Smart Grid Architecture Research Articles

Implementation of ANFIS-based UPQC for Power Quality and Thermal Management Enhancement in the Distribution System

Conventional distribution systems generally operate with voltage and current waveforms being sinusoidal, though they slightly deviate from the ideal sinusoidal waveform, which is measured as distortion. The increase in power demand has led to the local generation and storage of power (Micro Grid systems). For its adoption, we need to implement smart grid architecture. Power electronics is a technologically sound way to limit different kinds of power quality (PQ) disturbances. It can also be used to control power flow, boost energy transmission capacity, enhance dynamic behavior and voltage stability, and ensure better power quality at distribution within established bounds. Unified Power Quality Conditioners (UPQC), one of the well-known Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, are typically used to address problems in distribution systems such as voltage surges, flickers, neutral current reduction, and PQ. Additionally, thermal management is crucial for maintaining system stability and preventing overheating. While dealing with sensitive loads, a UPQC injects harmonics into the system, which can compromise system stability. This article describes an artificial neural network with harmonics elimination techniques for a modified UPQC connected with a Smart Grid. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using MATLAB/Simulink software.

Integration of distributed PV into smart grids: A comprehensive analysis for Germany

Modern smart grids typically combine physical and communication networks for efficient information exchange and innovative applications. Aligned with digitalization and advancements in smart grids, the integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems comprises a variety of regulatory and technological aspects. However, no previous study has conducted an extensive and systematic analysis of the PV-grid integration framework, particularly for one country. To fill this gap, this paper uses Germany as an example to present a comprehensive, state-of-the-art analysis of integrating distributed PV systems into smart grids, focusing on the regulation and technical implementation of the German Smart Meter Infrastructure and PV control interfaces. Starting from a standardization perspective, this analysis utilizes the Smart Grid Architecture Model to identify crucial roles, components and processes specifically in Germany. Furthermore, it outlines the current implementation of PV integration into distribution networks at a national level. The results of this study show the overall complexity of PV integration in the smart grid context, confirm the feasibility of the German integration approach, and highlight the necessity of deploying standardized information models and communication technologies. These key findings can help market participants with different roles to identify potential technical bottlenecks or other critical points in the regulation and technical implementation. For instance, the proposed in-depth analysis framework provides an orientation for characterizing the PV integration or, more generally, the grid integration scenario of renewables in other countries.

An efficient anonymous authentication scheme for blockchain assisted and fog-enabled smart grid

The growing integration of blockchain and fog computing with Smart Grid (SG) technologies highlights the need for strong security protocols, dependable communication channels, and sensitive user data protection. In order to meet the unique needs of SG, this research paper presents a novel and effective anonymous authentication scheme enhanced by fog computing and blockchain. The suggested scheme makes use of blockchain's decentralized structure to strengthen security protocols and ensure user privacy and anonymity within the SG ecosystem. Through the combination of fog computing's low latency benefits and blockchain's immutability, the suggested scheme creates a robust framework for secure authentication. The suggested approach gives considerable weight to reducing computational overhead and optimizing user identity privacy. Through comprehensive analysis, the study highlights the scheme's efficiency concerning authentication speed, resource utilization, and resilience against potential attacks. These results offer an important remedy for the ever-changing landscape of energy management systems and substantially advance the development of safe and privacy-preserving SG architectures.

