Smartphone Addiction Scale Research Articles

Smartphone Addiction Among University Students' During the Post-COVID-19 Era: The Role of Emotional Intelligence and Future Anxiety.

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic-related psychological symptoms can lead to smartphone addiction (SPA) risk and other behavioral disorders, thus impacting individuals' mental health and well-being. The present study aims to propose a mediation model to investigate the association between emotional intelligence (EI) and SPA, and the mediating role of future anxiety (FA) during the post-COVID-19 era. An online questionnaire including the Emotional Intelligence Scale, the Dark Future Scale, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale among university students from China, was conducted between September 14 and November 22, 2022. Finally, 1,154 valid questionnaires were collected. The reliability and confirmatory factor analysis results showed that all three scales had good reliability and validity. Structural Equation Model demonstrated that EI significantly and negatively influenced SPA (β=0.211, p<0.001), university students' FA significantly and positively effected SPA (β=0.315, p<0.001), EI significantly predicted SPA in university students, and FA partially mediated the association between EI and SPA. The mediation effect of FA was 0.110, which accounted for 34.27% of the total effect. Bootstrap results furthermore tested the rigor of the mediating effect. These findings broaden our understanding regarding the relationship between EI and SPA and the mediating role of FA, providing new sights for educators on how to reduce the risk of SPA when confronting the ongoing and possible future pandemics.

Smartphone Addiction among Syrian Medical Students

Abstract Background Smartphone use has increased and has become an essential part of daily life. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of smartphone addiction among medical students in Syria, investigate its potential effects on insomnia and sub-health. Methods This study was conducted in Syria from October 6th to November 12th, 2022. We included Syrian medical students across all Syrian medical colleges. The survey consisted of four questions, sociodemographic information, insomnia scale, Sub health status questionnaire (SHSQ-25), and Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 28.0. Results A total of 1437 participants completed the survey, and their mean age was 21.4 (SD = 1.8). Our analysis identified the prevalence of smartphone addiction, insomnia, and subhealth among medical students as 62.5%, 23.7%, and 28.4%, respectively. The mean hours number of smartphones used daily was (6±2.8). About half of the respondents use their phones for more than six hours a day (50.2%), and over half of the participants (52.8%) consider themselves addicted to their smartphones. Among students diagnosed with smartphone addiction, 43.2% reported using their phones for more than six hours daily, and 41.1% perceived themselves as smartphone addictive. Students residing in the city's outskirts exhibit a higher likelihood of addiction than their urban counterparts (OR = 1.5, P value &amp;lt; 0.05). Furthermore, individuals who avoid using their smartphones before bedtime exhibit a lower propensity towards developing smartphone addiction than those who do (OR = 2.7, P value &amp;lt; 0.05). As well, we defined a significant inverse correlation between the smartphone addiction score and the SHS (r2= -0.114, P value&amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusions We indicate that smartphone addiction negatively affects the sleep quality and subhealth of medical students, particularly among those who use their smartphones before sleeping and those who consider themselves smartphone addicts. Key messages • We indicate that smartphone addiction has detrimental impacts on the quality of sleep and subhealth of medical students, particularly those who use their smartphones before sleeping. • It is suggested that medical institutions conduct educational initiatives regarding the negative consequences of smartphone addiction, including its potential long-term impact on mental health.

Examining the Mediating Role of Academic Procrastination in the Relationship between University Students' Fear of Negative Evaluation and Problematic Smartphone Use

This research examines the mediating role of academic procrastination in the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and problematic smartphone use among university students. A total of 317 university students (180 females and 137 males, X̄ = 21.19 ± 2.38) participated in the study and completed The Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, The Tuckman Procrastination Scale, and the Short Form of the Smartphone Addiction Scale. Structural Equation Modeling was used for data analysis. According to results, fear of negative evaluation predicts problematic smartphone usage through the full mediation of academic procrastination. In this context, it can be said that university students with a high level of fear of negative evaluation experience more academic procrastination and this academic procrastination increases problematic internet use. In the discussion and conclusion section, explanations related to the research findings, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research were provided.

The Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Neck Pain Prevalence among Older Population: A Cross Sectional Study

Introduction: After pandemics of covid 19, world interaction has been more through social media and through virtual. With lots of benefit of the technology, there is a pitfall of this also. Because of this, usage of smart phone has increased so addiction of it occurs even in elderly population. Due to their posture of using smart phone, and its addiction, there may be chances of having additional neck pain and disabilities. So, here is the need to see whether their smart phone addiction has any role in their neck pain prevalence.&#x0D; Methodology: The study examined 90 elderly population from Ahmedabad by random table sampling, in the age group of 60-70 years. Participants were asked to fill a Performa with the questionnaires of smart phone addiction scale (SAS) and neck disability index (NDI). Level of significant was kept at 5%. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to correlate between both SAS and NDI.&#x0D; Result: From 90 participants, there was 36 females and 54 males. Mean±SD of SAS and NDI was 107.8±22.5 and 7.4±4.99 respectively. Spearman correlation coefficient showed a significant Moderate positive correlation between SAS and NDI (r=0.649, p&lt;0.001).&#x0D; Conclusion: The study showed the positive correlation between smartphone addiction and musculoskeletal problems in neck in elderly population.

Effect of Smartphone Usage and Quality of Sleep in Physiotherapy Student in Ahmedabad City: An Observational Study

Introduction: Increasing Smartphone use has led to the Smartphone addiction as a behavioral addiction with detrimental effects on health. This phenomenon has not been widely studied in the Indian context. This study aims to assess the correlation between Smartphone addiction and Quality of Sleep-in physiotherapy students in Ahmadabad city. Methodology: This observational analytical study included 214 physiotherapy students who studied in different physiotherapy colleges in Ahmadabad city. Written informed consent was taken from those willing to participate and fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria and was included in the study. Assessment was done according to the proforma. Each student’s individual filled Smart phone addiction scale (SAS) and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) respectively. Results: In present study 82% students were addicted with Smartphone whereas 18% students were non-addicted with Smartphone. 72% students have poor sleepers whereas 28% students have good sleepers. The moderate positive correlation between of Smartphone addiction and Quality of Sleep among physiotherapy students in Ahmadabad city. Conclusion: This study showed that inordinate use of smartphone is prevalent among physiotherapy students and is related to poor sleep quality. Proper sleep is a must for physiotherapy students as acquiring professional-level learning as well as clinical skill is crucial for them. In physiotherapy students poor sleep quality can have its impact on various areas such as efficacy, mental and physical health. Keywords: Quality of Sleep, Smartphone, Physiotherapy

A retrospective study of life skills promotes healthy Internet use among adolescents

ABSTRACT Background: Since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, studies highlight the augmentation in the use of Internet and smartphone, especially among the adolescents. However, little is known about the effect of technology addiction on adolescent mental health following reopening of the schools. Aim: The study aims to assess the level of technology addiction, life skills, and mental health impact among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in India Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional research was conducted from July 2021 to October 2022. A nonprobability convenience sampling was used to collect the data from 352 adolescents using an Internet addiction test, smartphone addiction scale, life skills scale, and patient health questionnaire. Results: More than half of the adolescents were moderately addicted to the Internet and Smartphone. Three-fourth of the adolescents had mild-to-moderate depression. Those with moderate life skills were found to be moderately addicted to the Internet and Smartphone. Religion was found to be associated with Internet addiction. Age, religion, and parental monthly income were significantly associated with smartphone addiction among adolescents. Furthermore, class and life skills were significantly associated with depression among adolescents. Conclusion: Early-life skills training can help to prevent dysfunctional Internet use and mental and psychological problems among adolescents in schools and colleges.

Sleep Quality and Chronotype of Young Athletes Addicted to Smartphones During Ramadan Observance

Objective: Problematic smartphone use is associated with social, physical, and mental health issues, including chronotype and sleep patterns. During Ramadan intermittent fasting, these factors were more affected. However, no study explored problematic smartphone use and sleep patterns during Ramadan. Thus, the present study explored problematic smartphone use, sleep patterns, and chronotypes among athletic sample during Ramadan and assessed their relationship.Methods: Fifty athlete students (18.44±0.79 years) were voluntarily involved in this prospective cohort study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) were used to collect information on sleep quality and circadian preferences, respectively, before one week of Ramadan (baseline). Then, the participants repeated the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and completed the Arabic version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale short version (SAS-sv) at the end of Ramadan.Results: Of the 50 patients, 38% of the participants demonstrated problematic smartphone use. Ramadan showed no significant impact on sleep quality. Problematic smartphone use was not associated with sleep quality or chronotype. Nevertheless, it was negatively correlated with chronotype.Conclusion: High prevalence of smartphones and sleep quality was reported during Ramadan. The associations between sleep quality and problematic smartphone use were not confirmed. However, there is a negative relationship between chronotype and problematic smartphone use. The study suggests more focus on how athlete students can exploit physical exercise as a healthy alternative to keep control of excessive use of smartphones.

