Small Syringe Research Articles

A New Simplified Method of Liposuction of the Neck Which is Also Suitable for Lipotransfer

A review of a new simplified method of liposuction of the neck using a small cannula and syringe is presented. The method does not require high pressure or bulky instrumentation and could easily be done in conjunction with open procedures (e.g., rhymidectomy) or on its own. One can also transfer the aspirated fat directly to any area using a small beveled cannula.

Rapid intracerebroventricular injection assisted by an automatic syringe

Rapid intracerebroventricular (icv) inJections in the conscious mouse are described, using a small volume gas-tight syringe with repeating dispenser device (Hamilton Bonadoz, Switzerland). The device gives reproducibility within 2% of chosen volume, while facilitating rapid icv inJections to groups of animals. The technique is used to demonstrate in the mouse the antinociceptive activity of clonidine, using the tail-immersion test.

Two sample applicators for chromatography

Designs for two thin layer chromatography applicators that can be made with a minimum of workshop facilities are described, one for small syringes and the other for larger syringes.

Menstrual regulation: a potential breakthrough in fertility control.

INTRODUCTION Menstrual regulation (menstrual aspiration, endometrial aspiration, menses extraction, menses induction) is vacuum curettage of the uterus performed either at, or within a few days of, the expected date of menstruation in women in whom it is possible that unplanned, unwanted conception has occurred. The technique is not new. Simpson (1872) who attended Queen Victoria in childbirth, described what he called 'dry cupping' of the uterus. Solish (1970) points out that some of the more striking results described by Simpson are probably attributable to having terminated very early pregnancies. In 1927, Bykov described the use of a small syringe and cannula as a method of fertility regulation. In practice, the procedure used was one of menstrual regulation, although the author's own tortuous physiological explanation depended upon a theory of encouraging endometrial hyperaemia to prevent implantation. In the 1950s, Wu & Wu (1958), in the People's Republic of China, described the

Quantitative Calcium Carbonate Equivalent Determination in the Field

AbstractA simple volume calcimeter can be constructed from a 50‐cc and a 20‐cc plastic syringe. To operate, a weighted quantity of soil is placed in the large syringe and 5 cc of 10% HCl is drawn into the small syringe. The tips are then joined together through a connecting sleeve and the acid is injected into the soil. The volume of CO2 produced is measured in either or both syringes, depending on the amount.An array of sample weights to yield 1 cc CO2 for 1% CaCO3 equivalent at various temperatures and elevations is provided. This array is approximated by the relation W = (118‐13h)/T where W = weight of sample in grams, h = elevation in kilometers, and T = temperature, oK. Soluble CO2, ranging from 7.3 cc at 5C to 3 cc at 35C, must be added to the observed volume to obtain the true volume of CO2 released.An alternate procedure using a constant sample weight of 0.33 grams is also described. Directions are given for constructing a simple hand balance to weight this amount in the field, and a nomograph is provided to facilitate calculations.With these procedures, CaCO3 equivalent can be determined within 1–2% absolute over the range 0–50%. These errors may be reduced at lower CaCO3 equivalent values by increasing the sample size.

The Umbilical Artery Catheter: Prevention of Bleeding After Its Removal

During the course of removing a number of umbilical arterial catheters, I have come upon this helpful trick to avoid bleeding. First, turn off the constant infusion pump. Next, turn the stopcock and slowly draw back with a small syringe until you can just see the intravenous (IV) fluid-blood interface; shut off the stopcock so that no flow can occur from the infant. Note: The IV fluid-blood interface is pulsatile. With the infant restrained, withdraw the catheter until there are only 3 cm remaining within the infant and stop.

