Smaller Carbon Footprint Research Articles

Footprint of Millets on Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus: A short review

Diabetes is a chronic condition marked by high blood glucose (also known as blood sugar) levels. About 90% of cases of diabetes are type 2 diabetes, which is the most prevalent and is brought on by the body's inefficient use of insulin. Along with exercise, smoking, and obesity, the type of food consumed is important in the development of diabetes. In 420 million people, diabetes exists. A 2019 projection states those 2.2 million fatalities from diabetes and high blood sugar and 1.5 million deaths from diabetes itself.The prevalence of diabetes is rising everywhere in the world. The countries with the highest diabetes prevalence rates include India, China, and the USA. The highest growth, 143%, is anticipated for Africa between 2019 and 2045.It has been demonstrated that individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds experience higher rates of diabetes. This applies to both wealthy and countries with few resources.The cost of treating diabetes was expected to be $ 760 billion in 2019. "Diabetes is a major contributor to kidney failure, heart attacks, strokes, blindness, and lower limb amputations." Millets have a lower GI than the main staples. Therefore, a plan to add millets to staples could manage and lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. Diversification of staples could have a significant influence because, in regions like Asia and Africa, they often make up 70% of the plate. Millets are a smart food that is not only "good for you" (having good to high levels of many essential nutrients like iron, zinc, calcium, and protein) but also "good for the planet" and "good for the farmer," that is, environmentally sustainable, climate-smart, and having a lower carbon footprint. In addition to having a small carbon footprint and the capacity to endure high temperatures with little water, millets (particularly sorghum) are recognised to be very nutrient-dense foods. Millets are well known for helping to treat diabetes because of their low Glycaemic Index (GI).

Near-field measurements for wood anisotropy using cavity-backed slot antennas

Wood is becoming a very important structural material for buildings because it is a renewable resource and has a very small carbon footprint. This paper reports an experimental study on the effect of annual rings on wood anisotropy measurements using near-field microwave scanning for Pine, Hemlock, Red Cedar, and Hardwood laminated wood beams. Transmission measurements show significant anisotropy (>10 dB) for Pine wood compared to Hemlock wood and Red Cedar wood for linear polarization. The effect of annual rings in guiding the transmitted signal through wood fibers is observed through transmission measurements. Microwave guidance in transmission disappears with increasing the moisture content (17%–138%) of the Pine wood sample. The study provides a novel, accurate, fast, low-cost structural-wood testing method based on cavity-backed slot antennas for transmission and reflection measurements.

The Role of AI in Driving the Sustainability of the Chemical Industry.

Sustainability is here to stay. As businesses migrate away from fossil fuels and toward renewable sources, chemistry will play a crucial role in bringing the economy to a point of net-zero emissions. In fact, chemistry has always been at the forefront of developing new or enhanced materials to fulfill societal demands, resulting in goods with appropriate physical or chemical qualities. Today, the main focus is on developing goods and materials that have a less negative impact on the environment, which may include (but is not limited to) leaving behind smaller carbon footprints. Integrating data and AI can speed up the discovery of new eco-friendly materials, predict environmental impact factors for early assessment of new technological integration, enhance plant design and management, and optimize processes to reduce costs and improve efficiency, all of which contribute to a more rapid transition to a sustainable system. In this perspective, we hint at how AI technologies have been employed so far first, at estimating sustainability metrics and second, at designing more sustainable chemical processes.

It's Not Just What You Say, It's How You Say It: Mitigating the Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Emissions with Effective Content

Purpose: The goal of this article is to provide a tutorial for measuring the sustainability impacts of our content. Sustainability considerations should be just as important as the accessibility and usability of content. Fortunately, following our known best practices for effective content creation and governance also results in a smaller carbon footprint. This not only benefits the planet but also positions content creators as valuable business assets. Method: An extensive literature review led to the development of processes and guidelines that connect our existing best practices for content with a new paradigm for sustainable content. Results: This tutorial will examine five content scenarios and the relative impacts of each: modifications to individual web pages, content governance (removal of redundant, outdated, and trivial content), email blasts, videos, and podcasts. Metrics will be provided for justifying content decisions to management, and recommendations will be given for both optimizing usability and sustainability. Conclusion: Merging established best practices for content creation and curation with measurable energy-to-emissions data gives us powerful tools for justifying content choices and demonstrating measurable value to both the organization and the planet.

