Smile Photographs Research Articles

Perception of smile esthetics by laypeople of different ages

BackgroundAge is a factor affecting smile esthetics. Three variables of smile esthetics associated with the maxillary anterior teeth and age-related changes have recently received considerable attention: (i) the incisal edge position of the maxillary central incisors, (ii) the maxillary gingival display, and (iii) the presence of a black triangle between the maxillary central incisors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of age on smile esthetic perception based on these three variables in a group of Thai laypeople.MethodsThe smiles were constructed from a photograph of a female smile. Smile photographs were altered in various increments using three variables: the incisal edge position of the maxillary incisors, gingival display, and a black triangle between the maxillary central incisors. The photographs were shown to a group of 240 Thai laypeople. The subjects were divided into two groups: a younger group, 15–29 years old (n = 120) and an older group, 36–52 years old (n = 120). Each subject was asked to score the attractiveness of each smile separately using a visual analog scale.ResultsSmile attractiveness scores concerning the incisal edge positions of the maxillary central incisors were similar between the two groups. However, upper lip coverage was rated as unattractive by the younger group. A gingival display of 0 and 2 mm was rated as most attractive by the younger group. Upper lip coverage and gingival display of 0 and 2 mm were considered attractive by the older group. Excessive gingival display (6 mm) was scored as unattractive by both groups. A black triangle ranging from 1 to 2.5 mm between the maxillary central incisors was scored differently between the two groups. The older group was more tolerant of the black triangle size.ConclusionsAge impacts smile perception based on maxillary gingival display and the presence of a black triangle between the maxillary central incisors, but not of the incisal edge position of the maxillary central incisors. Due to the variation in esthetic perception of each individual, participation between orthodontists and patients for decision-making and treatment planning is a crucial process to provide successful results.

Experience of dental professionals in determination of gender by observing smile

Introduction: Every individual in his or her entire life has a photograph of smile. This makes identification as well as dead bodies and remains possible with the help of forensic odontology and medicine. Aims and Objective: The aim of this study was to use only smile from photograph for gender identification by various experienced dental specialist. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a digital camera (Sony Cyber-shot DSC W800) was used to capture smile photographs, where participants were at a distance of 0.5 m from the lens and they were made to sit in a relax position with the Frankfort plane parallel to the floor. Among 50 captured photographs, 10 photographs were randomly selected, among which 5 males and 5 females, for pictorial questionnaire. Using Adobe Photoshop version 7.0, only teeth were made visible and other soft tissues were cropped so as not to make it a bias study. Results: All 5 dental colleges of Vidarbha region were included, in which 213 staff members participated in the study. Gender-wise distribution depicted 39.9% male and 60.10% female participants with no significance (P = 0.223). According to department-wise also was without any significance (P = 0.823). Now, according to designation wise, it was found that experience plays a vital role. Professor being the most experienced staff when compared with tutors (P = 0.03) and postgraduates (P = 0.015). Professors were most accurate in their opinions comparatively. Conclusion: This study concluded that identification of gender through only smile from photographs can be done with ease by professors due to their years of experience.

Effect of Weakening of Ipsilateral Depressor Anguli Oris on Smile Symmetry in Postparalysis Facial Palsy.

Aberrant depressor anguli oris (DAO) activity may arise after recovery from acute facial paralysis and restrict movement of the oral commissure. To quantify the degree to which DAO inhibition affects smile dynamics and perceived emotional state. In this prospective, pretest-posttest study performed at an academic tertiary referral hospital, patients with unilateral postparalysis facial palsy were studied from January 16 through April 30, 2016. Local anesthetic injection into the ipsilateral DAO. Healthy- and paretic-side commissure displacements from the midline lower vermillion border referenced to the horizontal plane were calculated from random-ordered photographs of full-effort smile before and after injection, and random-ordered hemifacial photographs of the paretic side were assessed as expressing positive, negative, or indiscernible emotion. Twenty patients were identified as having unilateral postparalysis facial palsy with marked synkinesis of the ipsilateral DAO. Patient mean age was 46 years (range, 24-67 years), with a male to female ratio of 1:3. Mean paretic-side commissure displacement increased from 27.45 mm at 21.65° above the horizontal plane to 29.35 mm at 23.58° after DAO weakening (mean difference, 1.90 mm; 95% CI, 1.26-2.54 mm; and 1.93°; 95% CI, 0.34°-3.51°; P < .001 and P = .20, respectively). Symmetry of excursion between sides improved by 2.00 mm (95% CI, 1.16-2.83 mm; P < .001) and 2.71° (95% CI, 1.38°-4.03°; P < .001). At baseline, observers assessed 7 of 20 paretic hemifaces (35%) as expressing positive emotion; this proportion increased to 13 of 20 (65%) after DAO weakening (P = .03). Ipsilateral DAO weakening results in significant improvements in smile dynamics and perceived expression of positive emotion on the paretic hemiface in postparalysis facial palsy. A trial of DAO weakening should be offered to patients with this disfiguring complication of Bell palsy and similar facial nerve insults. 3.