Do young people perceive their smartphone addiction as problematic? A study in Danish university college students

As smartphone addiction has been linked to poor mental health and lower levels of physical activity, it is of public health interest to explore the behavior behind problematic smartphone use and develop interventions to reduce smartphone use. This study aimed to investigate the risk of smartphone addiction and examine perceived problematic smartphone behavior among university college students.This online survey conducted amongst 1251 Danish University College students studied smartphone addiction in conjunction with physical- and mental health dimensions. The risk of smartphone addiction was estimated using the Smartphone Addiction Scale—Short Version (SAS-SV). The main results are presented as odds ratios from multivariate logistic regressions.One in four (23%) were at high risk of smartphone addiction. Of this high-risk group, 74% identified their smartphone behavior as problematic, with 91% having considered reducing their smartphone use.Students with a high risk of smartphone addiction perceiving their behavior as problematic were more likely to report low mental health and well-being.In conclusion, students at high risk of smartphone addiction acknowledge their problematic behavior and have actively considered behavior modifications. This knowledge can enable teachers, parents, and social and health workers to understand that a majority of heavy smartphone users are open to reducing their smartphone usage, albeit with the appropriate support.

The relationship between smartphone addiction and sleep among medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between smartphone addiction and sleep in medical students. The secondary outcomes included the prevalence of smartphone addiction, duration and purpose of its use, prevalence of poor sleep, duration and quality of sleep. The authors searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases, from inception of each database to October 2022. Quantitative studies in the English language on smartphone addiction and sleep in students studying Western Medicine were included. The Rayyan application was used for title-abstract screening, and Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist to assess the risk of bias. Heterogeneity tests and meta-synthesis of data were performed using the meta-package in R software. Data on the activities used on the smartphone was synthesized qualitatively. A total of 298 abstracts were initially assessed for inclusion eligibility: 16 of them were eventually appraised, covering 9466 medical students comprising 3781 (39.9%) males and 5161 (54.5%) females. Meta-correlation between the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was 0.30 (95%CI = 0.24-0.36), and 0.27 (95% CI = 0.18-0.36) for SAS-SV and sleep duration. The meta-analytic estimation of smartphone addiction prevalence was 39% (95%CI = 0.30-0.50), and score using SAS-SV was 31.11 (95%CI = 29.50-32.72). The mean duration of smartphone daily used was 4.90 hours (95%CI = 3.72-6.08). The meta-analytic estimation on prevalence of poor sleep was 57% (95%CI = 0.48-0.66), and the meta-mean of PSQI and duration of sleep was 5.95 (95%CI = 4.90-7.00) and 5.62h (95%CI = 4.87-6.36) respectively. Medical students used their smartphones mostly for text messaging, followed by photo-sharing or social networking. Its usage for medical education remains unclear. The prevalence of poor sleep and smartphone addiction in medical students was 57% and 39% respectively, with a correlation index of 0.30. Medical students commonly used the smartphone for text-messaging, photo-sharing or social networking, averaging 4.9 hours daily.

Psychometric properties of the Problematic Use of Social Networks (PUS) scale in Arabic among adolescents.

The Problematic Use of Social Networks (PUSN) scale assesses for the first time the comparative use of social networks along with addictive tendencies. However, it has only been validated in a Spanish sample. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the PUSN (PUSN-Ar) among Lebanese adolescents. A total of 379 adolescents aged between 15 to 18 years (M = 16.07 years; 64.9% females) participated in this cross-sectional study conducted between January and May 2022. The problematic use of social networks-SNS (PUSN) scale yields of two subscales: addiction-related consequences of SNS use (SNS-ARC) and negative social comparison (SNS-NSC). The Beirut Distress Scale, the Smartphone Addiction Scale and the Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale were used to assess psychological distress, smartphone addiction and loneliness respectively. The PUS-Ar scale exhibited a two-dimensional structure (Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = .97; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = .08), consistent with the original scale. Both subscales, Negative Social Comparison (α = .96) and Addictive Consequences (α = .92), demonstrated excellent reliability. Additionally, measurement invariance was verified between males and females at the configural, metric and scalar levels. No significant difference was found between males and females in terms of SNS-NSC (20.75 ± 10.15 vs 21.09 ± 9.51; t(377) = -.32; p = .751) and SNS-ARC (19.08 ± 8.61 vs 19.76 ± 6.77; t(377) = -.79; p = .430). The SNS-ARC subscale was more correlated to smartphone addiction than the SNS-NSC (r = .73; p < .001 vs r = .54; p < .001) whereas both subscales were significantly associated with more stress and more loneliness. The data collected in this study provided support for all the hypotheses formulated. Consequently, the PUS-Ar was deemed a suitable scale to measure problematic SNS among Lebanese adolescents. The PUS-Ar is currently available to researchers for use in evaluating PSNSU in Lebanon. However, it is important to note that further research is needed to explore its applicability and generalizability across different populations and contexts.

