Small Holder Research Articles

ASSESSMENT OF RAINFALL VARIABILITY AND MAIZE CROP FARMING IN NYANDARUA COUNTY, KENYA

Crop farming is crucial to the livelihoods of communities living in the rural areas of Kenya. The sector largely depends on climatic variables such as rainfall for optimum crop output. This article presents the analysis, interpretation and discussion of the research findings based on the objective of assessing the climate variability of mean annual rainfall and its impact on crop farming (maize output) in Nyandarua County. To achieve this objective, the researcher sought to analyse rainfall amount and fluctuations in Nyandarua County for 21 years and correlate the variable with crop output (maize) over the same period. The variability of rainfall and maize output was analysed using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variance. Simple line trends and scatter graphs were used to show this variation. The inferential statistics of regression and correlation analysis were used to establish the relationship between the rainfall factor and the selected crop output. The null hypothesis associated to this objective was tested using results of the correlation and regression analysis. Evidence of the study indicated that the annual average rainfall had increased from 1999 to 2006. However, the last fifteen years preceding the study, the mean annual rainfall had significantly fluctuated between the peaks of 117 mm and off peaks of 67 mm. The utmost variation in the rainfall amount was experienced between the years 2013 and 2007. Referring to the 21-year period of annual crop output records, the output of maize greatly fluctuated between 2019 and 1999 with an average tonnes of 29,145.76. Rainfall variability was concluded to have greatly influenced the changes in maize output (r=0.688). The regression line for rainfall variability and maize output produced a slope that was described by the equation y=463x - 11100 + έ. The regression value (R2 = 0.47189 showed that 47.19% of the fluctuation in maize output was as a result of the disparity in rainfall amount and distribution. In conclusion, results of the study implied that rainfall amount and distribution was highly erratic and unpredictable. Therefore this scenario exhibited much uncertainty to the small scale farmers in the region. For better planning of the effect of climate variability, the study recommended that policymakers and other relevant stakeholders should come up with awareness programs through the provision of useful information that assimilate the small holder farmer indigenous knowledge and perception and its effects on their livelihoods with the accurate meteorological scientific data.

Blockchain Based Solutions for Milk Procurement Management and Adulteration Detection

In our day-to-day life, milk is a fundamental component that is rudimentary for many food products. Consuming milk regularly is very important because it is a mixture of various macro and micronutrients and is a source of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and vitamins. Particularly in our nation, women’s empowerment and milk production are closely related. Furthermore, rural Indian communities rely heavily on small holder dairy farms for their livelihoods, and women play an important role in milk production. The dairy sector is estimated to contribute around 6% of the country’s agricultural GDP, with the value of milk production in India exceeding 200 million ton by the year 2023 [1]. Milk is a highly perishable commodity, when not handled properly it is susceptible to microbial spoilage. The milk after production must be processed properly to retain its quality till consumption. Nowadays, many milk vendors are adulterating the milk for financial gain. Consumers have the rights to obtain good and safe milk, as it is largely consumed by people of all age groups. Supply chain process of a small holder dairy farming has been examined recently in Salem, Tamil Nadu, India and it has been observed that the current process in dairy involves the accumulated milk from dairy farmers are being poured into the milk cane, then being detected and sent to a larger container where it is mixed with all the other milk. In most cases, it would be impossible to separate fresh milk from un-fresh milk. Therefore, the objective of this research work aims to develop a Blockchain and IoT based solution for milk procurement and adulteration detection there by providing a complete milk traceability data to the consumers from production to consumption, and establishing a trust in providing quality milk to the society.

Performing surgery in goats. Part 1: preparation and regional anaesthesia

Background: The population of goats within the UK continues to rise and, according to latest Defra figures, now totals approximately 111,000 animals. With this comes the increasing likelihood that general practitioners will have something to do with these fascinating and characterful farmed species. The UK goat sector is one of the most diverse within the agricultural setting, being comprised of three main commercial wings: dairy, meat and fibre, and the remainder spread across pedigree and/or show stock, public attraction stock, small holder stock and those kept exclusively as pets. All these different settings have multiple and intertwining crossovers, which means the manner in which our caprine patients are kept, handled, managed and cared for can be equally disparate. The general practitioner must be aware of the circumstances and surroundings in which the animals are kept. Additionally, goats are generally of a gregarious and hierarchical nature, which can lead them into harm's way or mischief, and may necessitate various veterinary interventions.Aim of the article: This article, the first in a two part series, aims to equip general veterinary practitioners with the necessary knowledge and top tips for performing regional anaesthetic techniques in this species, while also highlighting how to stay on the right side of the law when it comes to available pharmaceuticals.

