Small Package Research Articles

UltraMod4000 Packs Power Density into Small Package

UltraMod4000 Packs Power Density into Small Package

Evaluation of Improvements in the Separation of Monolayer and Multilayer Films via Measurements in Transflection and Application of Machine Learning Approaches

Small plastic packaging films make up a quarter of all packaging waste generated annually in Austria. As many plastic packaging films are multilayered to give barrier properties and strength, this fraction is considered hardly recyclable and recovered thermally. Besides, they can not be separated from recyclable monolayer films using near-infrared spectroscopy in material recovery facilities. In this paper, an experimental sensor-based sorting setup is used to demonstrate the effect of adapting a near-infrared sorting rig to enable measurement in transflection. This adaptation effectively circumvents problems caused by low material thickness and improves the sorting success when separating monolayer and multilayer film materials. Additionally, machine learning approaches are discussed to separate monolayer and multilayer materials without requiring the near-infrared sorter to explicitly learn the material fingerprint of each possible combination of layered materials. Last, a fast Fourier transform is shown to reduce destructive interference overlaying the spectral information. Through this, it is possible to automatically find the Fourier component at which to place the filter to regain the most spectral information possible.

Embedded Payload Solutions in UAVs for Medium and Small Package Delivery

Investigations about the feasibility of delivery systems with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones have been recently expanded, owing to the exponential demand for goods to be delivered in the recent years, which has been further increased by the COVID-19 pandemic. UAV delivery can provide new contactless delivery strategies, in addition to applications for medical items, such as blood, medicines, or vaccines. The safe delivery of goods is paramount for such applications, which is facilitated if the payload is embedded in the main drone body. In this paper, we investigate payload solutions for medium and small package delivery (up to 5 kg) with a medium-sized UAV (maximum takeoff of less than 25 kg), focusing on (i) embedded solutions (packaging hosted in the drone fuselage), (ii) compatibility with transportation of medical items, and (iii) user-oriented design (usability and safety). We evaluate the design process for possible payload solutions, from an analysis of the package design (material selection, shape definition, and product industrialization) to package integration with the drone fuselage (possible solutions and comparison of quick-release systems). We present a prototype for an industrialized package, a right prism with an octagonal section made of high-performance double-wall cardboard, and introduce a set of concepts for a quick-release system, which are compared with a set of six functional parameters (mass, realization, accessibility, locking, protection, and resistance). Further analyses are already ongoing, with the aim of integrating monitoring and control capabilities into the package design to assess the condition of the delivered goods during transportation.

Pen‐type pulse wave measurement system for detecting pathological changes in cardiac diseases

In this study, we have developed a new pen-type pulse wave measurement system to evaluate heart failure treatment based on cardiovascular information. In order to acquire minute pathological changes in diseases such as heart failure, the pen-type pulse wave measurement system is equipped with a high-resolution MEMS tactile sensor that achieves a displacement resolution of 0.4 μm and an input resolution of 50μN. This measurement system consists of a small sensor package, a pen-type measurement system, and a glass sensor package to enable physicians to measure the radial artery of men and women of all ages in a minimally invasive, rapid, and precise manner. Realizing this measurement system, simple and precise pulse wave measurement by direct measurement and measurement of pulse wave characteristics for individual differences has been possible.

Wetlands on the Farm:Potent, Nutrient‐Capturing Tools in (Relatively) Small Packages

Half a century ago, in response to burning rivers and other high‐profile environmental disasters, the U.S. Congress passed the Clean Water Act (CWA) as a means to protect waterways from sea to shining sea. Commemorating that landmark legislation, the Journal of Environmental Quality this year has published a collection of papers celebrating the CWA. Crops & Soils magazine will highlight some of that work this month with a look at how one on‐farm management practice—constructed wetlands—can significantly reduce water pollution from tile‐drained farms. In many states, particularly around the Great Lakes, tile drainage is a common and growing practice that increases yields but also funnels excess nitrogen and phosphorus into waterways, resulting in harmful downstream effects as far away as the Gulf of Mexico. A central Illinois study found that, by setting aside a very small portion of their fields for wetlands, farmers could cut nutrient losses in half. Earn 1 CEU in Soil & Water Management by reading the article and taking the quiz at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.