Trait-level non-clinical ADHD symptoms in a community sample and their association with technology addictions

An increasing number of studies have reported the existence of ADHD symptoms to be risk factors for technology addictions among young adults. In contrast to previous studies, the aim of the present study was to examine different dimensions of technology addiction in a community sample of adults and to examine their association with the individual trait-level ADHD symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. A community sample of one hundred and fifty adults were recruited to participate in this study via convenience sampling. Participants completed the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Symptom Checklist, the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, the Smartphone Addiction Scale, Young’s Internet Addiction Test, the Compulsive Online Shopping Scale, and a Demographic Information Form. Composite ADHD score, inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity were positively associated with technology addictions (internet, social media, smartphone, and online shopping addiction). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity were predictors of social media addiction and smartphone addiction, whereas they were not for online shopping addiction. Furthermore, inattention was the only predictor of internet addiction. People with non-clinical, trait-level ADHD, especially those showing a preponderance of inattention symptoms appear to be more vulnerable to developing some forms of technology addiction.

Correlation Between of Gadget Use to Sleep Patterns and Social Interaction in Students During COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: The change in learning methods online during COVID-19 pandemic has an impact duration of gadget use. Cause health problems such as sleep patterns and changes social interaction patterns students. Study aims to determine relationship between gadget use with sleep patterns and social interaction among nursing students at Airlangga University during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This research was conducted from 21-23 January 2022 using a correlational descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. Population of nursing students the regular class of 2020 and B23 Airlangga University with large sample of 164 respondents using simple random sampling technique. Independent variable use of gadgets and the dependent variable changes in sleep patterns and social interactions. Instruments used SAS (Smartphone Addiction Scale), PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), SIAS (Social Interaction Anxiety Scale). Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using spearman's rho test with significance level of &lt;0.05. Result : Based on the results study, there was significant relationship between gadget use and sleep patterns (p = 0.037, r = -0.163) and social interaction with results (p = 0.002, r = -236). Conclusion: Excessive use of gadgets without good time management makes students experience social dysfunction, become apathetic and less sensitive to surrounding environment. This means higher use of gadgets, lower level of sleep patterns and social interaction. It is hoped research will become source of information well as reference for providing health education and counseling regarding use of gadgets.

Smartphone addiction, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students.

Studies consistently link excessive smartphone use to poor sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress. This study specifically aimed to investigate these associations among medical students in Belgrade and Nis (Central Serbia). The cross-sectional study included a sample of 761 students, who were selected from both the Faculties of Medicine at the University of Belgrade and the University of Nis. Questionnaires, including the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF), Smartphone Addiction Scale - Short Version (SAS-SV), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale - 21 items (DASS-21), were completed by the participants. Statistical analysis techniques, such as the Chi-square test, student's t-test, and logistic regression, were employed to examine the relationship between smartphone addiction, physical activity, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress. The findings indicated a prevalence of smartphone addiction among medical students at 21.7%, with rates of 22.9% among males and 21.1% among females. Females exhibited significantly higher scores on the SAS-SV scale compared to males (p = 0.032). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations between smartphone addiction and spending over 4 h daily on smartphones (OR = 2.39; p < 0.001), poor sleep quality (OR = 1.65; p = 0,005), as well as elevated levels of stress (OR = 1.75; p = 0.003), anxiety (OR = 2.04; p < 0.001), and depression (OR = 2.29; p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis identified spending more than 4 h daily on smartphones (OR = 2.39; p < 0.001) and increased levels of depression (OR = 2.51; p < 0.001) as independent significant factors associated with smartphone addiction. This study sheds light on the prevalence of smartphone addiction among medical students, with spending excessive time on smartphones and higher levels of depression standing out as significant factors. Future research should delve into the underlying mechanisms and causal relationships between smartphone addiction and these psychosocial factors. Understanding these connections will aid in developing effective interventions and strategies to tackle this growing public health concern.

