Smith Point Research Articles

Was Joseph Smith a Monarchotheist? An Engagement with Blake Ostler's Theological Position on the Nature of God

Was Joseph Smith a Monarchotheist? An Engagement with Blake Ostler's Theological Position on the Nature of God

The Bible and Crusade Narrative in the Twelfth Century

The Bible and Crusade Narrative in the Twelfth Century

Statistical discrimination when group members are aware of their stereotype: Learning from David Hume and Adam Smith

The founding contributions to the theory of statistical discrimination implicitly supposed group members unaware of how their choices influences their stereotype. Hume and Smith point out how small religious groups police their members' behavior evidencing awareness of stereotypical externalities. Did African-American legislators vote to impose a harsher penalty for using a drug favored by their constituents than what would be imposed on the chemically equivalent drug favored by others in awareness of stereotypical externalities? Newspaper discussions are full of concern for the cost of the stereotype on law abiding voters.

Ozone production by corona discharges during a convective event in DISCOVER-AQ Houston

An ozonesonde launched near electrically active convection in Houston, TX on 5 September 2013 during the NASA DISCOVER-AQ project measured a large enhancement of ozone throughout the troposphere. A separate ozonesonde was launched from Smith Point, TX (∼58 km southeast of the Houston site) at approximately the same time as the launch from Houston and did not measure that enhancement. Furthermore, ozone profiles for the descent of both sondes agreed well with the ascending Smith Point profile, suggesting a highly localized event in both space and time in which an anomalously large enhancement of 70–100 ppbv appeared in the ascending Houston ozonesonde data. Compared to literature values, such an enhancement appears to be the largest observed to date. Potential sources of the localized ozone enhancement such as entrainment of urban or biomass burning emissions, downward transport from the stratosphere, photochemical production from lightning NOx, and direct ozone production from corona discharges were investigated using model simulations. We conclude that the most likely explanation for the large ozone enhancement is direct ozone production by corona discharges. Integrating the enhancement seen in the Houston ozone profile and using the number of electrical discharges detected by the NLDN (or HLMA), we estimate a production of 2.48 × 1028 molecules of ozone per flash which falls within the range of previously recorded values (9.89 × 1026–9.82 × 1028 molecules of ozone per flash). Since there is currently no parameterization for the direct production of ozone from corona discharges we propose the implementation of an equation into a chemical transport model. Ultimately, additional work is needed to further understand the occurrence and impact of corona discharges on tropospheric chemistry on short and long timescales.

Ozone production and its sensitivity to NOx and VOCs: results from the DISCOVER-AQ field experiment, Houston 2013

Abstract. An observation-constrained box model based on the Carbon Bond mechanism, version 5 (CB05), was used to study photochemical processes along the NASA P-3B flight track and spirals over eight surface sites during the September 2013 Houston, Texas deployment of the NASA Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from COlumn and VERtically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) campaign. Data from this campaign provided an opportunity to examine and improve our understanding of atmospheric photochemical oxidation processes related to the formation of secondary air pollutants such as ozone (O3). O3 production and its sensitivity to NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were calculated at different locations and times of day. Ozone production efficiency (OPE), defined as the ratio of the ozone production rate to the NOx oxidation rate, was calculated using the observations and the simulation results of the box and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models. Correlations of these results with other parameters, such as radical sources and NOx mixing ratio, were also evaluated. It was generally found that O3 production tends to be more VOC-sensitive in the morning along with high ozone production rates, suggesting that control of VOCs may be an effective way to control O3 in Houston. In the afternoon, O3 production was found to be mainly NOx-sensitive with some exceptions. O3 production near major emissions sources such as Deer Park was mostly VOC-sensitive for the entire day, other urban areas near Moody Tower and Channelview were VOC-sensitive or in the transition regime, and areas farther from downtown Houston such as Smith Point and Conroe were mostly NOx-sensitive for the entire day. It was also found that the control of NOx emissions has reduced O3 concentrations over Houston but has led to larger OPE values. The results from this work strengthen our understanding of O3 production; they indicate that controlling NOx emissions will provide air quality benefits over the greater Houston metropolitan area in the long run, but in selected areas controlling VOC emissions will also be beneficial.