Drone flight data reveal energy and greenhouse gas emissions savings for very small package delivery

SummaryUncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) for last-mile deliveries will affect the energy productivity of delivery and require new methods to understand energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We combine empirical testing of 188 quadcopter flights across a range of speeds with a first-principles analysis to develop a usable energy model and a machine-learning algorithm to assess energy across takeoff, cruise, and landing. Our model shows that an electric quadcopter drone with a very small package (0.5 kg) would consume approximately 0.08 MJ/km and result in 70 g of CO2e per package in the United States. We compare drone delivery with other vehicles and show that energy per package delivered by drones (0.33 MJ/package) can be up to 94% lower than conventional transportation modes, with only electric cargo bicycles providing lower GHGs/package. Our open model and coefficients can assist stakeholders in understanding and improving the sustainability of small package delivery.

Will drones revolutionize home delivery? Let’s get real…

Rodrigues et al. (2022) use field data to assess potential energy and emissions savings from drone delivery of very small packages, and further studies with real delivery drones in real delivery settings will help drone delivery become more widespread.

Wetlands on the Farm: Potent, Nutrient‐Capturing Tools in (Relatively) Small Packages

Wetlands on the Farm: Potent, Nutrient‐Capturing Tools in (Relatively) Small Packages

Pinch Grip per SE Is Not an Occupational Risk Factor for the Musculoskeletal System: An Experimental Study on Field

Introduction: Some ergonomic evaluation methods define pinch grip as a risk factor independent of the exerted force. The present experimental study was performed with the main aim of objectively measuring the muscle engagement during the execution of pinch grip. Methods: the participants of the study were healthy workers occupationally involved in a high-intensity repetitive job related to the sorting of letters and small packages. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to study the activity of the abductor pollicis brevis and first dorsal interosseous fibers related to the execution of the required working tasks, while the force exerted during voluntary muscle contraction for pinch grip was measured by a portable acquisition system. The subjects were specifically asked to exert the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and further voluntary isometric contractions with a spontaneous force (SF) equal to 10%,20% and 50% of the MVIC; finally, the workers were asked to hold in pinch grip two types of envelopes, weighing 100 g and 500 g, respectively. Results: The force required to pinch 100 and 500 g envelopes by the fifteen subjects of the study corresponded to 4 and 5% MVIC, respectively. The corresponding sEMG average rectified values (ARV) were approximately 6% of that at MVIC for first dorsal interosseus (FDI) fibers and approximately 20–25% of MVIC for abductor pollicis brevis (ABP) fibers. Bivariate correlation analysis showed significant relationships between force at MVIC and FDI ARV at MCV. Conclusions: The obtained results demonstrate that muscle recruitment during pinch grip varies as a function of the SF: not only the position but also the exerted force should be considered when assessing the pinch grip as risk factor for biomechanical overload of the upper limb.

INVESTIGATION OF THE HEAT PERFORMANCE OF THE HALF-BRIDGE DEVELOPMENT BOARD WITH GAN POWER DEVICES

GaN FET anahtarlar ufak paket boyutlarına sahip olması ve yüksek çalışma gerilim-akım değerlerini yüksek anahtarlama frekanslarında sağlayabilmesinden dolayı güç elektroniği çeviricilerinde yeni ufuklar açmıştır. Bu çalışma EPC firması tarafından üretilmiş olan küçük paket boyutlarındaki EPC2215 (VDS=200V, ID=32A, RDS(on)=8m) GaN FET anahtarların sonlu elemanlar yöntemi tabanlı ısıl modelinin elde edilmesini ile ilgilidir. JEDEC standartlarınca belirlenen deney talimatları kurulan benzetim modeline uygulanmıştır. Anahtarın jonksiyondan kılıfa, jonksiyondan dış ortama ve jonksiyondan devre kartına olan ısıl dirençleri benzetim modeli ile hesaplanmış ve firmanın veri föylerinde paylaştığı ısıl direnç değerleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Daha sonra yine aynı firmaya ait olan, EPC2215 anahtarları ile yapılan, EPC9099 yarım-köprü geliştirme kartının ısıl modellemesi yapılmıştır. Firma tarafından veri föyünde paylaşılan kayıp güç değerleri benzetim modeline uygulanmıştır. Benzetim sonucunda geliştirme kartının ısıl yönden zorlandığı bölgeler belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra benzetim ile elde edilen ısıl dağılım sonuçları ile deneysel termal kamera görüntüleri karşılaştırılmıştır.