Buccal Corridors: A Fact or a Myth in the Eyes of Laymen?

AIM:This study aimed to investigate laymen knowledge of the existence of the buccal corridor and whether it was an important factor for them in judging smile attractiveness and the effect of introducing the knowledge to them on their further judgment.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Nine subjects were randomly selected with variable buccal corridor percentages. They were coached to smile in a posed fashion and full face smile photographs were taken from a standardised distance. The photographs were randomly arranged in a power point presentation and displayed to a panel of thirty-nine randomly selected laymen judges. The judges made their beauty judgment on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and filled a questionnaire. After their education about the buccal corridor, they were asked to make a second judgment on a second sheet with VAS and with a different random sequence of the photographs.RESULTS:Intra-class correlation agreement for all the judges between the first and second scores was 0.713. The Spearman’s rho Correlation coefficient indicated a positive correlation for all the photos. For the male judges, the agreement between the ratings was 0.839, and the correlation was positive for all the photos. For the female judges, the agreement between the ratings was 0.510, and the correlation was positive for all the photographs. Hundred percent of the judges were not familiar with the buccal corridor. Eighty percent of the female judges and 44.4% of the male judges mentioned that it would affect their further judgment.CONCLUSION:Laymen build their esthetic judgments on what we teach them, and modifying treatment plans to include corrections of buccal corridors for esthetic reasons only is a myth.

Influence of masseter muscle thickness on buccal corridor space and craniofacial morphology: A correlative study

Purpose: The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of masseter muscle thickness on buccal corridor space and underlying craniofacial morphology. Materials and Methods: Forty-six young adults (23 males and 23 females) in the age group of 18–23 years having intact dentitions and Class I molar relationship were included in the study. Masseter muscle thickness was measured using ultrasonography in relaxed, smiling, and contracted states. Posed smile photographs were taken to measure the buccal corridor space. Standardized frontal and lateral cephalograms were taken to determine craniofacial morphology in all three dimensions. Results: The mean masseter muscle thickness was 10.54 (±1.92) mm, 12.00 (±2.06) mm, and 14.04 (±1.99) mm in relaxed, smiling, and contracted states, respectively. Statistically significant correlation also was noted between masseter muscle thickness, during contracted state and buccal corridor width ratio. There was a strong association of masseter muscle thickness on both vertical as well as transverse craniofacial morphologies. Conclusions: Masseter muscle thickness is positively correlated with the buccal corridor width and influences both vertical as well as transverse facial dimensions.

Esthetic impact of gingival plastic surgery from the dentistry students’ perspective

Objective:The aim of the this study was to evaluate the perception of smile esthetics and alterations in cases of gingival plastic surgery for correction of a gummy smile, by means of alterations in smile photograph among dentistry degree students.Materials and Methods:A frontal smile photograph of a 40-year-old woman having normal occlusion was used with diverse compositions of gingival exposure level and crown length of maxillary teeth. The eight photographs were evaluated by 216 dentistry students in five class groups (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th classes).Results:The results revealed that almost all of the class’ students perceived differences between images, additionally, the highest percentage of students that answered “no difference” was 12% at 1st class’ students. 1st and 2nd class’ students most liked photograph which is 2.5 mm gingival display and 3rd class students liked two different photographs which are 2.5 mm gingival display and 2 mm gingival display whereas 4th class students preferred two different photographs which are 1.5 mm gingival display and 1 mm gingival display, 5th class students preferred photograph which is 1.5 mm gingival display as the most.Conclusion:Esthetic perception of smile improve as a student passes to higher study classes in terms of gingival exposure. The harmonious display of gingiva exhibits an important effect in the smile esthetics rather than reduced or excessive display.