The Impact of Social Exclusion on Mobile Phone Addiction among University Students: The Chain Mediating Role of Just world Beliefs and Subjective Well-being

Purpose: To investigate the mediating roles of just world beliefs and subjective well-being between social exclusion and mobile phone addiction. Methods: The Social Exclusion Questionnaire for College Students, the Just World Belief Scale for College Students, the Happiness Index Scale, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale for College Students were used to measure 547 college students in Guangdong Province. Results: (1)Social exclusion and mobile phone addiction were significantly positively correlated. (2)Justice world beliefs partially mediated the effect of social exclusion on college students' mobile phone addiction. (3)Subjective well-being partially mediated the effect of social exclusion on mobile phone addiction among college students. (4)Just world beliefs and subjective well-being play a chain mediating role in the influence of social exclusion on college students' mobile phone addiction. Conclusion: Social exclusion can directly affect college students' mobile phone addiction behaviour, and can also indirectly affect college students' mobile phone addiction behaviour through just world beliefs and subjective happiness.

Prevalence of Nomophobia and Addiction to Smartphone among University Students in Tunisia Running Title: Prevalence of Nomophobia among University Students

Users of technology have to increase the time spent on their phone to feel satisfied, and express incessant and compulsive monitoring habits. For this reason, smartphones were designed as potentially addictive. This was a quantitative cross-sectional study describing the prevalence of nomophobia among students in University of Sfax in Tunisia. The predominant age range was 18-20 years with a predominance of the female gender (60%). According to the nomophobia questionnaire (NMP_Q), (99.6%) of the students were nomophobic. This result was reinforced by the Smartphone addiction scale (SAS_SV) which revealed that (97.4%) among them have an addiction on their smartphones. Our results provide a solid basis for developing recommendations for awareness about this topic. Deducing the prevalence of nomophobia especially among young people is a social emergency given its bio-psychosocial impact.

Online Behavioral Addictions Among Adolescents Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic changed people's lives and created a "new normal." It threatened individuals' mental health owing to reduced physical activity and social interaction, excessive indoor time, financial hardship, and insecurity. Moreover, the risk of online behavioral addiction increased in the general population, particularly among adolescents. The present study examined the differences between the pre-and post-pandemic periods regarding online behavioral addictions in adolescents. Methods The pre-pandemic data were obtained from 175 adolescents (August 2019 to February 2020) (T1). An online survey was sent to these participants to obtain the post-pandemic data (March to September 2022) (T2). Seventy participants completed the online survey (response rate: 40%). The participants completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale 9-Short Form (IGDS9-SF), and the Social Media Disorder Scale-Short Form (SMDS-SF) both before and after the pandemic. Results Before the pandemic, females had significantly higher SMDS-SF scores compared to males (p = 0.005). On the other hand, males had higher IGDS9-SF scores than females before the pandemic (p<.001). Individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had higher IGDS9-SF scores before the pandemic than those with depressive disorders or other diagnoses (p = 0.004). However, the primary diagnosis was not related to pre-pandemic SAS and SMDS-SF scores. Lastly, there was no significant difference in IGDS9-SF (p = 0.151), SMDS-SF (p = 0.200), or SAS scores (p = 0.413) between pre-pandemic and post-pandemic scores. Conclusion Although the current study did not support this view, in emotionally challenging times, people may spend more time on online activities, which can lead to behavioral addiction. It is important for parents to monitor their children's online activities and provide guidance. More research is needed to compare online behavioral addictions before and after the pandemic.

The Relationship between Physical Exercise and Smartphone Addiction among Chinese College Students: The Mediating Effect of Core Self-Evaluation.

