Small Water Reservoirs Research Articles

Identifikasi Kerusakan dan Rekomendasi Perbaikan Embung Kecil di Kota Kupang, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

IDENTIFICATION OF DAMAGE AND RECOMMENDATION OF SMALL FARM WATER RESERVOIR IMPROVEMENT IN KUPANG CITY, NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR PROVINCE. The condition of small farm water reservoir that exist today in Kupang has faced a lof of the decrease of service levels due to the effective age factor, sedimentation factor, effectiveness and the damage construction factor. This can eventually interfere the demand for water needs of people in Kupang. Therefore, the existence of facilities and infrastructure of water resources, especially permanent small farm water reservoir in particular, is absolutely necessary and to be maintained. Generally, the problem of small farm water reservoir is a functional degradation characterized by the reduction of capacity of accommodated water, sedimentation, blogging, a wild plantin the body of the weir or embankment, erosion, and some other problems. In order to overcome the problem of fulfillmentof water needs that continue to increase in various purposes, it is necessary to return the function of supply of water resources especially farm water reservoir and optimize the development of water resources potentials in accordance with the priority and ability of existing funds. The purpose of this community service are to identify the existing condition building and to compiled a review of damage identification results and recommend the repairmen of small farm water reservoir.

Evaluating Evaporation Methods for Estimating Small Reservoir Water Surface Evaporation in the Brazilian Savannah

Small reservoirs play a key role in the Brazilian savannah (Cerrado), making irrigation feasible and contributing to the economic development and social well-being of the population. A lack of information on factors, such as evaporative water loss, has an impact on the design and management of these reservoirs, as well as on regional water safety. Acquiring this information is crucial for hydrologists to develop more effective water resource management strategies and policies. This study assesses the performance of a diverse number of methods that are used to estimate evaporation and provides evaporation probability curves on a fortnightly period for small reservoirs in the Brazilian savannah region. Evaporation data were collected for a small water reservoir located in the Buriti Vermelho watershed, a typical dam of the Brazilian savannah region. Among the assessed methods, those of Kohler et al. (1955) and Linacre (1993) presented the best performances on both the daily and monthly scales for evaporation estimates. By simulating the evaporation rates for a timeseries, an increasing trend in evaporation was observed for the transition between the dry and wet seasons, jeopardizing double cropping in the region. The developed probability curves are an important tool for improving water resource planning and increasing the local water availability.

Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Images and Support Vector Machine to Assess the Changes in Agricultural Irrigated Areas in the Mogtedo Region, Burkina Faso

Over the last few decades, small-scale irrigation has been implemented in Burkina Faso as a strategy to mitigate the impacts of adverse climate conditions. However, the development of irrigated perimeters around small and medium water reservoirs has put the water resources under significant pressure, given the uncontrolled exploitation and lack of efficacious management plan. Insights into changes in irrigated areas around these reservoirs are therefore crucial for their sustainable management while meeting the different agricultural water needs. They will help to center policy priorities in terms of major impacts on the reservoirs; and thereby elaborate relevant mitigation and/or adaptation strategies. The main objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the changes in irrigated land areas surrounding the Mogtedo water reservoir between 1987 and 2015; and (2) determine whether the irrigable potential of this reservoir could sustainably meet the agricultural water needs under a more variable and changing climate. A low-cost remote sensing method based on Landsat imagery (Thematic Mapper, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus, and Operational Land Imager) and using Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification was developed to detect the changes in proportion of land use/land cover (LULC) in the Mogtedo region. A forward and backward change detection analysis requiring agronomic expertise was also applied to correct the pixels temporal trajectories. In addition, an intensity analysis was performed to assess land changes at time intervals, category, and transition levels. Five main LULC classes were identified: bare and hydromorphic soils, irrigated and rainfed agricultural areas, and water bodies. Overall, the classification of LULC was satisfactory with the overall accuracy and kappa coefficients ranging from 94.22 to 95.60% and 0.92 to 0.94, respectively. Results showed that LULC transformations were faster between 2000 and 2015, compared to the 1987–2000 period. The majority of categories (LULC classes) were active in terms of intensity of change (gain or loss) during the 1987–2000 and 2000–2015 periods, except hydromorphic soils. During these periods, the transition from rainfed agricultural areas to irrigated agricultural areas were targeted and stationary. Our findings revealed a 54% increase in irrigated areas between 1987 and 2015. The reservoir water volume decreased markedly from 9,077,000 m3 to 7,100,000 m3 during the same period. Such a decrease threatens the satisfaction of agricultural water requirements, since the reservoir is the unique source of irrigation water in the region. It could potentially lead to conflicts between users if adequate strategies for the sustainable management of the Mogtedo reservoir are not implemented. The methodology used in this study also addressed the challenge of building up historical spatial information database in data-scarce environments, and could be replicated readily in regions or countries like Burkina Faso.