Perception of altered smile esthetics among Moroccan professionals and lay people.

ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the impact of altered smile characteristics on the perception of smile esthetics between Moroccan dentists and lay people.Materials and methodsThirty-four digital smile photographs displaying alterations in crown length and width, lateral incisor gingival margin position, gingival exposition, midline diastema, and upper midline deviation were presented to a sample of 30 dentists and 30 lay people. The ratings were assessed with a visual analog scale.ResultsCompared to that of lay people, Moroccan dentists’ evaluation of the gingival smile was more critical when the decrease in central incisor crown length was 2.5 mm (p < 0.001) or greater and when the increase in gingival exposition was 4 mm or greater (p < 0.01). Moroccan dentists were also critical in their evaluation of maxillary lateral incisor crown width alterations (p < 0.05) and incisal midline deviations (p < 0.05). However, the professionals and lay people similarly evaluated irregularities in the incisor gingival margin position. Increases in the midline diastema were judged critically by both Moroccan dentists and lay people.ConclusionsIn this sample, Moroccan dentists evaluate smile esthetic alterations more critically than Moroccan lay people. This difference in perception of smile discrepancies must be taken into account during the finishing phases of orthodontic treatment and restoration of the anterior teeth in Moroccan patients.

Improving gingival smile by means of guided bone regeneration principles.

ABSTRACTObjective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of guided bone regeneration (GBR) carried out with xenogenic bone substitute (Bio-OssTM) and collagen resorbable membrane (Bio-GideTM) to improve gingival smile (GS) in patients with excessive vertical maxillary growth (EVMG). Methods: Twelve healthy women aged between 20 and 49 years old (mean age of 26 years), with 5 mm or more of gingival exposure during fully posed smile (FPS) due to EVMG, were included. Baseline digital photographs were taken with standardized head position at rest and FPS. In eight out of 12 cases, crown lengthening procedure was indicated and the initial incision was made 2 to 4 mm from the gingival margin. In four cases, with no indication for crown lengthening procedure, a sulcular incision was performed. GBR was performed in all cases, using micro screws and/or titanium mesh associated with Bio-OssTM and Bio-GideTM. After 10 days, sutures were removed. Recall appointments were scheduled at 1, 6, and 12 months when standardized photographs were again taken. ImageToolTM software was used to measure the gingival exposure (GE) during FPS from the standardized close-up smile photographs at baseline and 12 months. Results: GE mean at baseline was 275.44 mm2. After 12 months, patients who undergone exclusively GBR procedure, presented GE reduction of 40.7%, ∆ = 112.01 mm2 (statistically significant, p = 0.12), and patients who had crown lengthening associated with the graft had a reduction of 60%, ∆ = 167.01 mm2. Conclusion: Our results using GBR to improve GS in cases of EVMG showed an exceptionally high patient acceptance and satisfaction. One-year follow-up confirmed stable results.

The influence of varying maxillary incisor shape on perceived smile aesthetics

ObjectivesThis paper aims to determine the influence of varying the maxillary incisor shape of an individual on perceived smile aesthetics. MethodsA photograph of a female smile displaying maxillary teeth only was digitally altered to produce five different incisor shapes. They consisted of three basic shapes: square (S), ovoid (O), triangular (T) and two variations, tapered-ovoid (TO) and square-tapering (ST). The images were ranked from the most to the least attractive by 30 dentists, 30 technicians and 30 patients. ResultsThe TO maxillary incisor shape was perceived to be the most attractive smile overall (50%), and amongst dentists (70%), technicians (50%) and patients (30%). The O shape maxillary incisors were ranked the second most attractive overall (36.7%) and the most attractive amongst patients (56%). The S shape maxillary incisors were perceived as the least attractive overall (43.3%), and amongst dentists (47%), technicians (50%) and patients (33%). ConclusionsThe tapered-ovoid incisor tooth form for females is preferred to the square form, which corresponds with the findings in the dental literature. However, the results also suggest that there is not one ‘ideal’ incisor shape and that dental professionals are more critical than patients with respect to the shapes of maxillary incisors. Dental professionals should take the individual variability in patient response into consideration during treatment planning, to produce an aesthetic outcome that is acceptable for the patient. Clinical significanceAs a general rule, the tapered-ovoid tooth form is perceived to be more desirable than the square tooth form. The dental team should therefore keep this finding in mind and liaise with the patients accordingly, in order to help to produce desirable aesthetic clinical outcomes.