Gas-transfer syringe for the scholander gas analyzer

The gas transfer system for the Scholander micrometer gas analyzer (2) is rather difficult to handle, requiring considerable skill from the operator. Besides, a separate gas sampler is also necessary. In the present communication a gas transfer syringe is described, which can be used also for storage of gas samples over long periods of time. The proposed sample transfer device (Fig. 1) consists essentially of a 30-ml Luer glass syringe and a short pipette with a stopcock. Greater or smaller syringes may also be used, according to the size of the available gas samples. The handle of the syringe piston is cut off and about 8-10 ml of clean, dry mercury are introduced into the now open piston (Fig. 1A). A layer of melted, white paraffin (about 1 cm high) is poured onto the mercury (B). After hardening, this layer of paraffin holds the mercury in place. The opening of the piston is closed with a tightly fitting stopper (C). The nozzle of the syringe is connected by the aid of a small piece of butyl rubber or tygon tubing (D) , to a small pipette with a stopcock (E), constructed as follows. A thick-walled glass tube 50 mm long, with an inner diameter of not more than 0.5 mm, is soldered onto a two-way vacuum glass stopcock (F) . (An appropriate glass tube can be prepared from a Sahli pipette cut to 50 mm length). A small rubber cap with a hole (G) is pushed onto the end of the pipette, in order to ensure a tight contact with the sample introduction inlet of the Scholander apparatus. The piston of the syringe is slightly lubricated with white Vaseline and the two-way stopcock is greased with vacuum grease. Now the transfer syringe is ready for use. For sample transfer the syringe is connected by means of its pipette to the gas source and filled by simply drawing the piston out. The syringe is flushed several times with gas, using the side outlet of the twoway stopcock. After the final filling of the syringe the stopcock is closed and the gas sample in the syringe may be stored safely for some time. In order to transfer the sample into the Scholander apparatus for analysis,

The Mylar sheath--a solution to the problem of the clotted catheter.

Occasionally a clot will form within a catheter introduced by the Seldinger method. Such clot formation can occur in spite of a careful technic that includes frequent flushing of the catheter with saline to which heparin has been added. Sometimes the clot can be withdrawn by using a 1 or 2 cc syringe to increase the effective force (pounds per square inch) which is applied to the clot. The use of such a small syringe is not, however, always successful. Within the past three years, clots that could not be removed formed during the performance of 2 out of more than 1,500 angiographic studies carried out in the Radiology Department of the Massachusetts General Hospital by means of the Seldinger technic. In each of these 2 cases a Mylar sheath, first devised by Desilets for percutaneous catheterization in children (1), was successfully employed to permit removal of the clotted catheter and introduction of a new one. The technic is as follows. The end of the clotted catheter is cut off just proximal to the stopcock. A Mylar sheath of appropriate caliber is slipped over the cut end of the catheter and passed over the catheter until the skin is reached. The catheter and the Mylar sheath are then advanced as a unit until the proximal end of the sheath is well within the vessel. The catheter is then removed, leaving the Mylar sheath with its proximal end within the vessel and its distal end protruding out through the skin. Pressure may be applied to the artery proximal to the puncture site so that the Mylar sheath will not be kinked and back-bleeding will be kept to a minimum. A guide wire is then introduced through the sheath into the artery, and, as pressure is momentarily eased, its tip is advanced an adequate distance proximally within the arterial lumen. Pressure is reapplied, and the sheath is removed. A new catheter is then introduced over the guide wire in the usual fashion. Conclusions The use of a Mylar sheath provides a simple, quick method for removal of a clotted catheter and its replacement with a new catheter. In both of the cases in which this technic was employed, no difficulties were encountered.

