Smart Card Technology Research Articles

Smart card readers and the quality of the 2019 general elections in Nigeria: successes and challenges

ABSTRACT The adoption of smart card technology in many parts of Africa has contributed to the credibility and integrity of elections. As an integral part of the biometric voting system which checks the authenticity of voters and reduces the possibility of electoral fraud and irregularities, the smart card technology has been seen to have improved the integrity of elections since its introduction in Nigeria’s electoral process. However, the application of smart card readers in the 2019 elections nonetheless poses some drawbacks which reflect in the conduct and management of elections. Apart from the malfunctioning of a smart card reader which led to manual voting, the inability of the technological device to authenticate permanent voter cards, the indiscretion of INEC officials to allow unaccredited voters to vote in some voting locations, the structural and systemic failure of the Nigerian state relating to the crisis of election management contributed to the challenges encountered in the use of the smart cards in the 2019 electoral process. This article demonstrates that these factors undermined the integrity of the elections.

Smart Cards for All: Digitalisation of Universal Health Coverage in India

In less than ten years, India has launched colossal biometric databases. One among them is related to the first ‘free’ health coverage scheme offered by the government of India: the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna (RSBY). Based on a public–private partnership between government and private companies, RSBY national scheme was launched in 2008, as a first step towards universal health coverage in a country where households endorse 70% of health expenses. The first phase of RSBY offers to cover ₹30,000 ($600) of inpatient expenses per year for five members of a below poverty line household and is now piloted in several Indian States to include outpatient expenses and above poverty line families too. RSBY relies exclusively on a centralised digital artefact to function, made visible by the ‘RSBY Smart Card’, a chip enabled plastic card containing personal data of individual and their family counting and conditioning the granting of health services to them; thus, no smart card means no health coverage. Till date 120 million Indians have been registered in the RSBY database. This article analyses how health accessibility is crafted under the RSBY scheme by questioning two central dimensions of this data-driven digital health scheme: the smart card technology and the public–private partnership, whereas RSBY scheme promises health coverage for all, its digital infrastructures may complicate access to health services, and reveal new patterns of exclusion of individuals. Thus, we will detail how smartcards technologies and private providers condition access to health care in India.

Discovering the Hidden Community Structure of Public Transportation Networks

Advances in public transit modeling and smart card technologies can reveal detailed contact patterns of passengers. A natural way to represent such contact patterns is in the form of networks. In this paper we utilize known contact patterns from a public transit assignment model in a major metropolitan city, and propose the development of two novel network structures, each of which elucidate certain aspects of passenger travel behavior. We first propose the development of a transfer network, which can reveal passenger groups that travel together on a given day. Second, we propose the development of a community network, which is derived from the transfer network, and captures the similarity of travel patterns among passengers. We then explore the application of each of these network structures to identify the most frequently used travel paths, i.e., routes and transfers, in the public transit system, and model epidemic spreading risk among passengers of a public transit network, respectively. In the latter our conclusions reinforce previous observations, that routes crossing or connecting to the city center in the morning and afternoon peak hours are the most “dangerous” during an outbreak.

A taxonomy of various attacks on smart card–based applications and countermeasures

SummaryDeployment of smart card–based applications is becoming prevalent these days. Security of these applications depends upon the nature of underlying hardware and software platforms, cryptographic algorithms, along with a number of other security mechanisms. To develop a secure smart card–based application, preliminary evaluation of the security of embedded software as well as how that software will work in real time is required. Over the past few years, significant improvements have been made in smart card technology for its large‐scale acceptance. However, attackers are in continuous search for exploiting the unknown issues related to this technology. This survey discusses smart card technology in detail and provides a comprehensive taxonomy of security attacks on smart card–based applications and their countermeasures. In addition, it covers some of the open source tools available for its development. Finally, it provides a brief outline of some of the major open challenges and future research directions that are yet to be explored.