Posttreatment evaluation of maxillary canine positions in 15-year-old subjects.

Esthetic improvement is a primary reason that people seek orthodontic treatment. The maxillary canine is considered by many to have great importance for both function and esthetics. Limited information is available about the position of the maxillary canine in relation to skeletal landmarks and whether the position can influence esthetic perceptions. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the normal maxillary canine position in relation to skeletal landmarks, to determine posttreatment 3-dimensional maxillary canine position with cone-beam computed tomography images, and to see whether maxillary canine position influences esthetic perceptions. The Bolton standard template was used as the control sample, and the maxillary canine position was determined by implementing a Cartesian coordinate system. The right and left maxillary canines of 96 treated patients (48 boys, 48 girls; 15years old) were analyzed by digitization of the cone-beam computed tomography volumes. The subjects' posttreatment smile photographs were ranked and quantified by 9 orthodontic residents who completed a Q-sort. Correlations were determined between canine positions and esthetic outcomes. The only difference between the right and left canine positions was the anteroposterior position of the root apex. Statistically significant sex differences were found for the superoinferior position of the right and left canine cusp tips, the mediolateral right and left canine root apices, and the mediolateral left canine cusp tips. No correlation was determined between the maxillary canine position and the esthetic perception. The maxillary canine position in relation to skeletal landmarks was determined and does not appear to significantly impact the esthetic perception, according to this study.

Positive identification of a decomposed human body through forensic anthropology and smile photographs - a case report

Positive identification of a decomposed human body through forensic anthropology and smile photographs - a case report

Relationship between Perception of Maxillary Midline Diastema and Personality Profiles

ABSTRACT Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between personality profiles and perception of maxillary midline diastema (MMD) among laypeople. Materials and methods Hundred total of 200 laypeople (100 females and 100 males, mean age = 28.8 ± 5.5 years) were recruited in this cross-sectional study. They were asked to rate the attractiveness of two digital photographs of ideal smile with 1 and 2 mm MMD on a visual analog scale (VAS) from 0 to 10. Participants' personality and psychological profiles were assessed via neuroticism.extraversion.openness five-factor inventory. The statistically significant levels were set at p ≤ 0.05. Results The mean VAS scores were 5.7 (± 2.1) and 4.3 (± 2.0) for 1 and 2 mm MMD respectively. The participants rated the attractiveness of 1 mm diastema better than the attractiveness of 2 mm diastema (p &lt; 0.001). Females showed no difference in rating diastema attractiveness in comparison with males (p &gt; 0.05). Participants (from both genders) with higher neuroticism scores rated 1 and 2 mm diastemas as less attractive than those with lower neuroticism scores (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion Psychological profiles (high neuroticism) might be associated with negative perceptions of attractiveness of MMD. How to cite this article Al Nazeh AA. Relationship between Perception of Maxillary Midline Diastema and Personality Profiles. World J Dent 2016;7(2):59-63.

The Impact of Lateral Incisor Dimensions on Smile Perception - A Study of Patients Tolerance for Deviation from the Ideal

Background and aim: The lateral incisor is one of the most commonly associated anterior teeth with being congenitally missing or affected by Microdontia. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of variations in the position, proportion and angulation of lateral incisors on patients’ perception towards an ideal smile. Methodology: One hundred and ninety eight subjects between 15 and 35 years of age, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were asked to fill out a brief Questionnaire. Thereafter, using the means of a PowerPoint Presentation, the participants were shown a series of photographs of an ideal smile in which the lateral incisors were altered within set parameters. The participants identified which image, within each sequence, was most esthetic in their opinion. Results and conclusions: Most of the participants preferred shorter (-2.22 mm) and wider (1.82 mm) lateral incisors, compared with the ideal image. A majority of participants preferred that the long axis of the lateral incisor be parallel to that of the central incisor. 40.4% of the population tolerated a mesial 5° tilt and only 11.6% tolerated a distal 5° tilt. Female tolerance towards variations in height and width were significantly less than their male counterparts. Participants’ tolerance for shorter and wider lateral incisors, compared with the ideal, was seen when these parameters were assessed individually. Majority of the participants tolerated 0°-5° of mesial tilting for the lateral incisor.