A Simple Device for Collecting Soil Cores for Microbiological Studies

Soil samples have been collected for study in this laboratory by simply scooping up surface soil with a sterile glass culture tube, or for samples of deeper soil layers, digging a trench and pushing the mouth of a tube into a freshly exposed surface of the wall of the trench. This method presents a number of problems foremost of which are: tubes are easily broken in gravelly soil; some soil always sticks to the mouth of the tube, presenting a contamination problem in the laboratory; and the cotton plug often becomes covered with soil which dries to produce a dust aerosol when the tube is opened. As many of the samples processed are suspected of containing fungi pathogenic to man, the importance of the last two disadvantages of this method is readily apparent. A rather simple solution to all three problems was accomplished by modification of Tomac polypropylene plastic disposable syringes. We use 20-cc syringes because relatively large samples are required for our studies; however, smaller syringes are suitable where smaller samples are desired. Because they are calibrated volumetrically, the size of a sample can be readily determined. The syringes are modified in the following manner: the plunger is removed, then the tip is cut from the syringe barrel at the 0 graduation by means of a hacksaw or a similar small-toothed saw. If more than a few such samplers are to be made, a simple miter box-like device can be made to hold the saw and position the syringe. The end is then beveled as shown in FIG. 1A, using either coarse sandpaper or a suitable file, and then smoothed with a knife or scalpel. The rubber tip is taken off the plunger and pushed down the syringe barrel to about the 2-cc mark. The barrel with its plunger tip are then placed in a glassine syringe bag or other suitable wrapper and sterilized by autoclaving. The plunger handle is made of a different type of plastic which will not withstand autoclaving; however, since it is used only to push the core from the filled sampler, it does not need to be sterilized. Surface samples are taken by pushing the sampler into the soil with either a twisting or rocking motion until it is filled to the desired level. When deeper samples are to be collected, a trench is dug and lateral cores 191

Susceptibility of the Marmoset, Saguinus geoffroyi Pucheran, to Intraperitoneal and Oral Infections with Besnoitia (Protozoa: Toxoplasmea)

Cystic and proliferative stages of two strains of Besnoitia darlingi (Brumpt, 1913) and a strain of B. jellisoni Frenkel, 1955 were highly pathogenic for marmosets, Saguinus geoffroyi Pucheran, when administered by either the intraperitoneal or oral route. The clinical picture of disease was similar for both routes of administration and resembled the acute form of the disease as seen in mice. There was a significant correlation between numbers of parasites in intraperitoneal inocula and the day of death. In general, death after oral administration occurred somewhat later than after intraperitoneal inoculation. But cystic B. darlingi killed more quickly than proliferative forms when both were given orally; however, individual variation in monkey hosts may have been as important as strain or stage of the parasite, with regard to time of death. Using relatively large numbers of organisms, all of 22 intraperitoneal infections and 21 of 26 oral infections proved fatal. Parasitemia was detectable at the time of death following both routes of inoculation. When the numbers of organisms were too small to establish a fatal infection they also failed to immunize. Protective immunity, detectable by subsequent intraperitoneal challenge, was established in two monkeys receiving large numbers of parasites by mouth. A monkey which became demonstrably immune to B. jellisoni (PN-3) was shown by heterologous challenge to be still susceptible to B. darlingi (D-3). Mouse-adapted Besnoitia darlingi (= B. panamensis) of lizard origin was reported to be experimentally pathogenic for Geoffroy's marmoset (Schneider, 1965). The disease in this animal was described as an acute, rapidly fatal infection accompanied by considerable ascitic fluid in which numerous proliferative forms of the parasite were found. The disease in the marmoset, in fact, very much resembled the disease in the mouse. The present paper presents the results of additional studies of marmoset besnoitiosis in which experimental infections were induced with either cystic or proliferative stages of three strains of Besnoitia by the intraperitoneal or oral route. MATERIALS AND METHODS Geoffroy's marmoset (Saguinus geoffroyi Pucheran) abounds in low forest and secondary growth throughout most of Panama. The monkeys could be obtained from street vendors during certain times of the year. If they survived in captivity the first few days, they did well on a diet of fruits supplemented with meat (grasshoppers or baby mice). They would sometimes accept adult mice, eating out the brains, muscles and viscera and throwing away the skin. Almost 100% had microfilariae in the blood and many were infected with a trypanosome. Received for publication 28 November 1967. * Present address: Parke, Davis & Company, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. A total of 53 marmosets were used in the present series of experiments. Administration was by the intraperitoneal or oral route. Intraperitoneal inoculations were made in the area of the right groin with a 21-gauge needle. Orally, parasites were delivered directly into the mouth of the hand-held animal from a small syringe without needle; if given slowly, permitting time to swallow, all monkeys readily accepted the dose once it had been tasted. To avoid trauma, stomach intubation was not used, and anesthetics were avoided as risky and

Measurement of Low Rates of Oxygen Consumption With a Horizontal Capillary-Differential Syringe Manometer.

