Smaller Discrepancy Research Articles

Proneness to prejudiced responses: toward understanding the authenticity of self-reported discrepancies.

Three studies investigated the authenticity of prejudice-related discrepancies. A comprehensive discrepancy questionnaire was developed (Study 1), which yielded small as well as large discrepancy scores. Study 2 indicated that discrepancy scores were stable, and personality could not account for the relation between discrepancies and their affective consequences. In Study 3, low-prejudice participants responded to jokes about Blacks under high or low distraction. Behavioral validation for self-reported discrepancies was found, such that participants with larger discrepancies evaluated the jokes more favorably under high than low distraction, but participants with smaller discrepancies provided equally unfavorable evaluations in both distraction conditions. Implications for understanding people's abilities to avoid potentially prejudiced responses and their self-insight into such abilities are discussed.

Determination of the mixing potential V between the bipolaron and the itinerant electron and possible two-component interaction superconductivity based on a low N( EF) for doped fullerenes

A mixing potential V = 0.23 eV was obtained in the normal state within the negative U Anderson-lattice model (two-component model) if the additional spectral weight in the band gap observed on K 3C 60 is attributed to the additional bipolaron state. The superconducting transition temperature T c, penetration depth λ, coherent length ξ, thermodynamic critical field H c specific heat jump ΔC/ T c and isotope effect exponent α can be well reproduced within the same model based on a low density of states at the Fermi level, N( E F) ≈ 3 states/eV C 60 spin, which is another general observation when using photoemission spectroscopy, with a mixing potential V = 0.075–0.12 eV. The smaller discrepancy in V seems to support the two-component interaction superconductivity for doped fullerenes.

Effect of substrates on the crystallinity and morphology of sol-gel-derived epitaxial LiNbO3 films

Epitaxial thin films of LiNbO3 were prepared by the sol-gel method on (0001)-sapphire, (0001)-LiTaO3 and (0001)-5% MgO-doped LiNbO3, substrates. The precursor films crystallized with the highly preferred orientation on all substrates. When sapphire substrates, which have large discrepancies in the lattice constant and thermal expansion percentage with the film were used, the resulting films showed a low crystallinity after heat treatment at 500 °C and grain growth at 650 °C. On the other hand, when using LiTaO3 and 5% MgO-doped LiNbO3 substrates, with smaller discrepancies, the formed films, after heat treatment at 500 °C, showed better crystallinity with the smooth surface.

Massive allografts in the treatment of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma in children and adolescents.

A retrospective review was performed of the results of all allograft reconstructions that had been done after the resection of an osteosarcoma or an Ewing sarcoma in a skeletally immature patient between 1982 and 1989 at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. There were twenty-six patients. Six reconstructions were intercalary, sixteen were resection arthrodeses, three followed resection of a bone segment including the epiphysis (osteoarticular reconstruction), and one was a replacement of the entire humerus. Resection arthrodesis about the knee was performed with a smooth intramedullary rod and with one growth plate left intact. Six procedures were performed in the upper extremity. Excluding the patients who died, the average duration of follow-up was five years and three months. Twenty-one of the twenty-six patients had reached skeletal maturity at the time of follow-up. Eighteen (69 per cent) of the patients had a good or excellent result, four (15 per cent) had a fair result, and four had a failure. Twenty patients (77 per cent) had at least one complication (other than a limb-length discrepancy), and fourteen (54 per cent) sustained at least one fracture of the allograft. Fifteen patients who had had a reconstruction in the lower extremity had survived with survival of the allograft at the time of the latest follow-up. A limb-length discrepancy of at least two centimeters developed in nine of the fifteen patients. Five were managed with a contralateral epiphyseodesis, and one of them had an unsuccessful attempt at limb-lengthening as well. The patients who had a limb-length discrepancy of more than three centimeters at the time of follow-up had been significantly younger (p < 0.05) at the time of the reconstruction than those who had a smaller discrepancy. Three allografts (12 per cent), two of which were implanted early in the series, became infected. Soft-tissue coverage is of paramount importance for the prevention of infection, and we now routinely perform primary muscle (gastrocnemius or latissimus dorsi) transfers when dealing with an inadequate muscle envelope. Twelve patients were followed for more than four years (average, six years and seven months); they had no complications other than increased limb-length discrepancy and one subluxation of the shoulder after the first four years following the reconstruction. Although the rate of complications is higher than in adults, allograft reconstruction remains a useful option for the management of skeletally immature individuals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Partial additive constant

When a dissimilarity measure on a finite set of elements does not have a Euclidean representation, a classical approach consists in inducing Euclideanarity by adding a specific constant to the whole set of dissimilarities or squared dissimilarities between distinct elements. This paper suggests a computational approach where only some of the dissimilarities are modified in order to have a smaller discrepancy with the initial data table. The results may also be used for detecting some Euclidean subsets of elements

Severe Discrepancy Determination for Retained and Nonretained Students: Ageor Grade-Based Achievement Standard Scores?