Use of tethersonde and aircraft profiles to study the impact of mesoscale and microscale meteorology on air quality

Highly-resolved vertical profiles of ozone and reactive nitrogen in the lower troposphere were obtained using Millersville University's tethered balloon system and NASA's P-3B aircraft during the July 2011 Baltimore, MD/Washington DC and the September 2013 Houston, TX deployments of the NASA DISCOVER-AQ air quality field mission. The tethered balloon and surface measurement sites were located at Edgewood, MD and Smith Point, TX. The balloon profiles are used to connect aircraft data from the lowest portion of NASA's P-3B spirals (300 m AGL) to the surface thus creating complete profiles from the surface to 3–5 km AGL. The highest concentrations of surface ozone at these coastal sites resulted from mean flow transport of polluted air over an adjacent body of water followed by advection back over land several hours later, due to a bay or gulf breeze. Several meteorological processes including horizontal advection, vertical mixing, thermally direct circulation (i.e., bay, gulf, and, sea breezes) combined with chemical processes like photochemical production and deposition played a role in the local ozone maxima. Several small-scale, but highly polluted layers from the Chesapeake Bay advected landward over Edgewood, MD. The Houston Metro area was subject to large-scale recirculation of emissions from petrochemical sources by the Gulf of Mexico and Galveston Bay breezes.

Cross-resistance in Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) populations resistant to dioxin-like compounds

The Houston Ship Channel (HSC) in Houston, Texas is an aquatic environment with a long history of contamination, including polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals. Populations of Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) from the HSC have adapted to resist developmental cardiac deformities caused by dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). Contaminants in the HSC have acted as a strong selective pressure on resident Gulf killifish populations. Rapid adaptation can lead to fitness costs, some as a direct result of the mechanisms involved in the adaptive process, whereas other adaptations may be more general. To explore potential fitness costs, we evaluated two Gulf killifish populations with documented resistance to DLC-induced cardiac teratogenesis (Patrick Bayou and Vince Bayou), and one previously characterized reference population (Gangs Bayou). We also characterized a previously unstudied population from Galveston Bay as an additional reference population (Smith Point). We tested the sensitivity of F1 larvae from these four populations to two classes of pesticides (pyrethroid (permethrin) and carbamate (carbaryl)) and two model pro-oxidants (tert-butyl hydroquinone (tBHQ) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH)). In addition, we explored their responses to hypoxia and measured resting metabolic rates (M.O2). Both adapted populations were cross-resistant to the toxicity of carbaryl and both pro-oxidants tested. There were no population differences in sensitivity to permethrin. On the other hand, one reference population (Gangs Bayou) was less sensitive to hypoxia, and maintained a lower M.O2 . However, there were no differences in hypoxia tolerance or resting metabolic rate between the second reference and the two adapted populations. This investigation emphasizes the importance of including multiple reference populations to clearly link fitness costs or cross-resistance to pollution adaptation, rather than to unrelated environmental or ecological differences. When compared to previous literature on adapted populations of Fundulus heteroclitus, we see a mixture of similarities and differences, suggesting that F. grandis adapted phenotypes likely involve multiple mechanisms, which may not be completely consistent among adapted populations.

Direct ozone production rate measurements and their use in assessing ozone source and receptor regions for Houston in 2013

Mitigating ozone pollution involves reducing ozone production and relies on complex air-quality models to design reduction strategies and determine their effectiveness. However, modeled ozone does not always agree with observations. A complementary approach is to measure the ozone production rate directly, leading to the development of the Measurement of Ozone Production Sensor (MOPS). Two improved second-generation MOPSv2s were deployed for NASA's DISCOVER-AQ field campaign in September 2013 at the University of Houston, 5 km south of downtown, and Smith Point, at the mouth of the Houston Ship Channel. Median September P(O3) was low, consistent with the observed ambient ozone. The MOPSv2s provided statistically similar results when they were compared for 8 day sat the University of Houston. October measurements yielded a median ozone production rate of 27 ± 11 ppbv hr−1, falling within the range of calculated P(O3) from prior Houston field campaigns in 2006 and 2009. Additionally, diurnal patterns are similar to model-derived ozone production from these previous campaigns. An advection analysis for a high ozone event on 25 September 2013 indicates that the Houston site was in a local ozone source region, while Smith Point ozone was likely enhanced by transport from other areas.