SummaryA small differential syringe manometer with a 30 mm horizontal capillary is described. Estimates of accuracy and reproducibility were made by measuring the release of known volumes of nitrogen gas and by measuring the slow respiration rates that occur in unsupplemented liver homoge-nates. Absorption of oxygen at rates as low as 3 μliters/hour could be measured with a reproducibility of ±1 μliter. The small size of the apparatus together with the accuracy, reproducibility, and simplicity of measurement recommend its use over conventional vertical column differential manometers.

A MODIFICATION OF THE ERISOPHAKE WITH DISCUSSION OF TECHNIQUE.

During the last few decades, phacoerisis has achieved increasing popularity as a method of delivering the cataractous lens from the eye. The early work of Stoewer, 1 Hulen, 2 and Barraquer 3,4 laid a firm foundation for the many modifications of the suction cup and apparatus that were to come. An excellent suction cup was constructed by Dimitry 5 in 1939, after considerable inquiry into the physical aspects of vacuum production in phacoerisis. Floyd and Grant, 6 in 1946, used the Dimitry tip in conjunction with a small spring-operated syringe. The vacuum could be established easily and accurately, and this device was a great improvement over existing instruments. Bell, 7 in 1948, introduced a new tip attached to a rubber bulb which provided fingertip control and comparatively easy manipulation. The indefinite vacuum level and excessive flexibility exhibited by this instrument have proved a disadvantage in some instances. Thomas 8 considered

INFERIOR VENA CAVOGRAPHY IN THE DETECTION OF ABDOMINAL EXTENSION OF PELVIC CANCER.

Inferior vena cavography is an old but seldom employed radiographic procedure (1, 2). The purpose of this paper is to emphasize its use in the clinical evaluation of pelvic neoplasms and, more specifically, to show its value in the demonstration of extrapelvic neoplasms. The inferior vena cava is a thin-walled, low-pressure venous structure which can be easily displaced, distorted, and obstructed by external pressure secondary to enlarged masses. It occupies about 15 per cent of the retroperitoneal space (3). Lymphatic channels draining the pelvis and abdomen are in juxtaposition to the inferior vena cava through its course in the retroperitoneal space, and metastatic disease which may enlarge abdominal lymph nodes can be identified by opacification of that vessel. Equipment Inferior vena cavography is easy to perform with no discomfort to the patient. Any radiographic room may be used, but one in which routine urography is carried out is to be preferred, having facilities for horizontal-beam lateral exposures with either a stationary grid or a Potter-Bucky diaphragm. The following simple equipment is necessary: 1. A 17-gauge Cournand-Grino needle 2. Two 50-c.c. syringes 3. One Teflon tubing with Luer-Lok attachments 4. One bottle containing 250 c.c. sterile normal saline with disposable infusion set 5. A protective lead screen 6. A blood-pressure cuff 7. Two 30-c.c. ampules of 50 per cent Hypaque 8. Local anesthetic such as Xylocaine or procaine, with a small sterile syringe and needle. Method The patient is placed in the supine position on a foam-rubber mattress covering the radiographic table. While the femoral artery is palpated and its position maintained with the palpating finger, the Cournand-Grino needle is passed percutaneously and medially into the femoral vein through an area that has been locally cleansed (green soap and alcohol) and anesthetized. The needle is threaded into the vein with a non-cutting trocar. The Teflon tubing is attached so that the operator can gain enough distance to interpose a lead shield between himself and the primary beam. A blood-pressure cuff is applied to the contralateral thigh and inflated to a level between systolic and diastolic arterial pressure. This effectively eliminates dilution from the contralateral and peripheral venous system. With the protective screen in place, 30 c.c. of 50 per cent Hypaque is manually injected over a three-second period, and a lateral roentgenogram is taken, by the horizontal-beam technic. A second injection is performed with the radiographic table horizontal or inclined to 10° semi-Fowler position, and an anteroposterior view is obtained. The lateral roentgenogram is made first to permit opacification of the renal collecting systems and its visualization in the anteroposterior projection. In this latter view the relationship of the kidneys to the inferior vena cava can be better appreciated.