Smartphone addiction is widespread among college students. Physical exercise and core self-evaluation are two potential factors that may influence smartphone addiction. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical exercise and college students' smartphone addiction, as well as the mediating effect of core self-evaluation. Here, 643 undergraduate university students are surveyed via questionnaire using the Physical Activity Rating Scale, the Smartphone Addiction Scale for College Students, and the Core Self-Evaluations Scale. The participants include 363 males (56.5%) and 280 females (43.5%), with ages ranging from 17 to 25 years old (mean = 19.68, SD = 1.40). The obtained data are analyzed using SPSS26.0 and the PROCESS plugins. The main findings of the study are as follows: (1) There is a significant negative correlation between physical exercise and smartphone addiction (r = -0.30, p < 0.01), a significant positive correlation between physical exercise and core self-evaluation (r = 0.25, p < 0.01), and a significant negative correlation between core self-evaluation and smartphone addiction (r = -0.52, p < 0.01). (2) There is a mediating effect of core self-evaluation between physical exercise and smartphone addiction. The current study can provide new evidence for the impact of physical exercise on smartphone addiction and highlights the importance of core self-evaluation. Moreover, research ideas and methodological guidance are provided for the following interventions and treatments targeting college students' smartphone addiction.

How Excessive Use of Smartphone Are Becoming Loneliness In Young Adult

Arguing that maintaining a separate relationship at a distance is closer, the consequences of excessive use of smartphones can actually reduce physical closeness by making people who are physically close to further. Loneliness is the subjective psychological discomfort people experience when their network of social relationships is significantly deficient in either quality or quantity. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction and loneliness among young adults. The population in this study were young adults of Aceh. These samples included 400 young adults in Aceh. The sampling technique used was unrestricted self-selected surveys. Data collection tools used are Smartphone Addiction Scale and University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale Version 3. The reliability of the scale of smartphone addiction and loneliness in this study .912 and .888. The analysis used in the parametric method was product-moment correlation analysis. The result showed there was a positive and significant correlation between smartphone addiction and loneliness (r = .432, p.05).

COVID-19 victimization experience and university students’ smartphone addiction: the mediating role of emotional intelligence

ObjectivesDuring the post-COVID-19 era, everyone has the risk of contracting the virus and becoming the victims of COVID-19. Examining the relationship between the COVID-19 victimization experience and its effects is more urgent. The aim of present study is to propose a mediation model to investigate the association between COVID-19 victimization experience and smartphone addiction, and the mediating role of emotional intelligence.MethodsA online questionnaire including the COVID-19 Victimization Experience Scale, the Smartphone Addiction Scale, and the Emotional Intelligence Scale among Chinese university students, were employed in this study. Finally, 1154 valid questionnaires were collected. The reliability and confirmatory factor analysis results showed that all three scales had good reliability and validity.ResultsStructural Equation Model (SEM) demonstrated that COVID-19 victimization experience significantly predicted smartphone addiction in university students, and emotional intelligence partially mediated the association between COVID-19 victimization experience and smartphone addiction. Bootstrap results furthermore tested the rigor of the mediating effect.ConclusionCOVID-19 victimization experience was a important variables in predicting university students’s martphone addiction, and emotional intelligence was a protective factor in decreasing the negative effect of COVID-19 victimization experience on addictive behaviors. It is suggested that instructors should integrate emotional intelligence training programs into mental health courses so as to improve students’ emotional intelligence ability.

Examining the Relationship between Sleep Quality and Academic Performance with the Degree of Dependence on Smartphone during the Coronavirus Pandemic

Background and Objective: After the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Iran, to prevent the spread of coronavirus, it was decided for classes to be held virtually. Even though this decision reduced the spread of the virus, the students were exposed to smartphone addiction, which is believed to have high comorbidity with psychological problems. The current study aims to examine the relationship between sleep quality and academic performance with the degree of dependence on smartphone during the COVID-19 pandemic.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The current research was a cross-sectional study with 254 adolescent students participating in virtual classes. This study was conducted in 2020-2021. The participants filled out the following questionnaires online: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), smartphone addiction scale (SAS), and Educational Performance Test (EPT). The data were analyzed using SPSS software, descriptive statistics [frequency, pearson correlation, mean, standard deviation (SD)], and inferential statistics (simultaneous regression) (P &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Results: There was a significant correlation between components of addiction to the Internet and the study’s variables. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between Internet addiction and academic performance (Pearson correlation = -0.57, P = 0.01) and between Internet addiction and sleep quality (Pearson correlation = 0.47, P = 0.01).&#x0D; Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that after the COVID-19 pandemic and virtual education, Internet addiction could be a risk factor for decreasing sleep quality and academic performance in students.