Munsee Indian Trade in Ulster County, New York, 1712–1732 ed. by Kees-Jan Waterman, J. Michael Smith

647 Book Reviews Munsee Indian Trade in Ulster County, New York, 1712–1732. Edited by Kees-Jan Waterman and J. Michael Smith. Translated by KeesJan Waterman. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2013, 327 pages, $34.95 Cloth. Reviewed by Jason R. Sellers, University of Mary Washington Scholars studying economic exchange between Europeans and Indians in colonial New York are frequently challenged by the fragmentary nature of their sources. Kees-Jan Waterman, a specialist in Indian-colonist relations in New Netherland and early New York, and J. Michael Smith, an independent scholar who has published work on Munsee-Delaware peoples in the Hudson River Valley, aim to address that challenge with Munsee Indian Trade in Ulster County, New York, 1712–1732. Recording just over two thousand transactions on 243 accounts maintained by approximately 200 Indians, this annotated translation of an account book recently uncovered in the New York Public Library’s Philip John Schuyler Papers opens numerous interpretive spaces and provides a starting point for scholars of cultural exchange in early eighteenth-century New York to address them. Despite the usual view that most Indians left Ulster County after the Esopus Wars of 1659–60 and 1663–64, Waterman and Smith point out that identifiable Munsee settlements persisted until around 1750, albeit increasingly under English jurisdiction.The last known land sales by Esopus Indians occurred as late as 1767 and 1770. Other Munsees returned regularly to ratify treaties, meet with colonial officials, exercise reserved hunting and fishing rights, and attend the burials of relatives who remained in the area. It was that continued presence in Ulster County that provided the trade opportunities recorded in the account book, and which helps explain some of the patterns that emerge in studying it. 648 ■ NEW YORK HISTORY A substantial introduction explains that while in good physical condition , the ledger is impossible to attribute to a single individual, or to confidently attach to a particular locale (though it seems to have been kept first at Kingston and later at what became Rochester). Though entries throughout the account book were written mostly in Dutch, the section recording Indian trade was kept by a different hand than the rest of the accounts in the ledger, which is what the editors have separated for consideration here. This is a volume clearly designed to foster further research, and the editors present their information in a variety of forms. Readers have the option of perusing the narrative summary of patterns the editors have identified in the trade, including their extensive notes and cross-references; turning to the seventeen tables that compile data to illustrate those patterns; or turning to the annotated English translation of the account book’s section on Indian trade that comprises the bulk of the present volume. What readers will find, especially if they follow along in the introduction footnotes and ledger annotations, is a record of trade with Esopus and Wappinger Indians that built slowly for a decade before peaking from 1724–26, then slowly declining until 1732, when the ledger ends. With constant comparisons to an account book of similar vintage kept in Albany—edited and translated in Waterman’s previous To Do Justice to Him & Myself: Evert Wendell’s Account Book of the Fur Trade with Indians in Albany, New York, 1695–1726 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Lightning Rod Press, 2008)—and with extensive cross references to other sources and existing studies, the editors identify a number of trends that invite further scrutiny. The overall impression that emerges of the trade is one of local, yearround activity. The editors note that the absence of a distinct trading season in the Ulster County records contrasts with Albany’s marked trade season, suggesting that [WHILE] Indians who lived at a distance traveled to Albany to trade, [WHILE/BUT] those active in Ulster County were either permanent residents or regular visitors. While textiles, alcohol, and ammunition comprised the bulk of goods for which Indians traded in both regions, other items unique to each locale reinforce the local nature of the Ulster County trade. Indians trading at Albany received money more often, while those in Ulster County received more food items. The editors suggest that this may reflect...