Culture Industry and Japanese Identity in Snack and Drinks Products in Indonesia

This research discusses the Japanese identity inherent in food and beverage products produced and marketed in Indonesia with a cultural industry perspective. The purpose of this research is to reveal the form of Japanese identity attached to the products and its relationship with the cultural industry so that it will appear that the relationship between the two is interrelated and mutually supportive. This research is descriptive qualitative using the content analysis method on product packaging design on a cultural industry approach. The results found a Japanese identity in writings form, words, pictures, flavor variations, and a compilation of Japanese and local flavor variants on product packaging. The packaging design is made as if it is transferring Japan into the packaging of products. In the small packaging, it summarizes the discourse of the culture industry as well as provides a simulacrum for Japanese lovers. The use of Japanese identity has become a widespread cultural commodity in the financial and cultural economy.

Good Things in Small Packages: Growth and Potential of Theragnostic Platforms in Cardiovascular Medicine

Good Things in Small Packages: Growth and Potential of Theragnostic Platforms in Cardiovascular Medicine

Aplikasi metode quality function deployment (QFD) dalam perancangan produk tempoyak

Tempoyak is a food that made from fermented durian flesh with the addition of salt. In product development, one of the ways to get products that are in accordance with consumer desires is the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method. QFDis a design method that can be used to meet customer requirements and evaluate product performance. The research objectives areknowing attributes of consumer requirements for tempoyak products, knowing the technical parameters in the manufacture of tempoyak products, and knowing the priority of consumer requirements, the level of importance and technical parameters in designing tempoyak products. The results showed that there were 17 attributes that consumers wanted, namely sweet-sour taste, yellowish white color, tempoyak aroma, price Rp. 50,000 per kilogram, there is a label on the packaging, the primary color of the transparent packaging, the small package size is 250gram, the jar packaging, the inclusion of the composition, useful for maintaining the digestive system, the inclusion of the expiration date, the inclusion of the halal logo, the inclusion of BPOM, the inclusion of the production date, the inclusion of instructions for storage , inclusion of serving suggestions, and cleanliness of the tempoyak production process. The results also show that there are 8 technical parameters, namely the preparation of raw materials, separation of durian flesh from seeds, mixing of durian meat with salt, fermentation, packaging, labeling, BPOM registration, and MUI halal registration. Attributes of consumer requirements that are of high priority are the inclusion of an expiration date, cleanliness of the tempoyak production process, the inclusion of a halal logo, a label on the packaging, and the inclusion of BPOM. Technical parameters that are of high priority in tempoyak development are labeling, preparation of raw materials, packaging, fermentation, and mixing of durian meat with salt.

Camaroptera: A Long-range Image Sensor with Local Inference for Remote Sensing Applications

Batteryless image sensors present an opportunity for long-life, long-range sensor deployments that require zero maintenance, and have low cost. Such deployments are critical for enabling remote sensing applications, e.g., instrumenting national highways, where individual devices are deployed far (kms away) from supporting infrastructure. In this work, we develop and characterize Camaroptera, the first batteryless image-sensing platform to combine energy-harvesting with active, long-range (LoRa) communication. We also equip Camaroptera with a Machine Learning-based processing pipeline to mitigate costly, long-distance communication of image data. This processing pipeline filters out uninteresting images and only transmits the images interesting to the application. We show that compared to running a traditional Sense-and-Send workload, Camaroptera’s Local Inference pipeline captures and sends upto \( 12\times \) more images of interest to an application. By performing Local Inference , Camaroptera also sends upto \( 6.5\times \) fewer uninteresting images, instead using that energy to capture upto \( 14.7\times \) more new images, increasing its sensing effectiveness and availability. We fully prototype the Camaroptera hardware platform in a compact, 2 cm \( \times \) 3 cm \( \times \) 5 cm volume. Our evaluation demonstrates the viability of a batteryless, remote, visual-sensing platform in a small package that collects and usefully processes acquired data and transmits it over long distances (kms), while being deployed for multiple decades with zero maintenance.

