS by the mother was a HR of 1.22 (95% CI 0.88-1.69), for those being exposed by both parents was a HR of 1.06 (95% CI 0.88-1.26) and for those with no information about the active smoker the HR was 1.03 (95% CI 0.89-1.20). In conclusion, we found that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during childhood was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer for women who reported that the father was the active smoker. Citation Format: Inger T. Gram, Tonje Braaten, Eiliv Lund, Idlir Licaj. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and breast cancer risk in the Norwegian women and cancer study cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2281. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2281

Relation between secondhand smoke exposure and cardiovascular risk factors in never smokers.

Secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE) in nonsmokers has been associated with premature cardiovascular mortality and ischemic heart disease. We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based study evaluating the relationship between SHSE, measured by subjective and objective methods, and conventional cardiovascular risks such as blood pressure, lipid profiles, and fasting glucose. We extracted information on 7376 healthy adults who had never smoked, for whom there were available urine cotinine levels, from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2011. SHSE was defined using self-report questionnaires and urine cotinine levels. The main outcomes included SBP and DBP, serum lipid profiles, and fasting glucose. The mean age of the study population was 45.4 ± 0.4 years and 75.2% were women. Self-reported SHSE had no significant association with study outcomes except for DBP, which had marginally positive relationships (P = 0.060). Unadjusted analysis showed higher cotinine levels were associated with lower SBP, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride. All associations lost statistical significance after multivariable adjustment. Fasting glucose had a positive relationship with urine cotinine in quartiles but not with logarithm-transformed cotinine. Although SHSE is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, we did not find any consistent relationship among SHSE and blood pressure, lipid, or fasting glucose levels in this cross-sectional study. Using objective measurements of urine cotinine did not alter this relationship. Further long-term prospective studies are needed to evaluate the effect of SHSE as a cardiovascular risk factor.

Survey of degree of passive smoking exposure and related risk awareness in adults in China, 2013

Objective: To understand the passive smoking exposure level and related risk awareness in adults in China in 2013. Methods: A face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted in 179 570 adults selected through multistage cluster sampling from Chinese chronic disease and risk factors surveillance sample population (2013) in 302 surveillance sites. The effective sample size was 176 179 adults. After comprehensive weighting of the samples, the passive smoking exposure level and the awareness rate of related risks were analyzed. Results: The passive smoking exposure rate was 52.8% (95%CI: 51.2%-54.4%) and the rate decreased with age (χ(2)=515.8, P<0.000 1). The exposure rate was highest in persons engaged in commercial services (61.6%, 95%CI: 58.6%-64.5%). The awareness rate of related risks was 67.9% (95%CI: 65.8%-69.9%). The awareness rate was higher in urban area (77.0%, 95%CI: 75.0%-79.1%) than in rural area (60.0%, 95%CI: 57.7%-62.4%), in males (69.8%, 95%CI: 67.8%-71.7%) than in females (65.9%, 95%CI: 63.7%-68.1%). The awareness rate of three related diseases in urban residents (49.8%, 95%CI: 47.3%-52.4%) were higher than that in rural residents (37.9%, 95%CI: 35.4%-40.5%); the awareness rate of passive smoking related lung cancer was highest (88.5%, 95%CI: 87.5%-89.5%), followed by lung disease in children (70.0%, 95%CI: 68.1%-71.9%), the awareness rate of passive smoking related heart disease was lowest (46.8%, 95%CI: 44.6%-49.1%). Conclusion: The passive smoking exposure level is relatively high in adults in China, and the awareness rate of passive smoking exposure risks, especially heart disease, is low.