The habitability of stagnant-lid Earths around dwarf stars

Context. The habitability of a planet depends on various factors, such as the delivery of water during its formation, the co-evolution of the interior and the atmosphere, and the stellar irradiation which changes in time. Aims. Since an unknown number of rocky extrasolar planets may operate in a one-plate convective regime, i.e. without plate tectonics, our aim is to understand the conditions under which planets in such a stagnant-lid regime may support habitable surface conditions. Understanding the interaction of the planetary interior and outgassing of volatiles in combination with the evolution of the host star is crucial to determining the potential habitability. M-dwarf stars in particular possess a high-luminosity pre-main sequence phase that endangers the habitability of planets around them via water loss. We therefore explore the potential of secondary outgassing from the planetary interior to rebuild a water reservoir allowing for habitability at a later stage. Methods. We compute the boundaries of the habitable zone around M-, K-, G-, and F-dwarf stars using a 1D cloud-free radiative-convective climate model accounting for the outgassing history of CO2 and H2O from an interior evolution and outgassing model for different interior compositions and stellar luminosity evolutions. Results. The outer edge of the habitable zone strongly depends on the amount of CO2 outgassed from the interior, while the inner edge is mainly determined via the stellar irradiation, as soon as a sufficiently large water reservoir has been outgassed. A build-up of a secondary surface and atmospheric water reservoir for planets around M-dwarf stars is possible even after severe water loss during the high-luminosity pre-main sequence phase as long as some water has been retained within the mantle. For small mantle water reservoirs, between 62 and 125 ppm, a time delay in outgassing from the interior permits such a secondary water reservoir build-up especially for early and mid-M dwarfs because their pre-main sequence lifetimes are shorter than the outgassing timescale. Conclusions. We show that Earth-like stagnant-lid planets allow for habitable surface conditions within a continuous habitable zone that is dependent on interior composition. Secondary outgassing from the interior may allow for habitability of planets around M-dwarf stars after severe water loss during the high-luminosity pre-main sequence phase by rebuilding a surface water reservoir.

ГЕОХИМИЯ УРАНА И ТОРИЯ В ДОННЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЯХ МАЛЫХ ИСКУССТВЕННЫХ ВОДОЕМОВ И ОЗЕР НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЮГА ТОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Актуальность. Радиоактивные элементы являются эффективными маркерами состояния донных отложений малых водоемов и озер. Актуальность проблемы определяется слабой изученностью радиоактивных элементов в донных осадках озер и искусственных водоемов на территории юга Томской области. Цель: изучение радиогеохимических особенностей донных осадков озер и искусственных водоемов на территории юга Томской области. Объектом исследования являются донные отложения малых водоемов и озер юга Томской области. Методы: детальное опробование донных отложений малых водоемов, многоэлементный инструментальный нейтронно-активационный анализ, обработка и интерпретация полученных данных методами прикладной статистики. Результаты. Проведены радиогеохимические исследования донных осадков озер и искусственных водоемов на территории юга Томской области. Сделаны оценки среднего содержания урана и тория в донных осадках озер и искусственных водоемов на территории юга Томской области. В процессе исследований установлено, что содержание как урана, так и тория зависит от минерального типа донных осадков. Наименьшие концентрации урана были установлены в торфянистом типе, а наиболее высокие концентрации – в терригенном типе донных осадков. Установлено две зоны с повышенным содержанием урана. Первая зона пространственно приурочена к Кожевниковскому и Шегарскому районам Томской области. В этом районе выделяется Осиновско-Бабарыкинская радиогеохимическии аномальная зона повышенного накопления урана, которая очень четко прослеживается в субмеридиональном направлении. В пределах Кожевниковского района она может быть связана с разгрузкой подземных вод в зоне Колыванского разлома. В Шегарском районе повышенные содержания урана пространственно приурочены к гранитоидам позднепалеозойского фундамента. Вторая зона накопления урана простирается вдоль южного обрамления Западно-Сибирской плиты в пределах Кузнецко-Алатаусского блока.