Optimizing and Implementation Contactless Tag-Reader System for Smart Classroom and Laboratory Access

Advances in wireless technology support smart card technology became contactless technology. Wireless technology allowed users to access or controlling. However, existing contactless smart cards have limited coverage with low security levels. Therefore, this research perform optimization on user access further with better security assurance. This research implemented in classroom and laboratory access. Hardware that used consists of Smart cards and Raspberry Pi that serves as a host and card reader that could be interconnected with the microprocessor. On the smart card stored user data (registration number and name) and on the Raspberry server stored user data that could access the class or laboratory. User’s data on smart cards were stored on chips that act like RAM (Random Access Memory). The chip was embedded in the Smart card in the same function as storage media. Raspberry that had function as server and microprocessor that provide access to registered users. This study produced classroom access system by using smart card with distance > 5cm with automatic access system for user registered on system. It was according to this research proposed about security and historical data. Reader in this research use wireless transmission system. Historical data stored on the server (Raspberry pi) which records the time in and out, and the duration of time while in the room. Additional technology in the classroom access system is equipped with an automatic door close system for double security in the classroom. The advantages of this system was using server and microcontroller in one package so that in terms of cost is cheaper than the smart card access technology available today.

Extracting bus transit boarding stop information using smart card transaction data

The smart card-based automated fare collection (AFC) system has become the main method for collecting urban bus and rail transit fares in many cities worldwide. Such smart card technologies provide new opportunities for transportation data collection since the transaction data obtained through AFC system contains a significant amount of archived information which can be gathered and leveraged to help estimate public transit origin–destination matrices. Boarding location detection is an important step particularly when there is no automatic vehicle location (AVL) system or GPS information in the database in some cases. With the analysis of raw data without AVL information in this paper, an algorithm for trip direction detection is built and the directions for any bus in operation can be confirmed. The transaction interval between each adjacent record will also be analyzed to detect the boarding clusters for all trips in sequence. Boarding stops will then be distributed with the help of route information and operation schedules. Finally, the feasibility and practicality of the methodology are tested using the bus transit smart card data collected in Guangzhou, China.

Verification of Certificates Using Smart Card Technology

Primary aim of current paper is for reducing the certificate duplication and how can we maintain the certificates in a secured form. These two things can be done through a unique certification identification number (UCIN) as a smart card. This card will be validating using the luhn and damm algorithm. To create a paperless atmosphere fraud can also be reduced using the technology of Smart card it decreases certificate maintaining efforts. This technique can also utilize for introducing new technologically in field of Educational by using present trend. with the help of this handling of our documents can be done in an easy manner with that single card.

Relationship between Spatio-Temporal Travel Patterns Derived from Smart-Card Data and Local Environmental Characteristics of Seoul, Korea

With the incorporation of an automated fare-collection system into the management of public transportation, not only can the quality of transportation services be improved but also that of the data collected from users when coupled with smart-card technology. The data collected from smart cards provide opportunities for researchers to analyze big data sets and draw meaningful information out of them. This study aims to identify the relationship between travel patterns derived from smart-card data and urban characteristics. Using seven-day transit smart-card data from the public-transportation system in Seoul, the capital city of the Republic of Korea, we investigated the temporal and spatial boarding and alighting patterns of the users. The major travel patterns, classified into five clusters, were identified by utilizing the K-Spectral Centroid clustering method. We found that the temporal pattern of urban mobility reflects daily activities in the urban area and that the spatial pattern of the five clusters classified by travel patterns was closely related to urban structure and urban function; that is, local environmental characteristics extracted from land-use and census data. This study confirmed that the travel patterns at the citywide level can be used to understand the dynamics of the urban population and the urban spatial structure. We believe that this study will provide valuable information about general patterns, which represent the possibility of finding travel patterns from individuals and urban spatial traits.

A Patient-Held Smartcard With a Unique Identifier and an mHealth Platform to Improve the Availability of Prenatal Test Results in Rural Nigeria: Demonstration Study.

BackgroundCommunity-based strategies to test for HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and sickle cell disease (SCD) have expanded opportunities to increase the proportion of pregnant women who are aware of their diagnosis. In order to use this information to implement evidence-based interventions, these results have to be available to skilled health providers at the point of delivery. Most electronic health platforms are dependent on the availability of reliable Internet connectivity and, thus, have limited use in many rural and resource-limited settings.ObjectiveHere we describe our work on the development and deployment of an integrated mHealth platform that is able to capture medical information, including test results, and encrypt it into a patient-held smartcard that can be read at the point of delivery without the need for an Internet connection.MethodsWe engaged a team of implementation scientists, public health experts, and information technology specialists in a requirement-gathering process to inform the design of a prototype for a platform that uses smartcard technology, database deployment, and mobile phone app development. Key design decisions focused on usability, scalability, and security.ResultsWe successfully designed an integrated mHealth platform and deployed it in 4 health facilities across Benue State, Nigeria. We developed the Vitira Health platform to store test results of HIV, HBV, and SCD in a database, and securely encrypt the results on a Quick Response code embedded on a smartcard. We used a mobile app to read the contents on the smartcard without the need for Internet connectivity.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that it is possible to develop a patient-held smartcard and an mHealth platform that contains vital health information that can be read at the point of delivery using a mobile phone-based app without an Internet connection.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03027258; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03027258 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6owR2D0kE)