Gender, Conflict and Climate change: Dissecting Gendered Vulnerabilities of small holder farmers due to climate change in the Eastern Province Sri Lanka

Batticaloa district, which is situated in the Eastern coast of Sri Lanka is identified as one of the most climate vulnerable districts in Sri Lanka and one of the districts which were directly affected by the Sri Lankan armed conflict of 30 years. Agriculture being the main source of income generation in the district, increasing climate vulnerabilities such as droughts and frequent flooding make the livelihoods of small holder farmers uncertain and making them vulnerable to poverty. It is also imperative consider the alarming rate of irregular migration in the Eastern Province and the trend of farmers leaving their land behind in search of a stable employment both within and outside of the country. Furthermore, the impacts of the adverse methods to control COVID-19 and the ongoing economic crisis exacerbated the challenges faced by farmers of Batticaloa. As United Nations Sri Lanka along with World Food Programme identifies women and migrants as one of the most vulnerable groups for the ongoing economic crisis of Sri Lanka, women farmers in Batticaloa face multifaceted vulnerabilities than their male counter parts. This study proposes to analyze the gendered vulnerabilities of women small holder farmers in Batticaloa district in a post conflict climate change nexus, identify the social, structural and policy level restrictions women farmers have to face on a daily basis as and to come up with recommendations which can help them to mitigate their challenges.

Detection of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal strongyles of cattle in Thrissur district, Kerala

Gastro intestinal parasite (GIP) infection is an economically important disease that affects cattle population worldwide and contributes to decreased productivity and profitability in the livestock sector. An important obstacle to the management of helminth infections in cattle is the failure of therapy owing to anthelmintic resistance. The present study is aimed to identify the predominant gastrointestinal strongyles in cattle of Thrissur district, Kerala and to determine the incidence of benzimidazole resistance against these gastrointestinal strongyles in organised cattle farms and small holder farmers’ herd. Coproculture studies revealed that predominant strongyle was Mecistocirrus spp. (29.75 per cent) followed by Haemonchus spp. (21.5 per cent) and Oesophagostomum spp. (13 per cent). The in vivo method of benzimidazole resistance detection by faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) with albendazole was done in three organised cattle farms and three small holder farmers’ herd. The per cent FEC reduction in three organised farms were 38, 55 and 85 per cent and that of small holder farmers’ herd ranged between 75 - 100. This study forms the first report of anthelmintic resistance in cattle in south India and the results indicated that benzimidazole resistance was highly progressed in organised cattle farms and in a progression state in small holder farmers’ herd that necessitates the judicial utilisation of anthelmintics for the parasite control.

Contribution of Agricultural Extension to Insect Farming for Food and Nutritional Security among Smallholder Farmers in the Kenyan Lake Victoria Basin

The study intended to investigate the contribution of agricultural extension on edible insect farming for food and feed nutritional security among smallholder farmers of Siaya County in Kenya. There was no explicit study on the contribution of agricultural extension on insect farming as evidenced by the existing literature. Specifically, the study aimed at determining the influence of agricultural extension on the production of insects as food and feeds among smallholder farmers in the study area. In so doing, the study probed relevant questions to establish the role of agricultural extension in the promotion of insects for food. The study adopted a descriptive survey design since it allows for collection of large amounts of data from the target population. Both primary and secondary data was collected from the respondents which included small holder farmers, extension service providers and stakeholders in the insect food farming and value addition sectors. A sample size of 210 respondents from a population of 443 were interviewed using questionnaires. The data collected was analysed quantitatively using standard statistical packages to extract various pieces of information namely household characteristics, insect food and feed technology within households, status of food and nutritional security, status of livelihoods and challenges to improvement of food and feed nutritional security and general livelihoods. The general outcome of the analysis indicated that extension service provision had influence on the production of insects among small holder farmers. The study generated crucial knowledge to various stakeholders and players in the agricultural sector, key among them being Governments and Non-Governmental agencies promoting new technologies to enhance food and nutritional security. Keywords: contribution of agricultural extension, insect farming for food and feeds, small holder farmer, value addition, adoption, nutrition security DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-1-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2023