Influence of pozzolans on plant oil‐sulfur polymer cements: More sustainable and chemically‐resistant alternatives to Portland cement

AbstractLow cost and high durability have made Portland cement the most widely‐used building material, but benefits are offset by environmental harm of cement production contributing 8–10% of total anthropogenic CO2 gas emissions. High sulfur‐content materials (HSMs) are an alternative that can perform the binding roles as cements with a smaller carbon footprint, and possibly superior chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Inverse vulcanization of 90 wt% sulfur with 10 wt% canola oil or sunflower oil to yield CanS or SunS, respectively. Notably, these HSMs prepared at temperatures ≤180 °C compared to >1200 °C hours for Portland cement CanS was combined with 5 wt% fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), or metakaolin (MK) to give composites CanS‐FA, CanS‐SF, CanS‐GGBFS, and CanS‐MK, respectively. The analogous protocol with SunS likewise yielded SunS‐FA, SunS‐SF, SunS‐GGBFS, and SunS‐MK. Each of these HSMs exhibit high compressive mechanical strength, low water uptake values, and exceptional resistance to acid‐induced corrosion. All of the composites also exhibit superior compressive strength retention after exposure to acidic solutions, conditions under which Portland cement undergoes dissolution. The polymer cement‐pozzolan composites reported herein may thus serve as greener alternatives to traditional Portland cement in some applications.

Compressed earth blocks (CEB) compression tested under two earth standards

Building with raw earth is a responsibility that translates into safe, low-impact and small carbon footprint constructions. However, beyond its current use, it is imperative to validate the different earth construction systems, starting with their components, under standards that ensure the safety of this type of constructions. In countries where construction with earth is allowed, it is verified by Standards and Technical Documents or Construction Regulations. Therefore, the objective of the research is to contrast a series of compressed earth blocks (CEB) subjected to compression tests with the Brazilian and Colombian standards, and the Mexican standards with clay soils in the region, identifying the deviations between the results and their possible causes. In the results, it was observed that the compression test procedure varies for each Standard, the Brazilian and Colombian Standards being similar, and these in turn adhere more to the construction system, while with the Mexican Standard the results are higher than the previous one since the norm requires to test the complete block.

Auto-accelerated dehydrogenation of alkane assisted by in-situ formed olefins over boron nitride under aerobic conditions

Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of alkane over boron nitride (BN) catalyst exhibits high olefin selectivity as well as a small ecological carbon footprint. Here we report an unusual phenomenon that the in-situ formed olefins under reactions are in turn actively accelerating parent alkane conversion over BN by interacting with hydroperoxyl and alkoxyl radicals and generating reactive species which promote oxidation of alkane and olefin formation, through feeding a mixture of alkane and olefin and DFT calculations. The isotope tracer studies reveal the cleavage of C-C bond in propylene when co-existing with propane, directly evidencing the deep-oxidation of olefins occur in the ODH reaction over BN. Furthermore, enhancing the activation of ethane by the in-situ formed olefins from propane is successfully realized at lower temperature by co-feeding alkane mixture strategy. This work unveils the realistic ODH reaction pathway over BN and provides an insight into efficiently producing olefins.

Mechanisms underlying the Effects of Heat Stress on Intestinal Integrity, Inflammation, and Microbiota in Chickens.

Poultry meat and egg production benefits from a smaller carbon footprint, as well as feed and water consumption, per unit of product, than other protein sources. Therefore, maintaining a sustainable production of poultry meat is important to meet the increasing global demand for this staple. Heat stress experienced during the summer season or in tropical/subtropical areas negatively affects the productivity and health of chickens. Crucially, its impact is predicted to grow with the acceleration of global warming. Heat stress affects the physiology, metabolism, and immune response of chickens, causing electrolyte imbalance, oxidative stress, endocrine disorders, inflammation, and immunosuppression. These changes do not occur independently, pointing to a systemic mechanism. Recently, intestinal homeostasis has been identified as an important contributor to nutrient absorption and the progression of systemic inflammation. Its mechanism of action is thought to involve neuroendocrine signaling, antioxidant response, the presence of oxidants in the diet, and microbiota composition. The present review focuses on the effect of heat stress on intestinal dysfunction in chickens and the underlying causative factors. Understanding these mechanisms will direct the design of strategies to mitigate the negative effect of heat stress, while benefiting both animal health and sustainable poultry production.