A Multifunctional Battery-Free Bluetooth Low Energy Wireless Sensor Node Remotely Powered by Electromagnetic Wireless Power Transfer in Far-Field.

This paper presents a multifunctional battery-free wireless sensing node (SN) designed to monitor physical parameters (e.g., temperature, humidity and resistivity) of reinforced concrete. The SN, which is intended to be embedded into a concrete cavity, is autonomous and can be wirelessly powered thanks to the wireless power transmission technique. Once enough energy is stored in a capacitor, the active components (sensor and transceiver) are supplied with the harvested power. The data from the sensor are then wirelessly transmitted via the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology in broadcasting mode to a device configured as an observer. The feature of energy harvesting (EH) is achieved thanks to an RF-to-DC converter (a rectifier) optimized for a low power input level. It is based on a voltage doubler topology with SMS7630-005LF Schottky diode optimized at −15 dBm input power and a load of 10 kΩ. The harvested DC power is then managed and boosted by a power management unit (PMU). The proposed system has the advantage of presenting two different power management units (PMUs) and two rectifiers working in different European Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) frequency bands (868 MHz and 2.45 GHz) depending on the available power density. The PMU interfaces a storage capacitor to store the harvested power and then power the active components of the sensing node. The low power digital sensor HD2080 is selected to provide accurate humidity and temperature measurements. Resistivity measurement (not reported in this paper) can also be achieved through a current injection on the concrete probes. For wireless communications, the QN9080 system-on-chip (SoC) was chosen as a BLE transceiver thanks to its attractive features: a small package size and extremely low power consumption. For low power consumption, the SN is configured in broadcasting mode. The measured power consumption of the SN in a deep-sleep mode is 946 µJ for four advertising events (spaced at 250 ms maximum) after the functioning of sensors. It also includes voltage offset cancelling functionality for resistivity measurement. Far-field measurement operated in an anechoic chamber with the most efficient PMU (AEM30940) gives a first charging time of 48 s (with an empty capacitor) and recharge duration of 27 s for a complete measurement and data transmission cycle.

A scoping review of bryophyte microbiota: diverse microbial communities in small plant packages.

Plant health depends not only on the condition of the plant itself but also on its diverse community of microbes, or microbiota. Just like the better-studied angiosperms, bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) harbor diverse communities of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and other microbial eukaryotes. Bryophytes are increasingly recognized as important model systems for understanding plant evolution, development, physiology, and symbiotic interactions. Much of the work on bryophyte microbiota in the past focused on specific symbiont types for each bryophyte group, but more recent studies are taking a broader view acknowledging the coexistence of diverse microbial communities in bryophytes. Therefore, this review integrates studies of bryophyte microbes from both perspectives to provide a holistic view of the existing research for each bryophyte group and on key themes. The systematic search also reveals the taxonomic and geographic biases in this field, including a severe under-representation of the tropics, very few studies on viruses or eukaryotic microbes beyond fungi, and a focus on mycorrhizal fungi studies in liverworts. Such gaps may have led to errors in conclusions about evolutionary patterns in symbiosis. This analysis points to a wealth of future research directions that promise to reveal how the distinct life cycles and physiology of bryophytes interact with their microbiota.

Analisis Kejahatan Narkotika dengan Perspektif the Economic of Crime

This article aims to provide an understanding of the analysis of narcotics crime from the perspective of the economic of crime from the perpetrators point of view and to provide suggestions on how to model the prosecution of narcotics criminals from the perspective of the economic of crime. The problem is focused on the perspective of the perpetrator against the consideration of costs and benefits in narcotics crimes. To approach this problem, references are used, namely the rational choice theory from Becker, the deterrence theory from Beccaria, and the principle of utilitarianism from Bentham. The data were collected through library research and field studies, namely interviews and analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study state that the market situation for methamphetamine in Central Java Province provides benefits to perpetrators, with small capital generating large profits. Actors are not exposed to market risk but legal risk. Therefore, the distribution is carried out in small packages and the sales system is in a mineed or addressed mode so that it is safe and disconnected. This study concludes that the perpetrators have assessed the costs and benefits so that the model for overcoming narcotics crime from the perspective of the economic of crime which is analyzed with consideration of costs and benefits from the perspective of the perpetrators in committing crimes in the jurisdiction of Central Java is carried out in two ways, namely repressive and preventive.