Contact Occluders for Restricting Vision in the Rat

This note describes a technique of restricting vision In the rat, similar to that reported for the monkey.1 After many trials with different sizes and thicknesses of plastic occluders, one was finally developed which could be inserted under the eyelids of the rat without injury to its eyes. The occluder, 0.01 in. in thickness, covers about half of the corneal surface. In many respects it is similar to the corneal lens used by man. To test the occluders, they were inserted in the eyes of rats on 15 successive days and were permitted to remain there for 23 hours as previous testing had indicated that this was probably the maximum for safe use. Corneal clouding and vascularitation occurred typically after periods of 24 to 72 hr. of continuous wear. lShe Ss were male hooded rats, about 180 days of age. They were housed individually. Feeding, watering, and general cage-maintenance were undertaken during the hourly period each day when the occluders were removed At the end of the experimental period, every animal was given an ophthalmological examination; no abnormality nor injury was revealed in the ezres of any of the animals. The method of inserting and removing the occluders was relatively simpIe and is illustrated in Pigs. 1A and C. For insertion, the occluder was first moistened on both sides with a standard wetting solution for contact lenses and then placed on the tip of a small ear syringe, where it was held by suction. The eyelids of the experimental animal were gently drawn baclc from the cornea with the thumb and forefinger and the suction of the syringe released as the occluder was touched lightly to the central corneal surface. Removal was accomplished with a small rubber cone mounted on a handle. The tip of the cone was inserted gently under the edge of the occluder at the point nearest to the external canthus of the eye and the occluder lifted off. In Fig. 1, translucent white occluders are used to illustrate these procedures. The behavior of the rats gave no indication that either the

Apparatus for continuous infusion of microvolumes of solution into organs and tissue.

SummaryAn apparatus is described for infusion of small volumes of test solutions directly into tissues and organs. In more than 3000 successful infusions of the early regenerating limb of salamanders, volumes of 0.001 cc per hour have been introduced for periods of 5 or more hours. The apparatus consists of an advancing bar which is driven forward by a screw shaft attached to a clock motor. The advancing bar presses against the plungers of small syringes forcing fluid into fine polyethylene tubing and thence through a glass capillary needle into the tissues.

An Electrical Device for Investigating the Diffusion of Liquids

This paper is an extension of the work described by the author in the September 1945 issue of this Journal, and the same principles are now applied to the measurement of the diffusion of liquids. A length of glass tube filled with distilled water stands in a container filled with a solution. Two parallel electrodes in close proximity and connected to an oscillator can be moved up or down the outside of the tube and the radio-frequency resistance of the liquid between them measured. The electrolytic resistance increases with height above the solution, and a position for the electrodes is found where the `Q' of the oscillator reaches its maximum. With time, this critical position gradually ascends the tube. X/t1/2 curves are plotted, where X is the distance travelled by the electrodes in following the critical position, and t is the time. A sample curve is given. A simple diffusiometer and a micro-diffusiometer are described; both make use of the `Q' peak of the oscillator. The former is designed to operate where t extends over a few days, and the latter is designed for making rapid determinations where t is limited to a few hours. It is fitted with micrometer adjustment. A small syringe is fitted at the head of the diffusion tube by means of which the solution is drawn up to the level of the electrodes, thus saving many hours, for it to reach the same level by diffusion. Diagrams of the instruments, the oscillator, and zero-shunted microammeter are reproduced.

The Value of Artificial Insemination in Poultry Breeding Work

THE recent development of a practical technic of artificial insemination in the chicken by Burrows and Quinn (1939) constitutes a significant contribution to the field of poultry breeding. Due to the excellent description given by these workers the explanation of the methods will not be repeated here. In view of the ease with which this operation may now be carried out it is somewhat surprising that the technic should have remained unknown until so recently.METHODSBurrows and Quinn (1939) have recommended the use of a glass funnel for the collection of the semen and a small hypodermic syringe for insemination of the female. This type of equipment is satisfactory where the handling individually of semen samples from a considerable number of males is not required. Where one is collecting semen from several males on the same day there are problems of semen contamination and convenience of handling several samples .