Influence of symmetric and asymmetric alterations of maxillary canine gingival margin on the perception of smile esthetics among orthodontists, dentists, and laypersons.

Esthetics is one of the major concerns among people seeking orthodontic treatment, and its perception varies from person to person. Our objective was to determine the differences in the perception of smile esthetics among orthodontists, general dentists, and laypersons with respect to alteration in the maxillary canine gingival margin in close-up smile analyses. Close-up photograph of an ideal Indian female smile was selected. The images were digitally altered to create symmetrical images with the gingival margin levels of maxillary canine matching the central incisors. Twelve alterations were created in the gingival margin of the canine with discrepancies of 1, 2, and 3 mm in relation to the most superior point on the labial gingival margin of patient's central incisor and divided under four groups. Finally, close-up images of the smile were assessed by orthodontist, general dentist, and layperson who indicated the level of attractiveness of each smile on a visual analogue score. The data collected were then statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Newman-Keul's range test. Most evaluators considered all the three components, i.e., lips, teeth, and gingiva while assessing the smile's attractiveness. Statistically significant differences were observed between different evaluator groups when considering bilateral increase in crown height by 2 and 3 mm. The perceptions of asymmetries in the gingival margin levels of the maxillary canines were 1.0 mm for orthodontists and 2.0 mm for laypersons. The result of this study suggested that the orthodontists were more critical than dentist and layperson in evaluating smile esthetics.

Influence of Orthodontic Treatment on Smile Attractiveness as perceived by Common People, General Dentists and Orthodontists

ABSTRACT Objectives To analyze the influence of orthodontic treatment on smile attractiveness as perceived by common people, general dentists and orthodontists. Materials and methods The photographic records of 114 patients were screened and 72 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected. The pretreatment and posttreatment smile photographs were rated on a 10-point scale by panels of common people, general dentists and orthodontists. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post hoc test. Results The mean esthetic scores for pretreatment images as evaluated by the three panels; orthodontists, general dentists and common people were 3.26, 3.20 and 3.31 respectively. The difference in esthetic scores between these three groups was not statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05). For post-treatment images, the mean esthetic scores by the three panels; orthodontists, general dentist and common people were 6.45, 6.50 and 7.32 respectively. Esthetic scores between these three groups differed significantly (p &lt; 0.05) with common people displaying significantly higher score than orthodontists and general dentists, however no difference was seen between orthodontists and general dentists. It was also seen that the percentage change in mean esthetic scores from pre- to posttreatment smile was significantly higher for common people as compared to orthodontist (p &lt; 0.05) and no difference was seen between orthodontists and general dentists or common people and general dentists respectively. Conclusion Though there is no difference in perception of smile esthetics between common people, general dentists and orthodontists, the influence of orthodontic treatment on smile attractiveness is appreciated differently by the common people as compared to general dentists and orthodontists. How to cite this article Kumar P, Patil C, Nehra K, Sharma M. Influence of Orthodontic Treatment on Smile Attractiveness as perceived by Common People, General Dentists and Orthodontists. World J Dent 2016;7(1):18-22.

Facial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea.

Objective: This study aimed at assessing the relationship between facial morphological patterns (I, II, III, Long Face and Short Face) as well as facial types (brachyfacial, mesofacial and dolichofacial) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients attending a center specialized in sleep disorders. Methods: Frontal, lateral and smile photographs of 252 patients (157 men and 95 women), randomly selected from a polysomnography clinic, with mean age of 40.62 years, were evaluated. In order to obtain diagnosis of facial morphology, the sample was sent to three professors of Orthodontics trained to classify patients' face according to five patterns, as follows: 1) Pattern I; 2) Pattern II; 3) Pattern III; 4) Long facial pattern; 5) Short facial pattern. Intraexaminer agreement was assessed by means of Kappa index. The professors ranked patients' facial type based on a facial index that considers the proportion between facial width and height. Results: The multiple linear regression model evinced that, when compared to Pattern I, Pattern II had the apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) worsened in 6.98 episodes. However, when Pattern II was compared to Pattern III patients, the index for the latter was 11.45 episodes lower. As for the facial type, brachyfacial patients had a mean AHI of 22.34, while dolichofacial patients had a significantly statistical lower index of 10.52. Conclusion: Patients' facial morphology influences OSA. Pattern II and brachyfacial patients had greater AHI, while Pattern III patients showed a lower index.