This study investigated the differences between exclusive use of age-based and grade-based achievement scores on mean achievement, IQ-achievement discrepancies, and severe discrepancy rates for retained and nonretained students. The sample included 225 nonretained and 142 retained students referred to a Child Development Center for psychoeducational assessment. Each was administered an intelligence test and achievement measure that provided age and grade scores. Compared to use of age-based scores, grade-based scores for retained students resulted in higher mean achievement scores, smaller discrepancy sizes, and lower severe discrepancy rates. For nonretained students, use of age scores resulted in higher mean achievement scores, smaller discrepancy sizes, and lower discrepany rates. Issues that guided score selection are discussed.

Cultural factors in the eating disorders: A study of body shape preferences of Arab students

A replication of an American study of body shape preference [1] was conducted in a group of 218 Arab students attending the American University in Cairo, Egypt. Arab female students felt their ideal shape to be significantly thinner than their current shape, while male students did not. Hence the appraisal of body shape shows gender differences in Egypt consistent with the American study. The Arab women reported a current shape similar to American women but had a smaller discrepancy between ratings of their ideal and current body shape. There was no difference for either Arab women or men between the shape thought most attractive to the opposite sex and that which the other gender actually reported as most attractive. The study shows a clear preference for thinnes in the Arabic culture, inferences are made to its role in predisposing to eating disorders.

Differential patterns of disclosure of child abuse among boys and girls: Implications for practitioners

An assessment of 56 reports generated directly following the presentation of 48 child abuse prevention programs to 1,920 children and faculty members over a 15 month period revealed that in contrast to the commonly accepted reports associated with hotline notification after incidents of sexual abuse, solicited reports following prevention programs reflect a smaller discrepancy between the incidence of reports concerning female and male victims. These data are discussed in terms of gender and cultural expectations with implications for the practitioner.

Implementing an Operating Room Pharmacy Satellite

Implementation of an operating room (OR) pharmacy satellite is described, and its impact on cost-effectiveness and efficiency of drug distribution is analyzed. The OR satellite provided pharmacy coverage for 30-35 patients per day in 10 centralized surgical suites, 2 obstetric suites, and 1 burn-unit suite in a 401-bed teaching hospital. Objectives of the satellite were to consolidate accountability for drug distribution and control, reduce controlled substance loss and waste, reduce inventory costs, and improve recording of patient charges. Stock on the OR supply cart was reduced, controlled substances were dispensed to anesthesiologists from the satellite, and a system of standardized anesthesiology exchange trays was developed. A new billing form served as both the charging document and replacement list. Reduction in the medication cart stock resulted in smaller discrepancies in patient charges. For the five most commonly used controlled substances, accounting discrepancies were reduced. Inventory turnover increased and inventory dollar value and cost per patient were reduced. The percent of nurses who believed that a pharmacist should work in the area increased from 31% before implementation of the satellite to 95% after. The pilot OR pharmacy satellite was a financial success. Efficiency and effectiveness in drug distribution and control were improved, and communication between pharmacists and other medical personnel working in the OR areas was enhanced.

Multiple Shifts in Magnitude of Reward

Three groups of 5 rats were administered either large reward (10 pellets), small reward (2 pellets), or multiple shifts (Iarge-small-large-etc.) in an alleyway. The multiple-shift group received a total of 7 large and 6 small phases of reinforcement. Early in training the shifted group exhibited positive contrast effect to a shift to large reward and negative contrast effect to a shift to small reward. Later in training, the same group showed neither effect perhaps because experience with the shift provided a smaller discrepancy between the upshifts and downshifts in magnitude of reward.

The residential demand for electricity: a variant parameters approach

Residential demand for electricity is specified in this paper as a function of three separate ''marginal'' prices in addition to income, the price of substitutes, and a proxy (lagged consumption) for the stock of electrical appliances. The analysis shows that not only is the demand for electricity price inelastic, it is more inelastic for the lower levels of consumption. The resulting estimates also indicate a smaller discrepancy between the short and long-run price elasticity of electricity than that obtained from other demand studies. The estimated price and income elasticities are robust, consistent, and capable of providing a reliable basis for policy formulation. 27 references.