Addressing Cross‐Domain Interoperability between Automotive and Smart Grid Architecture Models

AbstractThe rapid advancement and diversification of technical domains, particularly in automotive and smart grid sectors, are pivotal in driving the emerging energy revolution. This evolution is instrumental in governing the future of smart cities, characterized by escalating complexity and diversity within these domains. Such a landscape necessitates seamless collaboration among various domain experts, a task often complicated by the prevalent use of domain‐specific languages and tools tailored to specific engineering needs. This poses a significant challenge towards cross‐domain interoperability.Addressing this challenge, our research introduces a novel approach leveraging abstraction layers inspired by the Software Platform Embedded Systems (SPES) methodology. This approach aims to enhance the compatibility of domain‐specific frameworks, with a focus on the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM) and the Automotive Reference Architecture Model (ARAM). By applying these SPES‐inspired abstraction layers, our work facilitates the reconciliation of varying levels of detail across different domains.The paper culminates in a proof of concept that demonstrates the practical implementation of this approach, showcasing a method to achieve effective cross‐domain interoperability. This implementation not only underscores the feasibility of our proposed solution but also illuminates a pathway for managing the intricate interplay of systems in the rapidly evolving landscape of smart cities.

IOT Based Smart Grid to Remotely Monitor and Control Renewable Energy Sources using Cloud Computing

Abstract: The growing demand for clean and sustainable energy sources necessitates advancements in grid structure. This project explores the potential of an IOT-based smart grid to remotely monitor and control renewable energy sources. In this, we use solar energy as a renewable energy source, and with the help of cloud computing, we monitor and control different types of loads. The paper highlights the key components, functionalities, and benefits of such a system.The increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions fuels the development of smart grid technologies. This project proposes an IOT (Internet of Things)-enabled smart grid architecture for remote monitoring and control of renewable energy sources. The core concept involves integrating sensors with renewable energy sources like solar or wind turbines. These sensors collect real-time data on energy generation, environmental conditions, and system health. This data is then transmitted over a network to a central control system or a cloud platform for further analysis. By implementing remote control capabilities, grid operators can: regulate energy production based on demand; integrate storage solutions for surplus energy; and improve overall grid stability and reliability. The project concludes by outlining the benefits of this approach, including a reduced carbon footprint, cost savings, and a more sustainable energy future.

A Multiscale study of flexible customer’s energy demand under smart grid architecture: A modeling and simulation study

A Multiscale study of flexible customer’s energy demand under smart grid architecture: A modeling and simulation study

Recent advances in smart grid architecture and grid-electric vehicle-charging station interaction

Recent advances in smart grid architecture and grid-electric vehicle-charging station interaction

IoT Security Framework Optimized Evaluation for Smart Grid

Modern systems' needs may be satisfied by smart grid technologies. Since we frequently struggle to effectively manage security, the smart grid's capacity is frequently underutilized. Despite the fact that a variety of solutions have been offered for securing the smart grid, the problem still exists that no single solution can entirely protect the environment. We provide a protection architecture for the IoT-connected smart grid. The proposed framework to secure IoT devices for the smart grid includes three complementary approaches. By conducting a rigorous comparative analysis of our proposed solution alongside four existing models, we contribute to the ongoing discourse on bolstering the security infrastructure of the smart grid IoT environment. Our optimized evaluation provides valuable insights into the strengths, weaknesses, and unique attributes of each model, offering a comprehensive understanding of their respective applicability and efficacy within the intricate realm of sensor-based applications. Two testing configurations were used to evaluate the Threat Mitigation Framework. It demonstrated superior performance in recognizing attacks like XSS across all testing configurations. In each of the two test sets, we also assessed the device management functions, and we found that they accurately recognized and presented IoT for the smart grid controller.

Development of an IoT smart energy meter with power quality features for a smart grid architecture

Electricity consumption has been intensifying due to population growth, climate change, urbanization, and the growing use of electronic devices, which are increasingly non-linear loads that cause poor power quality conditions. The trend of the Internet of Things has led to the creation of devices that encourage the efficient and effective utilization of electrical power. This in turn facilitates the development of modern power distribution structures such as smart grids. Consequently, this paper presents in detail the design, construction, and validation of a three-phase IoT smart meter intended to form part of the end-user demand side of a smart grid. The compact embedded system, with a manufacturing cost below $80 USD, features a unique electronic design that enables its installation in any load center and employs a straightforward IoT structure that includes WiFi technology for Internet communication. Also, a deployed web application was developed specifically to display the smart meter measurements. Unlike other smart meters, the proposed meter not only provides the amount of active energy consumption, but total and fundamental RMS current and voltage, active, reactive, and apparent power, reactive energy, power factor, and some power quality parameters such as, line frequency, amplitude of 64 current harmonics, and total harmonic distortion. Additionally, this study shows that the prototype achieves an absolute error of less than 1% in all its measurements. Finally, real-life applications of the developed device are demonstrated in residential environments.