Effects of Three Types of Digital Camera Sensors on Dental Specialists' Perception of Smile Esthetics: A Preliminary Double-Blind Clinical Trial.

The effect of image quality or dental specialties on the subjective judgment of facial beauty has not been evaluated in any study. This study assessed the effect of digital sensors and specialties on the perception of smile beauty. In the first phase of this double-blind clinical trial, 40 female smile photographs (taken from dental students) were evaluated by a panel of three prosthodontists, six orthodontists, and three specialists in restorative dentistry to select the most beautiful smiles. In the second phase, the 20 students having the most appealing smiles were again photographed in standard conditions, but this time with three different digital sensors: full-frame 21.1-megapixel, half-frame 18.0-megapixel, and compact 10.4-megapixel. The same panel judged smile beauty on a visual analog scale. The referees were blinded to the type of sensors, and the images were all coded. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05 and 0.0167). The mean scores for full-frame, half-frame, and compact sensors were 6.70 ± 1.30, 4.56 ± 1.29, and 4.40 ± 1.39 [out of 10], respectively (Kruskal-Wallis p < 0.0001). The differences between the full-frame and the other sensors were statistically significant (Mann-Whitney p < 0.01); however, the difference between the half-frame and compact sensors was not statistically significant (p > 0.1). Sensors (ANOVA p < 0.00001) but not specialties (p = 0.687) affected the perception of beauty. According to the results of this study, image quality affected the perception of smile beauty. The full-frame sensor produced consistently better results and was recommended over half-frame and compact sensors. Dentists of different specialties might have similar standards of smile beauty, although this needs further assessment.