Attraction and delay of gratification

The present study examined the degree to which differential attraction to the prizes could explain children's decisions in a delay of gratification situation. After rating the attractiveness of prizes, each child responded to four delay choice situations. While significant effects were obtained on only one choice pair, the results generalized to the other choices: nondelayers consistently perceived less discrepancy in attraction between the immediate and delayed rewards than did delayers. In general, the smaller discrepancy among nondelayers was due to a greater attraction to the immediate prize. As predicted, these results held only for “inconsistent” children and not for children who consistently delayed or did not delay across all four choices. The implications of this finding for trait-situation explanations of delay are discussed. While it was predicted that differential attraction would explain previously reported SES differences in delay tendencies, middle and lower SES children responded similarly, both in level of attraction to the prizes and actual delay behavior.

Concurrent Validity of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test and the Wide Range Achievement Test for Middle-Class Elementary School Children

The Peabody, Wide Range, and Stanford achievement tests were given to third grade ( n = 21) and sixth grade ( n = 22) students who were average achievers from nondisadvantaged homes. Rank-order correlations with the Stanford test were substantial for both the Peabody (.76 to .85) and the Wide Range (.67 to .88) at Grade 3 in reading and spelling, but not in mathematics for either the Peabody (.49 to .66) or the Wide Range (.45 to .64). At Grade 6 the correlations with the Stanford were only moderate both for the Peabody (.42 to .66) and for the Wide Range (.47 to .65) in all achievement areas. Examination of individually calculated discrepancy scores between the individual tests and the Stanford showed that, while they did not differ significantly in size of scores at Grade 3, the Wide Range discrepancies approached or exceeded one grade equivalent in most areas (except spelling and mathematical computation) while the Peabody discrepancies were all below one grade level (but in excess of two-thirds a grade equivalent). At Grade 6 the discrepancies on both tests exceeded one grade level in all areas, with neither test consistently producing smaller discrepancies in all achievement areas.

Note on Isospin Conservation in Strange-Particle Production

This paper reports the investigation of the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K+\ensuremath{\pi}+{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}+{p}_{s}$ at a bombarding energy of 7 GeV/c. A recent compilation of data concerning ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K+\ensuremath{\pi}+{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$ showed a discrepancy in the decay ${K}^{*0}(890)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${K}^{0}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$. The discrepancy was that too few of the latter decay modes were observed as compared with isospin predictions. This paper reports further investigation which shows a considerably smaller discrepancy than that previously found. The previously noted discrepancy must have been in part produced by a low scanning efficiency. The characteristics of these reactions are in other respects very similar to those observed at lower energies. The ${K}^{*}'\mathrm{s}$ seem to be produced by natural-parity exchange.

Comparison ofTeandTifrom Ogo 6 and from various incoherent scatter radars

Langmuir probe and retarding potential analyzer (RPA) data on the electron and ion temperatures Te and Ti obtained from Ogo 6 are compared with Te and Ti values obtained from the incoherent scatter network. The satellite to radar temperature ratio TeS/TeR is 1.15 on the average for these comparisons. This discrepancy is larger than the uncertainties usually placed on the probe and radar Te values. It is, however, a smaller discrepancy than that found in many previous comparisons of this type. Our data do not appear to give any insight into the cause of the discrepancy. The ion temperature ratio TiS/TiR is approximately 1.0, independent of the particular radar examined. The internal accuracy of the RPA Ti data set was ±5% or better. Thus this comparison serves as an intercalibration of the incoherent scatter network. Since no significant systematic errors (i.e., errors larger than the statistical errors) exist between the RPA and radar Ti data, it appears very unlikely that any significant systematic errors exist in either data set. It should be noted, however, that the comparison data were limited to mainly nighttime hours and thus to relatively low temperatures and were heavily weighted to altitudes between 400 and 600 km, where suspected sources of systematic error are minimum.

Electron Scattering by Molecules with and without Vibrational Excitation. VI. Elastic Scattering by CO at 6–80 eV

Elastic scattering differential cross sections in relative units for electron scattering from CO have been measured in the scattering angle range 15°–85° and the impact energy range 10–80 eV. The experimental results are compared to the predictions of model polarized Born approximations using five different model interaction potentials. The model potential of Crawford and Dalgarno is in the best agreement with experiment, and agrees with experiment about as well as any local potential possibly can. Such a treatment is able to account for some of the features of the angle dependence of the differential cross sections. The largest discrepancies between theory and experiment are at 10 eV and at large scattering angles, and there are also smaller discrepancies at small scattering angles. Comparisons are also made to previous experimental studies by Ramsauer and Kollath and Arnot.