An Electromagnet’s Epic Journey, Birth Control For Wildlings

Why did the 50-foot-wide electromagnet cross half the country? To help physicists discover new subatomic particles, of course. Mounted atop a 64-wheel trailer, a massive superconducting circular magnet left Brookhaven National Laboratory on June 23 and rolled down the highway on New York’s Long Island. Pulling out just past midnight and moving at a jogger’s pace, the magnet made its way to nearby Smith Point County Marina, where a crew hefted it onto a barge. The “ring,” as it’s affectionately called by the scientists and engineers who look after it, is headed to Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, west of Chicago. By the time it arrives there toward the end of summer, it will have traversed 3,200 miles around the tip of Florida and up a series of rivers. At Fermilab, the magnet will become part of a machine designed to store elementary particles, called muons, which are similar to electrons ...

Native Americans and the Christian Right: The Gendered Politics of Unlikely Alliances. By Andrea Smith

Honoring the intent of the author's “prolineal genealogy” (xxvii), Native Americans and the Christian Right should be read as a work of scholarly activism. A prescriptive thrust drives Andrea Smith's fascinating and complex argument. She writes, “I seek to answer the question of not ‘what is?’, but ‘what could be?’” (xxii). Her aspiration is to provoke a broad rethinking of coalitional possibilities at the intersection of Native American communities and the Christian Right. This may strike some readers as counterintuitive, which is precisely Smith's point. She wishes to destabilize political assumptions and the cultural substrata they rely upon and confirm. The Gramscian baseline of Smith's analysis is that all political and cultural orders—despite the naturalizing efforts of their champions—are never wholly monolithic and, therefore, entail cracks and shifts. Sometimes these are mere tremors instigating only modest internal reconfigurations of ideology and practice; other times more seismically charged events result in the rearticulation of identities and theologies, with concomitant prospects for political realignment. Because the conditions under which such shifts occur are impossible to predict, Smith urges activists to remain vigilant in their perception of political and cultural landscapes, ever on the lookout for points of coalitional engagement with unlikely partners: “our political opponents of today could be our allies of tomorrow” (xxi).

A nonmarine record of eccentricity forcing through the Upper Triassic of southwest England and its correlation with the Newark Basin astronomically calibrated geomagnetic polarity time scale from North America

Bailey and Smith (2008) question the veracity of the 116 cm cycle we observed in the spectral analysis and wavelet analysis of our Branscombe Mudstone time series, and, using a technique of their own design, suggest instead that this cyclicity could be an artifact of the spectral analysis. The spectral analysis methodology we employed to identify this cycle is the established technique for studies of this type (e.g., Hinnov, 2000; Weedon, 2003), and this method has been used to derive an astronomical time scale for much of the Cenozoic (Gradstein et al., 2005). Bailey and Smith appear to have a fundamental distrust of spectral analysis per se as a technique for constructing astronomical time series, rather than presenting any specific criticism of our particular study. To reiterate our findings, our interpretation that the 116 cm cyclicity is a real feature was based on the fact that spectral analysis showed that this cyclicity is present in two data sets, in both halves of these data sets, and was also unambiguously identified using wavelet analysis. Wavelet analysis was employed specifically to look at the time-frequency evolution of the data, and, as Bailey and Smith point out, time-localized peaks in wavelet power do indeed occur. However, spectral analysis demonstrates that these very short-lived peaks do not contribute a significant amount of power against the overall variance of the data; hence, they are not interpreted as cyclic components generated by Milankovitch forcing.

Habitat Preference and the Effects of Beach Nourishment on the Federally Threatened Northeastern Beach Tiger Beetle, Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis: Western Shore, Chesapeake Bay, Virginia

Abstract This study examines the habitat preference of the US federally threatened northeastern beach tiger beetle, Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis, and the effect of beach nourishment on existing habitats along two western Chesapeake Bay beaches. Winter Harbor Beach and Smith Point Beach, located approximately 100 km to the north, historically have supported large populations of C. d. dorsalis. Grain size distributions, sediment compaction at two depths, temperature, moisture, and beach width habitat parameters were analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey's honestly significant difference multiple comparison test and related to the distribution and abundance of C. d. dorsalis. The results from this study indicate that this species prefers beaches at least 6 m wide, with moderately well–sorted sands having a mean grain size of 0.5 to 0.6 mm, and relatively compacted sediment with averages of 69 psi and 110 psi at depths of 10 and 15 cm, respectively. In addition, the two nourishment projects had a positive...