Constraints Faced by Farmers due to COVID-19 Disruptions on Agricultural Activities in Nalgonda District of Telangana, India

The objective of the study was to provide insights on disruptions faced by farmers due to COVID-19 for harvest of rabi (winter) crop and preparations for kharif (summer) crop and to suggest appropriate policy measures to enable farmers to cope with similar disruptions in agricultural activities. Data were collected from 125 farmers from five tribal hamlets of Deverkonda mandal of Nalgonda district of Telangana state. The major constraints reported by almost all the farmers (99.2%) were financial problems primarily due to loss of wage work, repayment of informal loans (83%), fear of contracting COVID-19 (92%) and health of family members (89%) which adversely affected their work efficiency. Paddy crop was the most affected as rated by 80.8% of the farmers, followed by vegetables 52.8%, groundnut 41.6%, cotton 37.6%, redgram 16.8% and fruit crops(sweet lime) 13.6% respectively. The farmers faced problems in land preparation (92.8%), high cost of inputs (96.8%), and low availability of inputs (75.2%), transport problems to procure inputs (96.8%), labour shortage (67.2%) and storage of unsold produce (75.2%). Shortage of animal feed (79.2%) and health care of animals (85.6%) were the constraints faced in livestock care. The harvesting of paddy was the most affected due to shortage of labour and harvesting machines. Community seed and animal feed banks, collectives like farmer producer organizations, collateral free credit, small packaging of inputs, promotion of youth entrepreneurship in processing storage and sale of produce and mechanization of small farms, direct procurement, logistic support are some of the immediate and mid- term measures being suggested for building resilience of food systems to face future risks.

Evaluation of Workloads of Package Deliverers Focusing on Their Pickup and Delivery Tasks in Republic of Korea

Package deliverers are facing increasing workloads due to a rapid increase in online shopping caused by the recent outbreak of COVID-19 in the Republic of Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical workload of package deliverers during pickup and delivery tasks. Heart rate reserve (HRR), metabolic equivalent of task (MET), standardized Nordic questionnaire (SNQ), and visual analogue scale (VAS), measured on site using a wristband, were used as indicators of their workload. Twenty deliverers participated in this study. Work analysis was performed to categorize their tasks into sorting inside a truck, delivering, picking up, driving, and resting. Statistical analysis showed that participants spend 4.3 h per day picking up and delivering 331.9 packages per day. Their work requires about 29.7% of HRR and 4.7 of MET, which are thus considered as of “moderate level” difficulty. SNQ and VAS revealed that their lower back and wrist/hand were the most painful body parts due to repetitive trunk bending and small package handling. The use of a cart would be recommended as it has the advantage of handling many packages at once with less physical effort in deliverers.

Ground Control System for UAS Safe Landing Area Determination (SLAD) in Urban Air Mobility Operations.

The use of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) for civil, scientific, and military operations, is constantly increasing, particularly in environments very dangerous or impossible for human actions. Many tasks are currently carried out in metropolitan areas, such as urban traffic monitoring, pollution and land monitoring, security surveillance, delivery of small packages, etc. Estimation of features around the flight path and surveillance of crowded areas, where there is a high number of vehicles and/or obstacles, are of extreme importance for typical UAS missions. Ensuring safety and efficiency during air traffic operations in a metropolitan area is one of the conditions for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations. This paper focuses on the development of a ground control system capable of monitoring crowded areas or impervious sites, identifying the UAV position and a safety area for vertical landing or take-off maneuvers (VTOL), ensuring a high level of accuracy and robustness, even without using GNSS-derived navigation information, and with on-board terrain hazard detection and avoidance (DAA) capabilities, in particular during operations conducted in BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line Of Sight). The system is composed by a mechanically rotating real-time LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) sensor, linked to a Raspberry Pi 3 as SBC (Session Board Controller), and interfaced to a GCS (Ground Control Station) by wireless connection for data management and 3-D information transfer.