Emerging Issue of the Viability of Legal Mechanisms Available to Caribbean Countries to Force Action on Climate Change and Its Existential Consequences

As we navigate through the third decade of the 21st century confronted by a barrage of natural disasters with fingers pointed at climate change, what is clear is that the poor and vulnerable are the greatest victims of the ravages caused by changing weather conditions. According to Dr Fahad Saeed in response to the 2022 monsoon apocalyptic impact on many Pakistanis, “People with the smallest carbon footprints are suffering the most...The victims are living in mud homes with hardly any resources - they have contributed virtually nothing to climate changes.” Yusuf Baluch, a 17-year-old climate activist from Balochistan, says that inequality in the country is making the problem worse. He remembers his own family home being washed away by flooding when he was six years old. "People living in cities and from more privileged backgrounds are least affected by the flooding," he explains” [1]. The Caribbean has not been spared from the savagery inflicted on humanity by forces associated with climate change. This paper examines the prospects of litigating climate justice in the Caribbean.

A Review on the Incorporation of Diatomaceous Earth as a Geopolymer-Based Concrete Building Resource.

The development of geopolymer building composites at a lower cost with a smaller carbon footprint may lessen the growing concerns about global warming brought on by emissions of a critical greenhouse gas (CO2) paired with the high production costs in the cement sector. Diatomaceous earth, commonly used as an admixture or partial replacement of cement owing to its most effective pozzolanic properties, has been investigated as a precursor in geopolymer concrete development. Several studies have been examined to develop a greater understanding of its characterization, inclusion status, and impacts on the performance aspects of concrete. The literature review showed that using diatomaceous earth is one of the effective ways to create sustainable, insulating, lightweight building materials while minimizing the harmful economic and environmental effects of industrial solid wastes. However, since most studies have focused on its integration as a partial cement substitute or a replacement for fine aggregate, further research on diatomaceous earth-based clinker-free concrete is required. A lack of research on geopolymer concrete’s reinforcement with either natural or synthetic fibers, or a combination of the two, was also discovered. This review also showed that there has been remarkably little effort made towards theoretical property correlation modeling for predicting concrete performance. It is anticipated that the detailed overview presented herein will guide potential researchers in defining their future paths in the study area.

Nanofiber-based aerogel integrating photothermal and photocatalytic properties for efficient wastewater treatment

Solar interfacial evaporation (SIE) is a technology for obtaining clean water resources with high energy efficiency, low cost, and small carbon footprint. However, current SIE devices focus on seawater desalination treatment and pay little attention to organic pollutants in sewage, which greatly limits their application fields. Herein, we demonstrate an aerogel integrated by PVA-co-PE/ZrC composite nanofiber and hydrophilic TiO2 nanoparticles (H–TiO2 NPs) for efficient SIE and photocatalytic degradation of organics in wastewater. The aerogel has excellent underwater superelasticity and achieves a water evaporation rate of 2.38 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun (1 kW m−2). In addition, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the sewage treated by the aerogel could reduce from 5400 mg L−1 to 170 mg L−1, which fully satisfies the sewage discharge standard. This work provides a new possibility for water treatment by SIE and shows great potential in industrial and domestic wastewater treatment.

High-temperature and abrasion resistance of self-compacting mortars incorporating binary and ternary blends of silica fume and slag