Appalachian Religion

The Run Prince and Lucy were a troublesome team, given to rebellion, at times taking the bit and running away. My father, fractious as they were, enjoyed a contest. One day they bolted into a mowed but rocky field, while Daddy, with wicked glee, urged them on with slapping checklines and raucous yells. We flew in narrowing circles, the wagon bucking, wheels throwing spumes of dirt, while I clutched the sideboard, my hat long gone in the breeze. When the commotion wound down, the same dark and wild look was in the eyes of my father and the beasts. And I, shaken, pieced together my courage—and laughed. —Loyal Jones Appalachian Religion Dear Editor: Deborah McCauley's lengthy response to the four reviews of her book, Appalachian Mountain Religion: A History, in the Spring 1996 issue of Appalachian Heritage deserves a response from me on behalf of the other reviewers who evaluated her book. I suspect that my comments will not end discussions of the very challenging issues that her book raises. As I tried to say in my review, one of the major accomplishments of her book is to raise significant questions regarding the nature of the American Christian missionary movement. Yet even McCauley admits that there have been various kinds of missionaries, some paternalistic, some insufferably narrow-minded, and others who themselves were influenced profoundly by those they missioned unto. McCauley rightfully points out that these reviews had little to criticize about her major insights regarding the unique religious culture of Appalachia. True, Larry Shinn raised the legitimate point that much of the religious culture in rural areas that surround Appalachia shares many ofthese same characteristics. And McCauley's own comments about my criticism of the Mills-Schermerhorn (1814) evaluation of religion in the "West" make clear that the boundaries of Appalachia remain very fuzzy. 12 But because McCauley draws a convincing picture ofAppalachian mountain religion, this principal part of her book drew little comment from the reviewers. It is, however, McCauley's comments on President Shinn's review regarding Berea College and its relationship to AMERC, and Berea's relationship to the Appalachian mountain region itself, that deserve a particular response. In Shinn's effort to show that Berea and AMERC are separate organizations , McCauley claims that "to deny Berea College's historic mission stance in the region through higher education is patent revisionist history." And she continues, "such a denial creates more problems than it solves," for "history is more than just about the past. It shapes the present and informs the future." In response, Berea College has been a most complex institution, and scholars have frequently revised former views concerning Berea's mission and meaning. When I first tried to understand Berea, Dean Louis Smith's point about Berea having an ancient, a medieval, and a modern history—thus three quite different eras—has proven most helpful to me. Berea's ancient history was begun by John G. Fee, J. A. R. Rogers, and Edward Fairchild, establishing Berea as an abolitionist witness in a slave state. It started with a church, then a college, and finally they built a community. After the Civil War, Berea became a radical and harmonious biracial educational experiment that succeeded to a remarkable degree. Berea's medieval period was the era ofWilliam G. Frost, who saw the college (then a complex of five schools including Vocational, Foundation , Academy, Normal, and a small classical College) as a vehicle for the uplift of the entire Appalachian region. In order to make a regional impact, Frost felt he had to modify Berea's biracial commitment; thus he lowered the black proportion of the student body even before Kentucky's Day Law prohibited biracial education. Berea's modern era began with William Hutchins's presidency in the 1920s, when the focus of the college changed to emphasize the college and its quality of liberal arts instruction, service to the Appalachian region , and "the Christian commitment" as President Hutchins understood it. The college's first charter committed the institution to "serve the cause of Christ." Yet the Christian commitment has always been elusive in all of Berea's eras (just as it has in American...