Interview Behavior, Projective Techniques, and Questionnaires in the Clinical Assessment of Marital Choice

Summary Nineteen upper-middle class, pre-marital, college couples volunteered to participate in a study on interpersonal relationships. Couples received a modified Rorschach, thematic test, Marriage Value Inventory, a sex questionnaire, and an intensive depth interview. A Q sort of 100 personality items was used to assess the Ss. It was hypothesized that couples would show smaller discrepancies than randomized pairs, except for items relating to dominance, dependency, nurturance, exhibitionism, masculinity and femininity, where the reverse was predicted. Results confirmed the homogamy prediction, but only the dependency need was significant of the complementary predictions. Perception scores and expressive behavior are seen as potential adjuncts to questionnaires and inventories in predicting marital choice.

A thematic test and the Rorschach in predicting marital choice.

Summary Nineteen upper-middle class college couples who were engaged or going “steady” received a specially constructed thematic test as well as the Baughman modification of the Rorschach. Sixteen thematic and 47 Rorschach variables were scored. It was predicted that actual couples would show significantly smaller discrepancies from each other than randomly paired men and women. Eight significant values resulted relating to emotional tone and adequacy on the thematic test and color and form on the Rorschach. Based on these findings and on the constricted scores for many variables, the modest statistical significance is believed to be an underestimate of the true significance. Perception scores may be a valuable adjunct to questionnaires and inventories in predicting marital choice.

Theory of the Magnetic Properties of the IlmenitesMTiO3

Crystal-field, superexchange, and molecular-field theories have been used to analyze available experimental data for the ilmenites MnTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, FeTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, CoTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and NiTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The magnetic order and spin directions are shown to be compatible with negative trigonal fields in all compounds. Crystallographic considerations indicate that FeTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has its negative trigonal field enhanced by spin-orbit coupling and by a large magnetic anisotropy orienting spins along the ${c}_{h}$ axis, even in the paramagnetic region. This invalidates the interpretation of the paramagnetic susceptibility of FeTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ by an isotropic model. MnTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ exhibits three anomalies: a reduced atomic moment ($4.55 {\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$) in the magnetically ordered state, a broad maximum in ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{m}$ versus $T$ above ${T}_{N}$, and a discrepancy in the molecular-field exchange parameters obtained from high-temperature susceptibilities and low-temperature resonance with only dipole-dipole magnetic anisotropy. A similar but smaller discrepancy in exchange parameters was also found for NiTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. These difficulties disappear if exciton transfer between superexchange-coupled cations is introduced. This is a correlated superexchange involving the simultaneous transfer of electrons on neighboring cations to one another. For ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ ions coupled antiferromagnetically via 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} cation-anion-cation superexchange, this exciton superexchange induces not only $^{4}T$ excited ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ states, but also $^{2}T$ excited states via a double-exciton transfer. This introduces a large reduction in moment below ${T}_{N}$, an increase in moment with temperature through the range of short-range order above ${T}_{N}$, and an additional anisotropy. The latter has the sign required to reconcile susceptibility and resonance data provided that the $^{2}T$ excited state is more populated than the $^{4}T$ states. The same mechanism for CoTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and NiTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ does not change the atomic moments and gives the correct sign for the additional anisotropy. The data are consistent with a magnetostriction below ${T}_{N}$ in CoTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ that reduces the trigonal component of the crystalline field to nearly zero.

Teacher Characteristics and their Relationship to Change in the Congruency of Children’s Perception of Self and Ideal-Self,

IN THE PAST two decades self-theory has devel oped as a major construct in the behavioral sciences. The growing importance of self-theory is particular ly evident in those theories which postulate that an individual's perception of himself is a major factor influencing his behavior. These theories depict the self-concept as an or ganized configuration of perceptions of the self. Self concepts that are incongruent with perceived reality may exist; however, according to Rogers (7), the ex tent to which the individual dimly perceives these incongruencies is a measure of his internal tension and determines the amount of defensive behavior. Many investigators have studied perceptions of self in relation to perceptions of an ideal-self and computed discrepancy scores. These scores have been shown to be related to anxiety, nervousness, and maladjustment as defined by various investiga tors (4: 30). Perkins (6) found a tendency for children to ex hibit increasingly smaller discrepancy scores with age. It is possible that maturational factors alone might account for this convergence. However, since the self and ideal-self concepts are acquired through environmental influences, it is not unreasonable to postulate that a variation in environment might facil itate or retard the movement toward greater self ideal self congruency. It is believed that teachers exert a strong force on the developing child and influence children's per ceptions of self and ideal-self. Perkins (6) found that children whose teachers had completed a child study course showed significantly greater gains in self-ideal self congruency over a six-month period than did children whose teachers had never partici pated in child study. Thus, in a sense it might be possible to think of some teachers as being more therapeutic than others.