Smart Card ID: An Evolving and Viable Technology

In today’s world carrying a number of plastic smart cards to establish our identity has become an integral segment of our routine lives. Identity establishment necessitates a pre stored readily available data about self and to the administrator to authenticate it with claimer’s personal information. There is a distinct requirement of a technological solution for nationwide multipurpose identity for any citizen across the board. Number of options has been exercised by various countries and every option has its own pros and cons. However, it has been observed that in most of the cases Smart Card solution has been preferred by a user and administrator both. The use of Smart cards are so prevalent that be it any profession, without incorporating its application, identity of any individual is hardly considered complete. In this paper, the principle aim is to discuss the viability of Smart Card technology as an identity solution and its ability to perform various functions with strong access control that increases the reliability of Smart Cards over other technologies. It outlines the overview of smart card technology along with its key applications. Security concerns of smart card have been discussed through an algorithm with the help of a division integer proposition. Possibilities of upgrading it with evolving technology offer it as a universal acceptability of identification. Capability of storing desired amount of information by an administrator to compute multiple operations to authenticate a citizen dictates its widening acceptability and an endeavor has been made in this paper to explain it through a proposed system flow chart.

A Smart Card-Based Electronic School Absenteeism System for Influenza-Like Illness Surveillance in Hong Kong: Design, Implementation, and Feasibility Assessment.

BackgroundSchool-aged children have the highest incidence of respiratory virus infections each year, and transmission of respiratory viruses such as influenza virus can be a major concern in school settings. School absenteeism data have been employed as a component of influenza surveillance systems in some locations. Data timeliness and system acceptance remain as key determinants affecting the usefulness of a prospective surveillance system.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of implementing an electronic school absenteeism surveillance system using smart card–based technology for influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance among a representative network of local primary and secondary schools in Hong Kong.MethodsWe designed and implemented a surveillance system according to the Protocol for a Standardized information infrastructure for Pandemic and Emerging infectious disease Response (PROSPER). We employed an existing smart card–based education and school administration platform for data capture, customized the user interface, and used additional back end systems built for other downstream surveillance steps. We invited local schools to participate and collected absenteeism data by the implemented system. We compared temporal trend of the absenteeism data with data from existing community sentinel and laboratory surveillance data.ResultsWe designed and implemented an ILI surveillance system utilizing smart card–based attendance tracking approach for data capture. We implemented the surveillance system in a total of 107 schools (including 66 primary schools and 41 secondary schools), covering a total of 75,052 children. The system successfully captured information on absences for 2 consecutive academic years (2012-2013 and 2013-2014). The absenteeism data we collected from the system reflected ILI activity in the community, with an upsurge in disease activity detected up to 1 to 2 weeks preceding other existing surveillance systems.ConclusionsWe designed and implemented a novel smart card technology–based school absenteeism surveillance system. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of building a large-scale surveillance system riding on a routinely adopted data collection approach and the use of simple system enhancement to minimize workload implication and enhance system acceptability. Data from this system have potential value in supplementing existing sentinel influenza surveillance for situational awareness of influenza activity in the community.

Appraising the Smart Card Technology Adoption; Case of Application in University Environment

Recently, smart card technology is used in a large variety of applications in many industries. Because of its personal security features such as access control, ability to perform multiple functions and also the capability to upgrade, it could be used as a multi-function card in the university environment. It is important to note that students’ acceptance and confidence are crucial for further development of smart card technology as a university application. This paper aims to investigate the students’ adoption of the technology of university smart card in Iranian universities. In this regards, University Smart Card Technology Acceptance Model (USCTAM) is developed. And then, in order to gain this goal, an online survey was conducted among the students of six private universities in Iran and collected data were analyzed by SPSS software. The results suggest that usefulness, security, ease of use, awareness, support, visibility, image, trailibility, social norms and satisfaction are factors which have significant and positive influence on adopting of smart card technology.