콧방울띠의 유병율

Purpose: 입술 주위에는 여러 개의 근육이 모여있기 때문에 여러 근육의 작용에 의해 표정을 지을때, 다양한 표정과 노화에 따른 주름 등의 변화가 나타나게 된다. 동물에서는 이러한 피부 및 근육이 몸 전체에 발달되어 있지만 사람에서는 얼굴에만 잘 발달되어 있고, 다른부위엔 목과 손바닥에 하나씩 있을 뿐이다. 해부학적인 연구에서 확인한 작은광대근의 변이중에 윗입술뿐만 아니라 콧방울로 갈라진 힘살이 콧방울 가쪽 부위에도 닿아서 형성되는 콧방울 가쪽 주름에 대해 alar band라 명명하였으며 이에 대한 임상적인 유병율을 알아보고자 한다. Materials & Methods: 교정 치료를 위해 경기도 개인치과의 교정과에 내원한 780명의 교정신환의 스마일 사진에서 alar band의 여부에 대해 알아보고, 측모두부방사선사진에서 골격의 형태 및 입술의 돌출, 성별, 연령 등과의 상관관계를 평가하였다. Results: 일반적 특성에 따른 alar band의 관련성에 대해서 살펴본 결과 성별에 대해서 남자는 18.5%, 여자는 27.9%로 나타나 남자보다 여자의 경우 더 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 연령에 대해서는 가진 경우가 0-9세는 19.4%, 10-19세는 16.9%, 20-29세는 31.2%, 30-39세가 39.5%, 40-49세가 56.5%로 나타나 20대에서 40대로 갈수록 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.001). SN_NP에 대해서는 normodivergent facial type을 가진 경우가 26.2%, hyperdivergent facial type을 가진 집단이 22.0%, hypodivergent facial type을 가진 경우는 32.2%로 나타나 hypodivergent facial type을 가진 집단의 경우가 더 발생비율이 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. Upper LIP에 대해서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았지만 Lower lip에 대해서는 alar band를 보인 경우가 정상하순 안모를 가진 집단은 26%, lower lip protrusion은 14.7%, retruded lower lip은 33.3%로 나타나 retruded lower lip의 경우 발생비율이 높게 나타났으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 즉, 성별, 연령, lower lip돌출정도에서 alar band와의 유의한 관련성을 보임을 알 수 있었다. Conclusions: alar band는 해부학적인 연구에서 27.8%에서 보였으며, 본 연구에서는 25.6%에서 확인할 수 있었고, 임상적인 사진에서는 여자, 나이가 들수록, 하순이 함입될수록 유의하게 더 보였으며 향후 심미 치료에서 이 부위에 보톡스 등의 심미치료를 할 때 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. Purpose: Due to the presence of various muscles around lips, variety of facial expression can be made and changes from aging process such as wrinkles can develop on the facial skin by the action of multiple muscles. In animals, skin and muscles are developed in the entire body. On contrast, they are well developed only in the face and just one is present in the neck and the palm. Alar band was defined as outer wrinkle formed by zygomaticus minor muscle, which is common in Koreans. This study aimed to investigate clinical prevalence of alar band. Materials & Methods: Subjects were chosen from 780 new patients who visited private clinic in Gyeonggi province for orthodontic treatment. Presence of alar band was examined from the smile extraoral photos. Correlation among skeletal form, lip protrusion, gender, and age were evaluated. Results: Prevalence of alar band was higher in women (27.9%) than in men (18.5%) with statistical significance (p<0.05). With respect to age, prevalence of alar band was 19.4% in age 0-9 y, 16.9% in age 10-19 y, 31.2% in age 20-29 y, 39.5% in age 30-39, 56.5% in age 40-49. Prevalence was gradually increased from patients in their 20s to patients in their 40s and statistical significance was found (p<0.001). Concerning SN_NP, prevalence was 26.2% in normodivergent facial type, 22.0% in hyperdivergent facial type, and 32.2% in hypodivergent facial type. Hypodivergent facial group had higher prevalence but statistical significance was not observed. Statistically significant difference was not found regarding upper lip. However, prevalence of the alar band was 26% in patients with normal lower lip, 14.7% in patients with pretruded lower lip, and 33.3% in retruded lower lip. The prevalence was higher in patients with retruded lower lip with statistical significance (p<0.05). Conclusions: 27.8% on previous anatomical study and this study showed 27.8% prevalence of alar band in clinical smile photographs. Clinical photograph study showed that alar band was more prominent in women, older people, and people with retruded lips with statistical significance. This will provide valuable diagnostic information for esthetic consideration.

Positive Identification of Skeletal Remains Combining Smile Photographs and Forensic Anthropology – A Case Report

Forensic experts may face challenging situations in the routine of human identifications, such as the lack of ante-mortem (AM) data; and cadaveric alterations, such as charred, mutilated and decomposed bodies, as well as skeletal remains. In this context, alternative pathways for human identification must be taken following scientific criteria. The present study reports a case of human identification combining the analysis of smile photographs and forensic anthropology exams. Skeletal remains of were referred for human identification in the local medico-legal institute. The anthropological profile of the victim, containing age, sex, stature and ancestry information pointed out a potential victim from a police list of missing persons. Relatives of the victims did not provide AM data; except for a single smile photograph form the victim’s personal belongings. Dental autopsy, previously guided by anthropologicalexams, culminated in positive identification. Similar to all the other pathways for human identification, the analysis of smile photographs presents advantages and limitations. However, when combined to other methods, such as forensic anthropology, smile photographs trend the reveal greater application.

Perception of smile aesthetics by dental specialists and patients

Introduction: The objective of this study was to know the perception of aesthetic parameters of the smile by dental specialists and patients attending the Department of Orthodontics DEPeI, UNAM. Method: A descriptive observational study was performed. Three series of five smile photographs were observed by 284 participants of both sexes, from which 144 were dental specialists and 140 patients. Both groups rated pictures of smiles that were modified with PhotoShop® program. Results: There is a level of agreement between the two groups of participants with respect to the parameters chosen as «nothing aesthetic»; however, in the parameters rated as «very aesthetic» the only agreement was in a midline without deviation. Conclusion: There are differences in the perception of smile esthetics between dental specialists and patients. Key words: Smile, perception and aesthetics.