Mises's dynamics of interventionism: Lessons from Indian agriculture

AbstractDespite trade liberalization, industrial delicensing, and deregulation in other sectors of the Indian economy since 1991, the agricultural sector is stifled by arbitrary, complex, and ever‐increasing regulation in both input and product markets. This article resolves this puzzle of the Indian economy and, using Mises's theory of interventionism, explains the growth of regulation and subsidies in Indian agriculture. I argue that each intervention in agriculture created distortions in the market, necessitating the subsequent intervention in agricultural inputs and/or outputs. Land ceiling policies led to a large number of farmers with small and marginal landholdings. Attempts to increase agricultural productivity and income on small holdings led to interventions, and consequent distortions, in factor markets for seeds, fertilizer, electricity, water, credit, insurance, as well as in output markets in the form of minimum support prices. Indian agriculture policy serves as a cautionary tale of interventionism and needs systematic and comprehensive reforms.

Seroprevalence of African swine fever in pigs in Lere and Zaria Local Government Areas of Kaduna State Nigeria

African swine fever (ASF) is the most important disease limiting small holder pig production in Nigeria, causing mortality as high as 100% resulting in total loss of investment. African swine fever is of public health concern because it is a recurring disease in many countries including Nigeria. This study was undertaken to investigate the presence of antibody (IgG) against African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) among pig population in Lere and Zaria local government areas (LGAs) of Kaduna State of Nigeria. A total of 45 blood samples were collected from different suspected pigs from Lere and Zaria local government areas (LGAs). Eighteen serum samples were obtained from eighteen different suspected pigs from the pig population in Lere LGA while twenty seven serum samples were also obtained from twenty seven different suspected pigs at Zaria LGA. The samples were tested by conventiolan indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The results showed 2 samples representing 11.11% of the total samples collected from Lere LGA were positive for ASF antibody. On the contrary, none of the 27 samples obtained from Zaria LGA was positive. Therefore, the overall seroprevalence was 4.4%. Pigs with demonstrable antibody should be considered as carriers of the virus because it is uncertain if true recovery ever occurred in them. Control measures such as use of biosecurity, routine test and slaughter of animals that tested positive for ASF antibody were recommended. Further studies are also suggested to involve larger sample size and better diagnostic technique such as polymerase chain reaction, having observed that ELISA –detected ASFV antibodies do not transfer into clinical ASF

Seroprevalence of African swine fever in pigs in Lere and Zaria Local Government Areas of Kaduna State Nigeria

African swine fever (ASF) is the most important disease limiting small holder pig production in Nigeria, causing mortality as high as 100% resulting in total loss of investment. African swine fever is of public health concern because it is a recurring disease in many countries including Nigeria. This study was undertaken to investigate the presence of antibody (IgG) against African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) among pig population in Lere and Zaria local government areas (LGAs) of Kaduna State of Nigeria. A total of 45 blood samples were collected from different suspected pigs from Lere and Zaria local government areas (LGAs). Eighteen serum samples were obtained from eighteen different suspected pigs from the pig population in Lere LGA while twenty seven serum samples were also obtained from twenty seven different suspected pigs at Zaria LGA. The samples were tested by conventiolan indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The results showed 2 samples representing 11.11% of the total samples collected from Lere LGA were positive for ASF antibody. On the contrary, none of the 27 samples obtained from Zaria LGA was positive. Therefore, the overall seroprevalence was 4.4%. Pigs with demonstrable antibody should be considered as carriers of the virus because it is uncertain if true recovery ever occurred in them. Control measures such as use of biosecurity, routine test and slaughter of animals that tested positive for ASF antibody were recommended. Further studies are also suggested to involve larger sample size and better diagnostic technique such as polymerase chain reaction, having observed that ELISA –detected ASFV antibodies do not transfer into clinical ASF.