Indoor Smoke Exposure and Other Risk Factors of Pneumonia among Children Under Five in Karanganyar, Central Java

Background : Globally, pneumonia is an infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. It causes one of five deaths in children under five years old worldwide. Approximately 61 million new cases of pneumonia occur annually. This study aimed to examine risk factors of pneumonia among children under five in Karanganyar, Central Java. Subje cts and Met hod : This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted in Karanganyar District, Central Java, from October to November, 2017. Study subjects were selected by fixed disease sampling consisting of 68 children under five years old with pneumonia and 136 without pneumonia. The dependent variable was pneumonia. The independent variables were nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal stress, type of labour, maternal education, maternal job status, family income, quality of house, quality of environment, and indoor smoke exposure. The data was collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. Results : The risk of pneumonia increased with indoor smoke exposure (b= 2.63; 95% CI= 1.70 to 3.55; p<0.001). The risk of pneumonia decreased with good house environment (b= -0.93; 95% CI= -1.72 to -0.14; p= 0.020), healthy behavior (b= -1.41; 95% CI= -2.22 to -0.60; p=  0.001), and good nutritional status (b= -1.83; 95% CI= -2.72 to -0.93; p < 0.001). Good house environment was positively affected by good quality of house (b= 1.53; 95% CI= 0.94 to 2.13; p<0.001). Indoor smoke exposure was negatively affected by good quality of house (b= −1.79; 95% CI= -2.40 to -1.19; p < 0.001). The likelihood of exclusive breastfeding decreased with maternal stress (b= −0.65; 95% CI= -1.22 to -0.08; p= 0.024) and history of cesarean section (b= −0.59; 95% CI= -1.20 to 0.01; p= 0.053). Good nutritional status was positively affected by exclusive breastfeeding (b= 0.65; 95% CI= 0.04 to 1.26; p= 0.036). Number of children was negatively affected by high maternal education (b= -0.71; 95% CI= -1.29 to -0.14; p= 0.015). Family income was positively affected by maternal working outside the house (b= 0.89; 95% CI= 0.31 to 1.46; p= 0.002). Maternal working outside the house was positively affected by high maternal education (b= 0.67; 95% CI= 0.98 to 1.24; p= 0.022). Conclusion : The risk of pneumonia increases with indoor smoke exposure, but decreases with good house environment, healthy behavior, and good nutritional status. Keyword : risk factor, pneumonia, children under five Correspondence: Atika Nikmah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: atikanikmah123@gmail.com. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(1): 25-40 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.01.03Â

Factors associated with secondhand tobacco smoke in the home: an exploratory cross-sectional study among women in Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia.

BackgroundIn Ethiopia, female smoking rates are currently low (1 %). However, because of male smoking rates (overall 7.7 % and up to 27 % depending on region), women and children’s risk of second hand smoke (SHS) exposure is a pressing concern. In order to develop effective public health interventions that prevent the uptake and exposure to smoking, thereby averting the projected increase in tobacco-induced disease, an understanding of Ethiopian women’s practices regarding tobacco is needed. The purpose of this study was to explore Ethiopian women’s tobacco use and prevalence of SHS exposure, and to identify covariates associated with SHS exposure.MethodsWe conducted an exploratory cross-sectional study in Southern Ethiopia between August and October 2014, and systematically sampled households in Aleta Wondo town and surrounding districts. Trained interviewers verbally administered surveys to women 18–55 years of age. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed.ResultsNone of the 353 participants reported current tobacco use and less than 1 % reported ever use, however, 11 % reported ever use of the stimulant leaf khat. Twenty-seven women (7.6 %) reported living with a tobacco user, however, twice that number (14.4 %) overall, and 22 % of urban participants reported that smoking occurred daily in their home. When controlling for other factors, living with a tobacco user (OR = 9.91, 95 % CI [3.32, 29.59]), allowing smoking in the home (OR = 5.67, 95 % CI [2.51, 12.79]), place of residence (OR = 2.74, 95 % CI [1.11, 6.74)]), and exposure to point-of-sale advertising within the last 30 days (OR = 2.87, 95 % CI [1.26, 6.54]) contributed significantly to a model predicting the likelihood of reporting daily occurrence of smoking/SHS in the home.ConclusionsWhile few women reported having ever used tobacco, one in seven women in this study reported that smoking/SHS occurred daily in their homes. Therefore SHS exposure is a potential health concern for women and children in this rural community. Findings from this study provide baseline data for monitoring tobacco control policies in Ethiopia, particularly in relation to the promotion of smoke-free homes, and could be used to inform prevention program development.