Researchers from all over the world have recently developed an interest in the utilization of waste materials in the concrete industry. Using silica fume (SF) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (S) to manufacture self-compacting mortars (SCMs) could be a step toward sustainable waste management and produce the unique fresh qualities needed for SCMs. This research evaluates the abrasion and high-temperature resistance of SF and S based SCMs. A total of 14 mixtures were designed by partially replacing SF and S with Portland cement (PC) including control, binary and ternary mixtures. Binary mixtures were obtained by replacing cement by SF and S at replacement rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 % and 10, 20, 30 % by weight respectively. Ternary mixtures were determined at the rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 % SF and 10 and 20 % S respectively. The flexural strength and compressive strength of SF and S based binary and ternary water curing SCMs samples were determined at the age of 7, 28 and 90 days at room conditions. SCMs specimens were exposed to high temperatures after 90-day water curing. Water absorption, apparent porosity, sorptivity and abrasion resistance of 28-day water cured SCMs samples was also determined. The fresh and rheological properties of SCMs was evaluated by conducting mini-slump flow and viscosity tests. Cost analysis of the SCMs were also performed. The experimental results exhibited that the flowability of SCMs mixes containing SF was reduced with the increasing rate of SF compared to control while the workability of S incorporated SCMs mixes increased with the increase of S in comparison to control mixtures. Late- age of compressive strength above 70 MPa was achieved for 20 % SF incorporated binary mixture and 15 %SF and 10 % S incorporated ternary mixture. The ternary mixture with 15 % SF and 10 % S also exhibited the best abrasion resistance and the lowest sorptivity. Overall, it can be concluded from the mechanical characteristics and abrasion resistance that ternary combination of S with SF content of especially above 10 % and can be used to manufacture self-compacting mortar with a smaller carbon footprint.

Use of banana leaf ash as partial replacement of Portland cement in eco-friendly concretes

• The BLA presented pozzolanic activity like other agroindustrial ashes. • Eco-friendly concretes with BLA increased compressive strength by 18 % at 90 days. • Performance and CII analysis indicated that BLA-10 is the best mix proportion. • SEM indicated that BLA-10 exhibits higher densification and lower voids. • TGA indicated that BLA can react with Ca(OH)2 and produce additional C–S–H. Currently, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) exist in the construction industry, including non-traditional materials such as banana leaf ash (BLA). The use of these materials drives the demand for a built environment with a smaller carbon footprint, reduction of pollutant gas emissions and agroindustrial waste generation. Thus, the research aims to investigate the use of BLA as a partial replacement for Portland cement (PC) in eco-friendly concretes. For this purpose, concretes were produced with replacement of PC by BLA at levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% in relation to the weight of the binder, analyzing their physical (consistency, bulk density, dry density and water absorption), mechanical (compressive strength) and microstructural (SEM and TGA) behavior. The findings indicated that the concretes with BLA obtained improvements in the physical and mechanical properties with the increase of the substitution content up to 10%. Microstructural analyses indicated that the BLA can react with Ca(OH) 2 released during cement hydration and produce additional C–S–H, showing the pozzolanic potential of the residue. Therefore, the concrete with BLA-10 had significant improvements in its performance and properties investigated, becoming an environmentally friendly alternative for the production of the composite.

Parametric Finite Element Analyses of Lightweight Cold‐formed Steel‐concrete Composite Floor Beams

AbstractComposite structural systems have many benefits, such as a high degree of prefabrication, reusability and long span capability. The main advantage of such systems is manifested through the optimal utilisation of structural steel and concrete. Additionally, allowing for demountability and reusability, the system can also result in a much smaller carbon footprint at the end of life. These advantages are particularly emphasised with the implementation of cold‐formed steel sections. This paper presents an innovative solution for a composite floor structure system consisting of built‐up cold‐formed profiles and concrete slabs made with profiled sheets. The influence of the corrugated web thickness, type of connection between steel beam elements, the degree of shear connection and steel beam height on the overall behaviour of the composite system is analysed. The performed FE analyses showed that the influence of connections between steel beam elements and the degree of shear connection had the most significant impact on system behaviour. In contrast, the steel beam height, the corrugated web thickness and spot weld density had less influence on the analysed composite system behaviour. The obtained results provide the basis for implementing laboratory research on the proposed system.

Barriers to green inhaler prescribing: ethical issues in environmentally sustainable clinical practice

The National Health Service (NHS) was the first healthcare system globally to declare ambitions to become net carbon zero. To achieve this, a shift away from metered-dose inhalers which contain...