PREPARATION OF ORBITS OF CADAVERS FOR DISSECTION AND OPERATION

The drying out of tissues, especially the dehydration of the humors of the globe, seriously impairs the use of embalmed cadaveric material for both orbital dissection and ophthalmic operation. In preparing the material for the course in ophthalmic operations on cadavers in the Graduate School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania various methods have been used to overcome these difficulties. Of course the simplest method is an injection of water into the globe itself and into the tissues of the orbit with an ordinary small hypodermic syringe and hypodermic needle. This procedure, while relatively satisfactory for restoring the contour and tension of the globe to approximately normal, has this disadvantage: The water leaks out rapidly and has to be replaced. Since all the material used by my associates and me is embalmed without the use of solution of formaldehyde, 1 the addition of any water-soluble fluid restores suppleness. It

Experimental Detachment of the Retina: Permanent Retinal Detachments Produced in Rabbits' Eyes

The procedure herein described induces vitreous changes, rents in the retina, and sub-retinal fluid, all of which are present in most cases of human retinal detachment. The rabbit is anesthetized with subcutaneous injection of pernocton, an injection of cocaine, 2 percent, and epinephrine in the upper bulbar conjunctiva. An incision is made along the equator in the conjunctiva, and the muscles are severed to expose the sclera. Slightly behind the equator, a scleral suture is inserted for closing an incision 3 mm. long, made with a Graefe knife, which severs sclera, choroid, and retina, penetrating into the vitreous. A small syringe with fine, dull-pointed needle is used to withdraw about 1/2 c.c. of vitreous through this incision. The eye becomes soft and separation of retina from choroid is easily accomplished with the help of a spatula, after which the vitreous is reinjected between the detached retina and choroid. Rapid tying of the scleral suture prevents drainage of intraocular fluid; the conjunctiva is sutured, and atropin and metaphen ointment are applied, a dressing being unnecessary. The detachment can be seen immediately after the operation. No tendency to reattachment has been observed after four months. From the Institution of Ophthalmology, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. Read before the Association for Research in Ophthalmology, in Cleveland, June 12, 1934. The procedure herein described induces vitreous changes, rents in the retina, and sub-retinal fluid, all of which are present in most cases of human retinal detachment. The rabbit is anesthetized with subcutaneous injection of pernocton, an injection of cocaine, 2 percent, and epinephrine in the upper bulbar conjunctiva. An incision is made along the equator in the conjunctiva, and the muscles are severed to expose the sclera. Slightly behind the equator, a scleral suture is inserted for closing an incision 3 mm. long, made with a Graefe knife, which severs sclera, choroid, and retina, penetrating into the vitreous. A small syringe with fine, dull-pointed needle is used to withdraw about 1/2 c.c. of vitreous through this incision. The eye becomes soft and separation of retina from choroid is easily accomplished with the help of a spatula, after which the vitreous is reinjected between the detached retina and choroid. Rapid tying of the scleral suture prevents drainage of intraocular fluid; the conjunctiva is sutured, and atropin and metaphen ointment are applied, a dressing being unnecessary. The detachment can be seen immediately after the operation. No tendency to reattachment has been observed after four months. From the Institution of Ophthalmology, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. Read before the Association for Research in Ophthalmology, in Cleveland, June 12, 1934.

A GRAPHIC DEMONSTRATION OF INSULIN DOSAGE

Many diabetic patients have difficulty in understanding the relationship between volume and unit dosage of insulin. This difficulty is made greater by the variety of hypodermic syringes in use. Each type of possesses certain advantages and disadvantages. The syringe with its multiple graduations for different strengths of insulin may be particularly confusing to unintelligent patients. Syringes of 1 cc. capacity are more accurate for the measurement of small quantities, and should be used for U-40 and U-80 insulin. On the other hand, small syringes are usually less substantial and less easily handled by the inexperienced than a larger syringe. A type of which can be replaced readily should be chosen. While I was directing the treatment of sixty-five colored diabetic patients in the outpatient department of Grady Hospital at Emory University, 1 the foregoing difficulties became apparent and demanded a solution. Consequently, blanks such as that shown