Indoor Biomass Fuel Smoke Exposure as a Risk Factor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) for Women of Rural Bangladesh

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is of public health importance. Indoor biomass (wood, cowdung etc) smoke exposure from cooking is associated with respiratory conditions and may predispose to COPD. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of biomass smoke exposure and COPD.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at a rural setting of Bangladesh. Rural women over 40 years and exposed to biomass fuel, liquid petroleum gas or natural gas smoke were evaluated using a questionnaire and their lung function was assessed using a portable spirometry.Results: The overall prevalence of COPD in the rural women was 20.4%. It was significantly higher in women using biomass fuel for cooking than in those using natural gas/LPG (p&lt;0.001). Biomass smoke exposure was found significantly associated with COPD (OR= 3.385, CI=1.60-7.13, p&lt;0.05). Lung function was significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) among women who were using biomass than those using natural gas/LPG.Conclusion: Biomass fuel smoke exposure is a risk factor for development of COPD.Chatt Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.15 (1); Jan 2016; Page 8-11

Children's exposure to second-hand smoke before and after the smoking ban in Bavaria-a multiple cross-sectional study.

The federal state of Bavaria, Germany enforced a comprehensive smoking ban across all enclosed public areas in 2008 to protect non-smokers from second-hand smoke (SHS). Evidence against displacement of smoking to homes is abundant, however long-term assessments are few. We aim to report prevalence of children's SHS exposure before and after the ban, parental smoking behaviour and exposure risk factors. Cross-sectional data of children aged 5-6 years old in Bavaria (n = 22 944) were collected in 2004/5 and 2005/6 (S1 and S2) before the ban and after in 2008/9 and 2012/13 (S4 and S6). Parents reported their child's home SHS exposure, in enclosed public areas and private cars. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression assessed changes across time and predicted risk factors. Children's home SHS exposure before the ban was 14.3% (S1), 14.1% (S2) and 12.8% (S4) directly after the ban to 7.2% (S6) (P<0.0001). The proportion of homes where at least one parent smoked significantly reduced from 12.78% (S1) to 4.94% (S6) (P<0.0001) and homes with voluntary smoke-free rules increased. Exposure in cafes, restaurants and private cars also decreased. No significant changes in the proportion of parents that ceased smoking due to the ban were found. Among others, low parental education, crowding and unemployment were risk factors for higher SHS exposure. Since the smoking ban, no long-term displacement of SHS to homes was observed. Social smoking norms appear to have shifted in favour of the ban. Social inequalities still exist and should be addressed to further minimise SHS exposure.

1061 Activated carbon fiber filter could reduce the risk of surgical smoke exposure during the laparoscopic surgery

1061 Activated carbon fiber filter could reduce the risk of surgical smoke exposure during the laparoscopic surgery

Impact of grapevine exposure to smoke on vine physiology and the composition and sensory properties of wine

Smoke was applied to seven different grapevine cultivars (Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot) for 1 h at approximately 7 days post-veraison. A range of viticultural measurements were subsequently performed to evaluate any effects on crop yield, vegetative growth and vine physiology. Few significant differences in berry growth or maturation (as sugar accumulation), yield or vine growth were observed between control and smoke-affected grapevines; but the photosynthetic capacity of some varieties, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon in particular, decreased significantly following smoke exposure. The extent of smoke taint in the resultant wines was then determined by quantification of volatile phenols and guaiacol glycoconjugates, and by descriptive sensory analysis. Elevated concentrations of volatile phenols and guaiacol glycoconjugates were observed in wines made from smoke-affected grapes; with smoke-affected Pinot Gris and Cabernet Sauvignon wines found to exhibit the most intense smoke-related sensory attributes. The physiological, compositional and sensory consequences of grapevine exposure to smoke were found to vary amongst cultivars, suggesting some grape varieties might be more susceptible to the effects of smoke exposure than others. Further research into the impact of smoke exposure by different cultivars might inform varietal selection in smoke-prone wine regions, in order to mitigate the risk of smoke exposure.