Exploratory Method for Practitioners Analyzing the Impact of Integrated Fare Structures in Decentralized Metropolitan Regions

Metrolinx, the regional transportation agency tasked with improving the coordination and integration of all transportation modes in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, has developed an exploratory method for analyzing the effects of new fare structures that integrate the fare systems of multiple transit service providers in the region. The method uses a data set of all weekday trips made in the region segmented by modes used and origin–destination information. A formula derived from the mode choice modeling theory is used to obtain fare elasticity based on unit cost, mode share, and time of day. The distribution of elasticities produced is then calibrated according to a literature review of fare elasticities, and in the future, it will be done according to local market research. The result is a spreadsheet-based tool that provides analysts with an ability to test more complex changes to fare systems, including testing fare integration between agencies and introducing fares by distance, mode, time of day, or a combination of those features. Exploratory in nature, the method is not a replacement for comprehensive market research or fare pilots. However, it addresses the shortcomings of traditional fare analyses that use only aggregate elasticities for diverse market segments by better reflecting the spectrum of transit user sensitivities associated with specific travel characteristics. Furthermore, it provides analysts with a straightforward tool to test the effects of complex fare structures more commonly used in Europe and Asia enabled by smart card and open payment technology on ridership, revenue, emissions, and social equity.

Expanding Bicycle-Sharing Systems: Lessons Learnt from an Analysis of Usage.

Bike-sharing programs, with initiatives to increase bike use and improve accessibility of urban transit, have received increasing attention in growing number of cities across the world. The latest generation of bike-sharing systems has employed smart card technology that produces station-based data or trip-level data. This facilitates the studies of the practical use of these systems. However, few studies have paid attention to the changes in users and system usage over the years, as well as the impact of system expansion on its usage. Monitoring the changes of system usage over years enables the identification of system performance and can serve as an input for improving the location-allocation of stations. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of the expansion of a bicycle-sharing system on the usage of the system. This was conducted for a bicycle-sharing system in Zhongshan (China), using operational usage data of different years following system expansion. To this end, we performed statistical and spatial analyses to examine the changes in both users and system usage between before and after the system expansion. The findings show that there is a big variation in users and aggregate usage following the system expansion. However, the trend in spatial distribution of demand shows no substantial difference over the years, i.e. the same high-demand and low-demand areas appear. There are decreases in demand for some old stations over the years, which can be attributed to either the negative performance of the system or the competition of nearby new stations. Expanding the system not only extends the original users’ ability to reach new areas but also attracts new users to use bike-sharing systems. In the conclusions, we present and discuss the findings, and offer recommendations for the further expansion of system.

An improved biometrics based authentication scheme using extended chaotic maps for multimedia medicine information systems

With the increase of security requirements, numerous biometrics based authentication schemes that apply the smart card technology are proposed for multimedia medicine information systems in the last several years. Recently, Lu et al. presented a biometrics based authentication and key agreement scheme using extended Chebyshev chaotic maps. Unfortunately, we find that their scheme is still insecure with respect to issues such as flaws in the both login phase and password change phase. And we show that their scheme is vulnerable to the Denial-of-Service attack, user impersonation attack and server masquerade attack, which also fails to achieve the user anonymity. In order to remedy these weaknesses, we retain the useful properties of Lu et al.’s scheme to propose a robust biometrics based authentication and key agreement scheme for multimedia medicine information systems. The informal and formal security analysis of our scheme are given respectively, which demonstrate that our scheme satisfies the desirable security requirements. Furthermore, the proposed scheme provides some significant features which are not considered in most of the related schemes, such as, biometric information protection and user re-registration or revocation. Thus, our scheme resists the known attacks and is efficient for practical applications in the multimedia medicine information systems.

Design of E-KTM Based On Contactless Smartcard for Access Electro Department Parking Service State Polytechnic of Semarang

<p class="AbstractL-MAG">E-KTM is an electronic student identification (card ID) card which function besides to student identity, it can be used to access several services at State Polytechnic of Semarang such as to access parking service. In this research, E-KTM has used contactless smart card technology will be used to access facilities parking at electro department area parking. The gate of parking area will be installed two barrier gate to entrance and exit. To access this parking facility, E-KTM must be attached to RFID reader near the entrance gate, and then the barrier gate could open. The system controlled with microcontroller arduino Mega 2560 and will automatically take and save the data of the card ID in database system, and then the infrared sensor would detected the object and a few minutes the barrier gate closed. The system also works for the exit. While the performance to determine average service time with results 2.927 open time and 2.913 close time 2.95 seconds for entrance gate and 2.792 open time and 2.789 close time for exit gate.</p><p class="AbstractL-MAG">Index Terms—E-KTM card ID, Parking service, database system</p>