Status of Fruit Trees Farming among Small Scale Farmers: A Case Study of Busia, Bungoma and Siaya Counties of Kenya

In Kenya, more than 60% of the population depends directly on forests and woodlands for their energy needs, wood for furniture and construction, as well as food and other non-timber forest products such as fruits, nuts and medicinal plants among others. Even though fruits are widely planted and consumed in the daily diet of local people and also as a source of income, little attention has been given to enhancing their production and commercialization. This study examined the adopted and grown fruit tree among small holder farmers and challenges they face in undertaking this agroforestry practice. The study employed a survey research design, which entails the description, recording, analyzing and reporting of current status of on-farm fruit trees. A multistage sampling was employed for household survey selection, where 906 households were randomly sampled within Busia, Siaya and Bungoma counties. The results indicated that major fruit trees grown include Persea america and Mangifera indica in both Bungoma and Busia counties, while Citrus sinensis and Mangifera indica fruits are common in Siaya. There were significant differences (F= 4.724, d.f = 16, p=0.02<0.05) between the different numbers of preferred fruits among small scale farmers. From the study, it is evident that there is a great potential fruit production leading to improved income generation through sale in local as well as export markets, food security and improved livelihoods for communities.

Seroprevalence of African swine fever in pigs in Lere and Zaria Local Government Areas of Kaduna State Nigeria

African swine fever (ASF) is the most important disease limiting small holder pig production in Nigeria, causing mortality as high as 100% resulting in total loss of investment. African swine fever is of public health concern because it is a recurring disease in many countries including Nigeria. This study was undertaken to investigate the presence of antibody (IgG) against African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) among pig population in Lere and Zaria local government areas (LGAs) of Kaduna State of Nigeria. A total of 45 blood samples were collected from different suspected pigs from Lere and Zaria local government areas (LGAs). Eighteen serum samples were obtained from eighteen different suspected pigs from the pig population in Lere LGA while twenty seven serum samples were also obtained from twenty seven different suspected pigs at Zaria LGA. The samples were tested by conventiolan indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The results showed 2 samples representing 11.11% of the total samples collected from Lere LGA were positive for ASF antibody. On the contrary, none of the 27 samples obtained from Zaria LGA was positive. Therefore, the overall seroprevalence was 4.4%. Pigs with demonstrable antibody should be considered as carriers of the virus because it is uncertain if true recovery ever occurred in them. Control measures such as use of biosecurity, routine test and slaughter of animals that tested positive for ASF antibody were recommended. Further studies are also suggested to involve larger sample size and better diagnostic technique such as polymerase chain reaction, having observed that ELISA –detected ASFV antibodies do not transfer into clinical ASF.

Determinants of Agricultural Credit Utilization among Small Farm Holders: An Evidence from Southern Punjab, Pakistan

The agricultural credit has a significant impact on agricultural productivity. Credit constraints should be reasonably minimized so that small farmer can easily get loans. This study investigates the determinants of utilization of agricultural credit among small farm holders in southern Punjab, Pakistan. A total sample of 200 small farmers is selected for data collection. An appropriate pretested questionnaire was used for data collection. The data collection was done by tanking direct interviews by using a convenient sampling technique. District Multan was selected from the southern Punjab of Pakistan. A binary logit model was used to examine the effect of various factors on the adoption of agricultural credit utilization among small farm holders. The binary logit model's results showed that the variables of farmers' qualification, farming experience, family members, agricultural income, and tenant cum owner positively and significantly impact agricultural credit utilization. Agricultural land has a negative and significant influence on agricultural credit utilization. The study's results suggest that government should educate small farmers about the positive impact of credit utilization on their agricultural production.

Natural Resource Conservation, Poverty Alleviation, and Farmer Partnership

Agriculture has now been seen in its multiple roles like contributing to development as an economic activity, source of livelihood, provider of environmental services and a unique instrument to overall development. As an economic activity, it is a source of growth for national economy, food security, foreign exchange as well as provider of investment opportunities for agro-based industries and rural non-farm economy. As source of livelihood, it provides jobs to majority of the people, especially the small holders, landless and the poor. In terms of environmental services, being the major player in underground water depletion, agrochemical pollution, soil exhaustion and global climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions, agriculture can create good and bad environmental outcomes. Its environmental contributions in managing watersheds and preserving biodiversity are generally unrecognised and unremunerated. Agriculture has well established record as an instrument for poverty reduction1 as well as a leading sector for overall growth in the agriculture-based countries of the world [World Bank (2007)]. In future, agriculture has to commit more promises (e.g. bio-fuel) to the nation without compromising over primary responsibility of food security along with poverty alleviation, conservation of natural resource base, environment protection etc. Unfortunately, the agriculture has been vastly underused for development.