Reproductive pathology in mytilus edulis from Boston harbor and Cape Cod Bay

The Houston Ship Channel (HSC) in Houston, Texas is an aquatic environment with a long history of contamination, including polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals. Populations of Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) from the HSC have adapted to resist developmental cardiac deformities caused by dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). Contaminants in the HSC have acted as a strong selective pressure on resident Gulf killifish populations. Rapid adaptation can lead to fitness costs, some as a direct result of the mechanisms involved in the adaptive process, whereas other adaptations may be more general. To explore potential fitness costs, we evaluated two Gulf killifish populations with documented resistance to DLC-induced cardiac teratogenesis (Patrick Bayou and Vince Bayou), and one previously characterized reference population (Gangs Bayou). We also characterized a previously unstudied population from Galveston Bay as an additional reference population (Smith Point). We tested the sensitivity of F1 larvae from these four populations to two classes of pesticides (pyrethroid (permethrin) and carbamate (carbaryl)) and two model pro-oxidants (tert-butyl hydroquinone (tBHQ) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH)). In addition, we explored their responses to hypoxia and measured resting metabolic rates (M.O2). Both adapted populations were cross-resistant to the toxicity of carbaryl and both pro-oxidants tested. There were no population differences in sensitivity to permethrin. On the other hand, one reference population (Gangs Bayou) was less sensitive to hypoxia, and maintained a lower M.O2 . However, there were no differences in hypoxia tolerance or resting metabolic rate between the second reference and the two adapted populations. This investigation emphasizes the importance of including multiple reference populations to clearly link fitness costs or cross-resistance to pollution adaptation, rather than to unrelated environmental or ecological differences. When compared to previous literature on adapted populations of Fundulus heteroclitus, we see a mixture of similarities and differences, suggesting that F. grandis adapted phenotypes likely involve multiple mechanisms, which may not be completely consistent among adapted populations.

Quaternary inheritance of coastal landforms, Cobourg Peninsula, northern territory

SUMMARY In contrast to the abundant evidence of former shorelines on the sea floor of the Sahul Shelf in northern Australia, little evidence has been reported for late Pleistocene coastal landforms along the modern coast of north Australia. Using radiocarbon, thermoluminescence and uranium/thorium dating techniques, however, it can be shown that the present coastal morphology on the Cobourg Peninsula is partly inherited from features both deposited and eroded during the late Quaternary. Shore platforms, in particular, are veneered with ferricretes, some of which can be U/Th dated. In places bedforms are preserved within the ferricrete, suggesting that the platform existed at, and was modified during, the Last Interglacial, and probably formed during earlier interglacials. TL dating indicates that sands around Cape Don were deposited when sea level was lower, but may have been reworked during a Holocene high stand. A sequence of beach ridges at Smith Point indicates Holocene progradation over an earlier pl...

Seismic response of major regional unconformities in Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments at Smith Point, Virginia

As part of an evaluation of the acoustic response of relatively unconsolidated sediments of Cretaceous and younger age beneath the Atlantic Coastal Plain, a seismic-reflection survey was conducted in Northumberland County, Smith Point, Virginia. The seismic data were acquired by the VP1&SU VIBROSEIS crew using a single Y-1100 vibrator. The survey area is on the flank of a negative gravity anomaly centered east of Smith Point and covering much of Chesapeake Bay. The purpose of the study was to confirm the depth to, and the nature of, acoustic basement and to investigate the continuity of reflectors in the overlying sedimentary sequence. Seismic and drill-hole data from many sites in the northern Virginia and Maryland area provided a generalized stratigraphy from which to interpret the seismic data. Seismic data indicate an average basement depth of 950 m. Data quality is sufficient to identify two normal basement faults with displacements of 40 m and 15 m bounding a tilted basement fault block. The presence of a large negative gravity anomaly and the known high heat flow (64.9 mW/m 2 ) at this location suggest that the basement rock type is granite. Analysis of velocity spectra reveals the presence of an indurated unit 90 m thick of Triassic(?) age overlying crystalline basement. Shallow reflections marking regional Eocene and Cretaceous unconformities can be correlated with lithostratigraphy at three drill sites in Northumberland County.