Mitigating environmental burden of the refrigerated transportation sector: Carbon footprint comparisons of commonly used refrigeration systems and alternative cold storage systems

Concerns about potential climate change stemming from refrigerated systems have increased because of the environmental burden of nonrenewable energy use and refrigerants' high global warming impacts. Currently, cold storage systems based on phase-change material (PCM) technology have emerged as an alternative solution to the commonly used vapor-compression refrigeration system (VCRS). This study compares the carbon footprint of a conventional VCRS with an alternative PCM-based cold storage system (PCCSS). As such, we first develop a comprehensive life cycle assessment approach, focused on climate change, to examine the carbon footprint of the two refrigeration systems. To validate this model, we conducted the comparison by addressing key factors—such as various ambient temperatures, refrigeration temperatures, national energy mix and different refrigerants—that influence the two systems' potential climate change impacts. Upon analysis of the key parameters, the results revealed that the PCSSS has a smaller carbon footprint. The PCCSS showed a reduction ranging from 22% to 56% when compared with the conventional VCRS. Our results show that the use-stage is the carbon footprint hot spot in both investigated cases, accounting for 84%–91% of the VCRS's total carbon footprint and around 68% for the PCCSS's. The PCCSS's potential carbon footprint reduction mainly depends on electric grids, which could achieve up to 56% reduction with a lower emission factor than the VCRS, which uses fossil fuels. Moreover, compared to the VCRS, the PCCSS presented a greater potential to reduce the carbon footprint in warmer climates. Additionally, reducing refrigerated temperatures from 0 °C to −18 °C increases the life-cycle carbon footprint of the VCRS by an average of 47% and that of the PCCSS by an average of 58%. Compared with R404A, the carbon footprint for the VCRS was reduced by 1.5–1.8% when using refrigerant R410A (over a 10-year lifespan), while the use of R744 in the same time frame, resulted in a reduction of 3.2%–3.9%. It can be concluded that the PCCSS has an advantage in reducing its carbon footprint during the use stage, but its carbon footprint increases with higher resource input for the production and recycling stage than conventional VCRS. In the future, engine efficiency, clean electricity grids, and refrigerants' global warming potential must be further prioritized for low-carbon refrigeration systems.

Comparative environmental footprints of lettuce supplied by hydroponic controlled-environment agriculture and field-based supply chains

Attributional life cycle assessment was applied to determine environmental footprints of lettuce produced across ten supply chain configurations, based on either hydroponic closed-environment agriculture (CEA) with six different electricity sources, or field supply chains involving regional, continental or inter-continental transport. Hydroponic CEA systems use circa 15 kWh of electricity for lighting, cooling, ventilation and pumping per kg of lettuce supplied. Based on typical current national grid electricity generation mixes with significant fossil fuel dependence, this results in large environmental footprints, e.g. up to 17.8 kg CO2 eq. and 33 g N eq. per kg lettuce – compared with 10 kg CO2 eq. and 16 g N eq. per kg lettuce air-freighted across continents. However, hydroponic CEA can produce orders of magnitude more produce per m2.yr and can be integrated into existing buildings (e.g. on roof tops, in basements and disused warehouses, etc). Factoring in the carbon opportunity costs of land use, and meeting electricity requirements exclusively through renewable generation, could result in closed hydroponic CEA delivering produce with a smaller carbon footprint than most field-based supply chains, at 0.48 kg CO2 eq. per kg lettuce. However, this would only be the case where renewable electricity originates from genuinely additional capacity, and where a land use policy or other mechanisms ensure that modest areas of land spared from horticultural production are used for “nature based solutions” such as afforestation. Hydroponic CEA uses orders of magnitude less direct water than field-based systems, and could help to mitigate water stress and associated soil degradation in arid and semi-arid regions used for horticulture – so long as upstream water stress associated with electricity generation is mitigated. CEA could be one of the least sustainable forms of food production if poorly implemented, and has numerous environmental hotspots. But with careful design and scaling, in appropriate contexts of high demand and low agro-climatic potential for production of horticultural produce, CEA deployment could play a role in sustainable food system transformation, potentially helping to reconnect consumers with (urban) producers. There may be opportunities to link building air handling systems with rooftop or basement CEA requiring inputs of cooling, CO2 and water.