An Empirical Analysis of Custom Hire Centres in Karnataka

Krishi Yantra Dhare, a scheme, was launched for access to farm mechanization, especially for small and marginal farmers, through custom hire centres (CHCs) in Karnataka in 2014. Shree Kshetra Dharmasthala Rural Development Programme, a charitable trust, has established the highest number (164 CHC) across 25 districts in Karnataka. One hundred ninety-five respondents across 14 districts were selected for the study to understand the functioning of CHC's and utilization of farm equipment .by farmers The findings indicated that medium, small and large holders utilized renting services at 839.95, 779.05 and 241.65 hours, respectively. Rotavator at 262 hours was the most demanded equipment with rental income of ?1,40,239. As the objective of CHCs establishment was to offer access to farm machinery to small and marginal holders, implementation of the scheme has been in the right direction.

Reliance on Organic Farming Resulted in Food Crises in Sri Lanka: A Review

The organic agriculture approaches for the betterment of food security at a global position. It is a disputed subject for discussion. Although, there are several types of research on the different factors in different aspects of organic farming. Most of the given data come from the deep suffering crisis in Sri Lanka. How organic farming implemented in Sri Lanka and how it performed till now in the context of farmers having small holdings remains poorly understood. Additionally, we found that somehow organic agriculture is responsible for the crisis in Sri Lanka. The major challenges for the rapid collapse of Sri Lanka were limited capacity, lack of suitable inputs and market access. Organic farming gives the impression of being one of the center stages of the crises. Some commentators have blamed Sri Lanka’s decision to go organic as the root cause of this crisis. Additionally, the event was used to smear the regenerative agriculture movement.

Hybrid knowledge and climate-resilient agriculture practices of the Tharu in the western Tarai, Nepal

Indigenous knowledge can function as a basis of innovation in agriculture because it is not only culturally accepted, but often also environmentally adaptive. The debates and misunderstandings regarding the relations between Indigenous and scientific knowledge are transforming into a trend to integrate all knowledge to deal with complex issues, such as climate change. In this study we explore the understandings of the Tharu people of their farming system in relation to adaptation and mitigation of climate change, based on mixed methods design using both ethnographic analysis of their specific agriculture practices from participant observation and a survey of 229 households in the western Tarai of Nepal. Among our findings is the fit of the traditional agricultural calendar of the Tharu with the labor regimen of agricultural seasons. We found that conservation tillage-oriented agricultural practices, such as relay cropping, including zero-tillage, remain important in the farming system. Although this practice is decreasing, particularly due to the low yield as compared to the conventional tillage system, relay sowing and zero-tillage in the lowlands and uplands remain important for timely crop sowing. Similarly, mixed cropping is prevalent, particularly among small holders, for subsistence-based farming, in part due to higher yield than sole cropping. We conclude that Indigenous knowledge regarding climate and agriculture practices assists making informed decisions for climate-resilient and low emission agriculture. Although some traditional climate-resilient agriculture practices may yield lower profit than those derived from scientific knowledge/methods, the Tharu have therefore embraced “hybrid knowledge”—a combination of Indigenous and scientific knowledge, technology and practice—to balance increased yield and profit maximization with concurrent decreased vulnerability to extreme weather events. We argue that it is not useful to make firm distinctions among traditional, Indigenous and local knowledge in the age of hybridity. This hybridity is evident in the complementarity of the use of improved varieties and scientific agricultural practices for the major grains and the continuing use of landraces for minor crops such as lentils, peas and mustard. However, further research on the sustainable productivity of such practices is required before their widespread dissemination.

Scaling Up SCI: Social Capital-Centered Integrated Strategy for Enhancing Production with Equity and Climate Resilience

The major barriers associated with the scaling up of SCI, especially in the small farm sector, are interwoven. These include lack of proper coordination of activities of many farmers operating on small holdings, inadequate economic capacity & poor input-output services. Therefore, up-scaling efforts should not focus only on a single barrier or just on knowledge building and dissemination. Moreover, environmental degradation such as erosion and pollution are caused by the cumulative effects of non-point sources or the individual decisions by many small farmers. These cannot be effectively dealt with through point source control mechanisms. For example, unless these users are informed, motivated, and organized to collectively adopt conservation-based production, environmentally inappropriate decisions will continue to be made. Therefore, investing in Social Capital is beneficial for managing Natural Capital. FO-managed Collective Action, CA would capture economies of scale, initiate a commercialization process, and develop mutually beneficial partnerships with the private sector promoting small farmers to actively engage in market economy while maintaining equity. Hence, the paper explores the scope for enhancing resource use efficiency and overall production to ensure equitable food security and climate resilience through the combined effects of SCI and CA by farmers. Organized CA and an integrated approach can play a key role in widening SCI adoption through coordination and minimizing conflicts. In this context, the paper proposed an integrated strategy centered around social capital for enhancing production with equity and climate resilience.