The application of the internet of things technology in the smart grid

The development of electric power and the energy industry is an important guarantee for national economic development. With the explosion of population and the development of science and technology, the power system needs to be more intelligent and networked to facilitate management and optimization. In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has continued to develop through the combination of Internet technology and sensor technology, and the fast network transmission speed as well as the miniaturization and refinement of sensing can help the construction of the smart grid. This paper analyzes the application of IoT technology in the smart grid, including different types of smart grid architecture and the practical application of the IoT technology in the whole process of power transmission. Besides, the paper also discusses different application links and network levels. At present, the IoT technology has been applied to the smart grid information collection, transmission, and processing process, participating in information management in the power station, power transmission, substation, and other links. However, due to the complexity of processing the massive data of the power grid and the multiple network connections during the transmission process, ensuring the security of information and networks has become a challenge. While realizing high-speed communication, it is necessary to ensure the security of users as well as the information communication and networks.

Edge Offloading in Smart Grid

The management of decentralized energy resources and smart grids needs novel data-driven low-latency applications and services to improve resilience and responsiveness and ensure closer to real-time control. However, the large-scale integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has led to the generation of significant amounts of data at the edge of the grid, posing challenges for the traditional cloud-based smart-grid architectures to meet the stringent latency and response time requirements of emerging applications. In this paper, we delve into the energy grid and computational distribution architectures, including edge–fog–cloud models, computational orchestration, and smart-grid frameworks to support the design and offloading of grid applications across the computational continuum. Key factors influencing the offloading process, such as network performance, data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) processes, computational requirements, application-specific factors, and energy efficiency, are analyzed considering the smart-grid operational requirements. We conduct a comprehensive overview of the current research landscape to support decision-making regarding offloading strategies from cloud to fog or edge. The focus is on metaheuristics for identifying near-optimal solutions and reinforcement learning for adaptively optimizing the process. A macro perspective on determining when and what to offload in the smart grid is provided for the next-generation AI applications, offering an overview of the features and trade-offs for selecting between federated learning and edge AI solutions. Finally, the work contributes to a comprehensive understanding of edge offloading in smart grids, providing a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis to support cost–benefit analysis in decision-making regarding offloading strategies.

Advanced Smart Grid Architecture for Sustainable Energy Integration in Modern Urban Environments

Advanced Smart Grid Architecture for Sustainable Energy Integration in Modern Urban Environments

CYBER RESILIENCE USING SMART GRID

With the integration of sophisticated automation, control, and communication capabilities into conventional power systems, the smart grid has developed into a game-changing technological advancement. But greater connectivity also poses serious problems for data security. This article discusses the hazards and vulnerabilities posed by cyberattacks and offers a thorough examination of data security in smart grids. In order to guarantee the availability, integrity, and confidentiality of data within the smart grid architecture, it looks at a number of data security solutions, including intrusion detection, authentication, and encryption. Future developments and cutting-edge technologies that can strengthen data security resilience within the smart grid ecosystem are also covered. Index Terms – Security, Encryption, Smart Grid, Digital signature, Blockchain technology, Quantum cryptography

Hybrid AC/DC architecture in the CE.D.E.R.-CIEMAT microgrid: demonstration of the TIGON project.