Alteration of Oxygen Evolution Mechanisms in Layered LiCoO2 Structures By Intercalation of Alkali Metal Ions

The word ‘Sustainability’, including carbon neutrality, has dominated the direction of social development over the past decade. In particular, energy conversion reactions through electrochemical methods are one of the efficient methods of obtaining small carbon footprint fuels. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key step in determining the overall reaction efficiency of fuel-related electrochemical reactions such as CO2 reduction reaction and H2 evolution reaction. However, electron transfer is sluggish for OER due to 4 electrons per one O2 molecule. This promotes multiple studies on the metal oxide electrocatalyst structure. The Alkali-transition metal oxides with the layered structure are one of the attractive OER electrocatalyst series. For example, lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2, LCO) presented OER activity through Li+ extraction (delithiation) from the lattice structure. In this work, we investigated the insertion effect of large alkaline cations (A+: Na+, K+, and Cs+) at the delithiated LCO for OER activity and stability. The intercalations of hydrated Na+ and K+ induced significant phase transformation of the delithiated LCO structure. In addition, the relative ratio between Co and alkali metal species determined the average Co oxidation state of LCO. We found that OER activity was improved in the order of Li+ < Na+ < K+, which was associated with the increased Co valence state and the Co-O bond covalency. Consistently, density functional theory (DFT) simulation also predicted the formation of efficient OER active sites by the K+ insertion. In comparison, Cs+ insertion exhibited the highest OER activity and demonstrated different OER processes. Due to the larger Cs+ size, the cation insertion was predominantly achieved at the delithiated LCO surface, resulting in imposing tensile strain to the surface edge. This catalyst showed the significant pH dependency on the OER property, suggesting the lattice-oxygen-based pathway for LCO. However, the bulk structure was preserved with little phase transformation, demonstrating better OER stability than others. In the presentation, I will discuss the catalytic activity responsible for the cation sizes and two different mechanisms in detail. Figure 1

Natural Energy Stored in Groundwater Deposits as a New Way of Obtaining Green Energy for Urban Planners, Architects and Environmentalists

It is now highly likely that with the rise in fuel, gas and electricity prices, groundwater deposits will become the third primary source of renewable energy, alongside photovoltaic cells and wind turbines. These deposits are characterized by unlimited clean and environmentally friendly energy with constant parameters independent of the fluctuations of wind and solar energy. This paper presents innovative low-carbon solutions for converting groundwater energy into heating and cooling energy in FCH HVAC. A good example of a significant reduction in CO2 emissions achieved by this technology is a study describing the system implemented in the Integrative Sports and Recreation Center in Łomianki. New installations for the FCH technology in the abovementioned center will reduce the consumption of heating and cooling energy as well as CO2 emissions by at least 50%. The aim of this article was to present the energy from underground waters and how to use it in HVAC installations. The authors show a new direction for the use of forgotten energy that is not only available in unlimited quantities at all latitudes but also has a very small carbon footprint and can significantly reduce CO2 emissions.

Carbon footprint of inhalational and total intravenous anaesthesia for paediatric anaesthesia: a modelling study

BackgroundTackling the climate emergency is now a key target for the healthcare sector. Avoiding inhalational anaesthesia is often cited as an important element of reducing anaesthesia-related emissions. However, evidence supporting this is based on adult practice. The aim of this study was to identify the difference in carbon footprint of inhalational and i.v. anaesthesia when used in children. MethodsWe used mathematical simulation models to compare general anaesthetic techniques in children weighing 5–50 kg for TIVA, i.v. induction then inhalational maintenance, inhalational induction then i.v. maintenance, and inhalational induction and maintenance. We simulated inhalational induction with sevoflurane alone, and co-induction with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide, and both remifentanil–propofol and propofol-only i.v. anaesthesia. For each technique, we drew on previously published life-cycle data to calculate carbon dioxide equivalents for anaesthetic durations up to 480 min. ResultsTIVA with propofol and remifentanil had a smaller carbon footprint over a typical anaesthetic duration of 60 min (1.26 kg carbon dioxide equivalents [CO2e] for a 20 kg child) than i.v. induction followed by inhalational maintenance (2.58 kg CO2e) or inhalational induction and maintenance (2.98 kg CO2e). Inhalational induction followed by i.v. maintenance only had a lower carbon footprint than inhalational induction and maintenance when used in longer procedures (>77 min for children 5–20 kg; >105 min for children 30–50 kg). ConclusionsIn a simulation study, i.v. anaesthesia had climate benefits in paediatric anaesthesia. However, when used after inhalational induction, benefits were only achieved in longer procedures. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for reducing the environmental impact of paediatric anaesthesia, but these will require confirmation using real-world data.