Predicting Impulsive Consumer Behaviour Toward Handicrafts in India

Consumer behaviour is easy to define in terms of planned and implemented marketing activities. While it has been researched for big companies and products. The unexplored side of consumer behaviour lies in impulsive purchase actions. Impulse buying tendency (IBT) can be defined as the sudden, powerful, and persistent urge to buy something immediately. Based on market observations, and available literature, handicrafts as a product face more impulsive actions rather than planned, therefore the factors chosen for this study refer to analyze the relevance of IBT in terms of handicrafts purchase actions. Independent variables are attractiveness (AT), cultural and traditional values (CTV), learning (LN), and environment (EN). The research was examined by SEM analysis using AMOS 24. It was founded that there exists a mediating effect of IBT on consumer purchasing behaviour. The results of this study will enhance the understanding of small business holders and craft artisans regarding the influential behaviour of consumers and their impulse actions to increase the demand for their handmade products.

Social Capital in Relation to Market Participation of Smallholder African Indigenous Vegetable Farmers in Vihiga County, Kenya

Marketing is a social as well as a management process that facilitates exchange of products and information among the actors. Improved livelihoods among smallholder farmers depends on sustainable access to markets. In Kenya, Vihiga County, various development practitioners have promoted the production of African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs). However, AIVs marketing has been given little attention. The farmers, therefore, have not taken advantage of the full potential of the gains of AIVs marketing to improve their livelihoods. Small holder farmers experience low market participation due to their non-competitiveness in the promising AIVs market. This could be associated with the low social capital among the farmers. Social capital serves as complementary mediator which supports marketing capability consequently enhancing performances This study sought to assess the role of social capital in relation to farmers’ participation in the AIVs market. This was done through a household survey with AIVs farmers in January 2021. A total of 167 farmers were interviewed in in Vihiga County. Purposive sampling was done to target AIVs farmers. The study results indicate that though there were more female (63%) farmers in the study site there was a significant difference (P=.002) between the sex of the AIVs farmers interviewed in the two study sub counties. The study results also show that, majority of the farmers (76%) did not meet the demand for AIVs needed in the market. Despite the deficit in the demand for AIVs, most farmers had not taken advantage of the available market by producing more AIVs during peak season. A likert scale analysis of the farmer’s social capital reveal that there was a strong (3.5) bonding social capital among the farmers however, the bridging social capital was lower (3.0). This indicates a weak social network among the farmers to the outside world which can greatly hinder their participation in the high end AIVs markets. The study concluded that, there is demand for AIVs, however, the farmers have not positioned themselves to tap the available market opportunities. There is need for capacity building of farmers on the importance of building their social network for improved participation in the AIVs market.

Factors Affecting Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies by Small Holder Farmers in Mountain and Lowland Agro-ecological Zones of Eastern Uganda

Farmers in tropical rural areas are confronted with several challenges but outstandingly climate change which can only be overcome by adopting to climate change resilience strategies. This study assessed the factors affecting adoption of climate change resilience strategies in Muyembe sub-county, Bulambuli district, Uganda. We used questionnaires, interviews, focused group discussions and field observations to collect the required data, which was analyzed using basic descriptive statistics and logistic regression model. Results indicate that, the dominant climate change resilience strategies adopted in the study were, soil/water conservation (65%), drought resistant crop varieties (59.4%), and irrigation (55.6). Results of the logistic regression indicated that, gender and family size were the most important factors that influenced adoption of climate change resilience strategies with coefficient -0.86 and P0.05, and0.18 and P0.05 respectively. On the other hand, the barriers to adoption of the same by majority farmers were dominated by financial constraints and adulteration of farm inputs at 93.4% and 74% respectively. We concluded that, many farmers are still locked in indigenous practices that have made them vulnerable to climate change effects characterized by low yields, crop failure hence low incomes, poverty and food insecurity. We recommended that, government should support the adaptation strategies to climate change by the smallholder farmers technically by providing both ground and surface water irrigation facilities and financially by providing agricultural loans as well as focusing on promoting awareness and advancing education on climate change to farmers through knowledge and skill sharing platforms such as training, conferences, and seminars.