This article presents the demonstrative development of the Towards Intelligent DC-based hybrid Grids Optimizing the Network performance (TIGON) project at the Centre for the Development of Renewable Energy - Centre for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research (CE.D.E.R.-CIEMAT), as well as the established objectives to be achieved with the implementation of a microgrid with smart grid architecture based on direct current (DC) and integrated into the current energy system. This type of architecture is proposed as a future solution to reduce energy losses caused by DC-alternating current (AC) conversions, increasing the overall performance and profitability of hybrid grids. All this without forgetting to ensure the supply, stability and reliability of the system with the development of all the necessary equipment and protections to make this approach a reality. The microgrid design and process of implementation start from a transformation centre, from which the medium voltage direct current (MVDC) grid will be created by the Solid State Transformer (SST). In the MVDC grid, we will find a bank of lead-acid batteries and other essential equipment in the microgrid, a DC/DC converter that will create the low voltage direct current (LVDC) grid. On the LVDC side, several branches have been designed to connect the rest of the systems; generation (mini-wind and photovoltaic), storage (LFP batteries) and loads (AC and DC loads). Each of the equipment will have a connection to the DC grid through converters made exclusively for this equipment and connexion to the AC grid, which will allow us to obtain all the necessary data to carry out the required studies to achieve the established objectives of the project.

Decoding design characteristics of local flexibility markets for congestion management with a multi-layered taxonomy

Local flexibility markets are becoming increasingly popular smart grid solutions. They connect customers who require flexible electricity supply and demand with local flexibility providers. However, the growing number of diverse solutions has led to a proliferation of concepts, projects, and companies in this market, with this diversity making understanding and comparison difficult. To tackle this challenge, we propose a multi-layered taxonomy of local flexibility market solutions. This focuses on congestion management on the distribution side of this activity; a crucial service for distribution system operators. Our taxonomy utilizes the Smart Grid Architecture Model to describe these markets comprehensively. We employ an iterative taxonomy-building method, refining and evaluating it through insights from ongoing implementations and twenty-eight expert interviews. Moreover, we present a complete instantiation of our taxonomy and offer a discussion with practical recommendations for practitioners in the local flexibility market landscape.

Power generation allocation of cyber–physical power systems from a defense–attack–defense perspective

Cyber–physical power systems have emerged as intelligent devices integrate into traditional power systems. These systems, featuring an integration of the physical and cyber components, are exposed to compounded risks from both realms. This paper explores the optimization of generation node allocation with a defense–attack–defense perspective to bolster the system’s resistance to external deliberate attacks. A trilevel optimization model is introduced, addressing the complications arising from communication line failures. This model encompasses upper-level defenders orchestrating generation allocation, middle-level attackers executing deliberate attacks, and lower-level operators optimizing system performance. The model leverages the Column-and-Constraint Generation (C&CG) approach to derive the optimal generation allocation strategy. Empirical validation using two IEEE test cases demonstrates the model’s effectiveness. Results highlight a significant escalation in total load loss upon communication line failures, and underscore the critical role of decentralized generation allocation in enhancing system resilience. These findings hold the potential to inform strategies for safeguarding cyber–physical power systems and reinforcing the architecture of resilient smart grids.

Power Quality Improvement using Shunt Active Power Filter: An Industrial Zone Case Study

Power quality (PQ) improvement using active power filters (APF) is a topic of growing interest. APFs are effective in reducing harmonic distortion and improving power factor. They can be used in a variety of applications to improve the performance and reliability of electrical equipment. To address concerns with PQ improvement, this study offers an application of shunt APF in an industrial zone smart grid. the non-linear loads and unpredictable harmonics produced by on-grid PV inverters that represent the architecture of an industrial smart grid. Utilizing the MATLAB/SIMULINK software suite, a detailed design of the APF and associated hysteresis current control technique is provided. The findings demonstrate that APF is a useful tool for reducing total harmonic distortion (THD) and has a quick dynamic reaction to control grid voltage and power factor.