ONSHORE IMPACTS AND CLEANUP DURING THE BURMAH AGATE OIL SPILL—NOVEMBER 1979

ABSTRACT Of the 250,000 barrels (bbl) of oil spilled or consumed by fire during the Burmah Agate spill off Galveston, Texas, in November 1979, 2,100 bbl eventually reached the shore. Fortunately, because of the predominance of offshore, northerly winds in November 1979, most of the oil not consumed by fire dispersed offshore or was contained and recovered at the wreck site. Daily aerial and ground surveys at reference stations were conducted to locate impacts and monitor the persistence of oil onshore. Beach impacts directly attributable to the Burmah Agate occurred as far as 470 kilometers (km) from the wreck near Mansfield Pass, Texas. The first major impact occurred on November 8 and 9 when approximately 500 bbl impacted a 10-km section of San Jose Island, 250 km southwest of the wreck. Due to relative inaccessibility, and rapid recovery of the beach, no cleanup was attempted. By November 16, 1979, less than 25 percent of the impact remained buried or on the beachface. The heaviest onshore impact of Burmah Agate oil occurred November 19 to 21 when up to 1,500 bbl beached along the western half of Galveston Island. Cleanup was initially by manual labor and front-end loaders; however, by November 23, the primary method of cleanup involved pooling the oil by hand labor and picking it up with vacuum trucks. This latter method considerably reduced the volume of sand removed from the beach. Cleanup and manicuring the beach were virtually complete by November 27. Other minor impacts of less than 50 bbl occurred sporadically during the spill from Bolivar Peninsula to Brown Cedar Cut. The only known marsh impact occurred on November 9, when approximately 5 bbl coated 400 meters of fringing marsh along Smith Point in Galveston Bay.

An Aerial Survey of Potential Nesting Areas of the Saltwater Crocodile, Crocodylus porosus Schneider, on the North Coast of Arnehem Land, Northern Australia

Results of a study of habitats used by C, povosus for nesting on the Liverpool and Tomkinson Rivers, Arnhem Land, northern Australia, are presented. These were used as the basis of an aerial survey for potential crocodile nesting habitat in coastal wetlands between Smith Point (Cobourg Peninsula) and Gove. General conclusions of the survey are given, and areas in which different types of management could be applied are indicated. Detailed results are lodged with the Australian National Library,Canberra (catalogue No. MS5640).

Teacher informed response to reader miscue

Jerome B. Zutell, Jr. Faculty of Early and Middle Childhood Education College of Education The Ohio State University IXRespond to what the child is trying to do. Having presented and decried 'conventional wisdom' in reading instruction in the form of his Twelve Easy Ways to Make Learning to Read Difficult, Smith (1973, p. 195) offers this dictum as the one difficult way to make learning to read easy. Smith urges the teacher to focus attention on the learner rather than on methods and materials, which for so long have dominated American reading instruction, and which so often seem to interfer with, rather than facilitate, a positive and informed interaction between teacher and learner during the reading act. But although Smith's point is well taken, his one difficult rule often leaves teachers frustrated and confused (even after reading Psycholinquistics and Reading). What should I look for? How can I find it? How should I respond if not in the manner prescribed by my teacher's manual? These questions raised by teachers are also points well taken. Responding is neither easy or simple. It requires 1) an understanding of the reading process as it is practiced by the fluent reader, 2) the knowledge and ability to recognize and distinguish between those aspects of the child's reading performance that mark developmental progress toward fluent reading and those that may be interfering with learning to read, and 3) the ability to decide what teacher behaviors will provide the necessary feedback to enable the learner to redirect and reshape reading strategies so that they more closely approximate those necessary for fluent reading. Responding requires no less than using a theory of reading to analyze reading behavior and to guide practical classroom applications. In order to respond knowledgeably teachers must have 1) a basic understanding of the reading process, 2) a method of evaluating a child's reading performance based on knowledge of that process, 3) information from research about what patterns of behavior characterize poor and fluent readers and 4) some sense of how various activities and teacher behaviors can orient poor readers toward more successful reading strategies. In the following sections of this paper I will attempt to address each of these areas, concentrating particularly on how various pat-