A Universal Application Storage System Based on Smart Card

Nowadays, electronic commerce (e-commerce) has brought facilitation to people’s daily lives. Smart-card-based systems are widely used as an implementation, where smart cards act as a secure carrier for small-sized data. However, most of these systems are developed and managed by each service provider individually and repeatedly, which causes both unnecessary work and difficulties in future maintenance. Besides, advantages of smart card technology are not full-fledged for the lack of enough consideration in flexibility and security. To propose a solution, this article presents a Universal Application Storage System, including card side, terminal side, and back-end system. The card side provides a universal and secured infrastructure for data storage, where data are organized and stored in a card file system with several security mechanisms. In the terminal side, a framework for accessing various forms of secure element is presented to simplify the procedures involved in manipulating smart cards. Through this framework, the back-end system is able to establish a direct connection to the card, and performs authorized operations by exchanging commands in a secure channel. The validity of the proposed system is verified at the end of this article, illustrated by an e-coupon system.

Lightweight, ECC based RFID Authentication Scheme for WLAN

Wireless local area networks (WLANs), like IEEE 802.11, are right now very common in numerous outdoor or indoor environments for providing wireless communication among WiFi-enabled devices by accessing an Access Point (infrastructure mode) or through peer to peer connections (ad hoc mode). Authentication is one among the most primary research challenges for the realization of the envisioned mobile and wireless Internet. This is mainly due to the latency delay introduced during the authentication process, which are of major concern for real-time applications and media streaming application. In the same way, it is also crucial for WLANs to authenticate clients and build secure channels with them. In the historical researches, the traditional authentication mechanisms frequently adopted the names and passwords of clients as login authentication. However, these Single Factor Authentication mechanisms are proved to be defective. In virtue of enhancing security, recent researches on authentication are built on Two-Factor authentication schemes. In this paper, the authors proposed a two factor, lightweight RFID authentication scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) for WLAN. The analytic comparison demonstrates the research not just reduces the expense of proposed authentication schemes, yet gives security similarly as smart card technology. In addition, the performance of the proposed authentication scheme will analyze in terms of computational cost, communications cost, and storage cost.

An Improvement of Robust and Efficient Biometrics Based Password Authentication Scheme for Telecare Medicine Information Systems Using Extended Chaotic Maps.

Recently, numerous extended chaotic map-based password authentication schemes that employ smart card technology were proposed for Telecare Medical Information Systems (TMISs). In 2015, Lu et al. used Li et al.'s scheme as a basis to propose a password authentication scheme for TMISs that is based on biometrics and smart card technology and employs extended chaotic maps. Lu et al. demonstrated that Li et al.'s scheme comprises some weaknesses such as those regarding a violation of the session-key security, a vulnerability to the user impersonation attack, and a lack of local verification. In this paper, however, we show that Lu et al.'s scheme is still insecure with respect to issues such as a violation of the session-key security, and that it is vulnerable to both the outsider attack and the impersonation attack. To overcome these drawbacks, we retain the useful properties of Lu et al.'s scheme to propose a new password authentication scheme that is based on smart card technology and requires the use of chaotic maps. Then, we show that our proposed scheme is more secure and efficient and supports security properties.

Smart cards in public transportation: spatial platforms, diffusion and externality creation

This original research evaluates contactless smart card technology as a source of innovation in public transportation. Ticketing and fare collection are in global transition from cash, paper tickets and contact cards to contactless payment. The global diffusion of contactless smart cards has progressed slowly by the local diffusions of separate platforms following the 1997 launch of Octopus platform in Hong Kong as the first successful large-scale implementation. This research utilises the principles of a multiple case study and a multi-sided platform as a theoretical frame to analyse four well-diffused platforms: Octopus, Oyster, EasyCard and OV-chipkaart. The results show that common strategies are shared for the design and expansion of multi-sided platforms in public transportation while strategies toward other sectors differ. Although limited to four cases, from a managerial perspective, this paper demonstrates that the utilisation of original technology platforms is more dependent on institutional and societal factors than technological frame.