Quality properties of IEC 62559 use cases and SGAM models

The Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM) and the IEC 62559-2 Use Case Template are essential representatives of the Requirements Engineering of energy systems to promote interoperability. In particular, the quality of the use case descriptions and SGAM models is crucial for the system understanding. In order to measure and assess the quality of given use cases of the SGAM models, the aim of this research is to determine those requirements and quality characteristics. Based on a literature review, general best practices for deriving use cases and SGAM models are obtained. The results can be used to concept far-reaching supportive systems or to evaluate IEC 62559 use case descriptions and SGAM models.

FLEXGRID - A novel smart grid architecture that facilitates high-RES penetration through innovative flexibility markets towards efficient stakeholder interaction.

The FLEXGRID 2 project develops a digital platform designed to offer Digital Energy Services (DESs) that facilitate energy sector stakeholders (i.e. DSOs, TSOs, market operators, RES producers, retailers, flexibility aggregators) towards: i) automating and optimizing their investments and operation/management of their systems/assets, and ii) interacting in a dynamic and efficient way with their environment (electricity system) and the rest of the stakeholders. In this way, FLEXGRID envisages secure, sustainable, competitive, and affordable smart grids. A key objective is the incentivization of large-scale bottom-up investments in Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) through innovative smart grid management. Towards this goal, FLEXGRID develops innovative data models and energy market architectures (with high liquidity and efficiency) that effectively manage smart grids through an advanced TSO-DSO interaction as well as interaction between Transmission Network and Distribution Network level energy markets. Consequently, and through intelligence that exploits the innovation of the proposed market architecture, FLEXGRID develops investment tools able to examine in depth the emerging energy ecosystem and allow in this way: i) the financial sustainability of DER investors, and ii) the market liquidity/efficiency through advanced exploitation of DERs and intelligent network upgrades.

Preface

This Proceedings contains the selected papers of the 2023 2nd International Conference on Smart Grid and Green Energy (ICSGGE 2023), which was held in Qingyuan, China from April 24th to 26th, 2023.The 2nd ICSGGE is aimed at the academic and scientific community and the productive sectors of the region, with the aim of disseminating academic and research work; moreover, promotes the exchange of experiences between researchers as well as the participation of the productive sectors in research, extension, technological development, and innovation activities, contributing to strengthening the relationship between universities, enterprises and institutions.This Conference was articulated with different topics around the theme of Smart Grid and Green Energy to discuss on the research findings, their possibilities as well as challenges. The relevance of the ICSGGE 2023 conference themed on a wide range of disciplines is reflected in the papers that have been submitted for publication. The topics covered in the Proceedings includes: Smart Grid Architectures and Models, Energy Transfer and Interactive Technology, Smart Grid Networking and Communications, Electric Vehicles and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Fault Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance, etc.. All the papers, having been reviewed through a double-blind review process, are original contributions to the topics and shown the research works that are doing in the field of the described theme.We had about 80 participants all around the world. The scientific program of the Conference was composed of keynote speech, oral presentation, and academic investigation. Professor Weiliang Wang (Jinan University, China), combing his own professional knowledge and research experience, performed a keynote speech. He is mainly engaged in research on “carbon neutral” and energy development strategy, efficient utilization of new generation basic energy, new energy technology development, key technology of large-scale energy storage, and multi-energy complementary integrated energy system. The brilliant speeches of each speaker provided a feast of knowledge for all the participants, bringing reflections and enlightenment to them and allowing them to communicate with each other and get some academic advice or suggestion.Our sincere thanks and gratitude to all the participants for making such a comprehensive ICSGGE conference and Proceedings and thus contributed to the enhancement and development in related fields. We are grateful to the Technical Program Committee for their valuable time and advice. Special thanks to the members of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series for making this Proceedings published. We appreciate the effort from those involved and look forward to a more successful conference next year.The Committee of ICSGGE 2023List of Committee Member are available in this pdf.