A Joint Sedimentation-Flood Retention Assessment of a Small Water Reservoir in Slovakia: A New Hope for Old Reservoirs?

The intensification of agricultural production brings problems related to water erosion, even to the upper parts of river basins. Soil particles that have eroded from unprotected agricultural land are often deposited in small water reservoirs, the efficiency or function of which might be compromised. This study presents an analysis of changes in the retention capacity of a small water reservoir over a period of 8 years. Within the study, a detailed bathymetry of the reservoir was conducted using an acoustic Doppler current profiler. The results, when compared to a 2008 geodetic survey, showed that the retention volume of the reservoir was reduced by only 2%, which was also confirmed by mathematical modeling. The possibility of strengthening the reservoir’s role in flood protection was also investigated. A flood wave with a return period of 100 years was estimated using a design storm approach. A simple numerical model was proposed to transform the flood wave through the reservoir by considering four different scenarios of the elevation of the initial water level. The model, which is based on a water balance equation, uses simple hydraulic relationships to control the discharge through the reservoir’s outflow objects. The results demonstrate that by reducing the initial water level, significant improvements in terms of the flood peak’s attenuation and a longer time to peak values could be achieved.

Whole-Ecosystem Experiments Reveal Varying Responses of Phytoplankton Functional Groups to Epilimnetic Mixing in a Eutrophic Reservoir

Water column mixing can influence community composition of pelagic phytoplankton in lakes and reservoirs. Previous studies suggest that low mixing favors cyanobacteria, while increased mixing favors green algae and diatoms. However, this shift in community dominance is not consistently achieved when epilimnetic mixers are activated at the whole-ecosystem scale, possibly because phytoplankton community responses are mediated by mixing effects on other ecosystem processes. We conducted two epilimnetic mixing experiments in a small drinking water reservoir using a bubble-plume diffuser system. We measured physical, chemical, and biological variables before, during, and after mixing and compared the results to an unmixed reference reservoir. We observed significant increases in the biomass of cyanobacteria (from 0.8 ± 0.2 to 2.4 ± 1.1 μg L−1, p = 0.008), cryptophytes (from 0.7 ± 0.1 to 1.9 ± 0.6 μg L−1, p = 0.003), and green algae (from 3.8 to 4.4 μg L−1, p = 0.15) after our first mixing event, likely due to increased total phosphorus from entrainment of upstream sediments. After the second mixing event, phytoplankton biomass did not change but phytoplankton community composition shifted from taxa with filamentous morphology to smaller, rounder taxa. Our results suggest that whole-ecosystem dynamics and phytoplankton morphological traits should be considered when predicting phytoplankton community responses to epilimnetic mixing.

Assessment of the geometry and volumes of small surface water reservoirs by remote sensing in a semi-arid region with high reservoir density

ABSTRACTWater fluxes in highly impounded regions are heavily dependent on reservoir properties. However, for large and remote areas, this information is often unavailable. In this study, the geometry and volume of small surface reservoirs in the semi-arid region of Brazil were estimated using terrain and shape attributes extracted by remote sensing. Regression models and data classification were used to predict the volumes, at different water stages, of 312 reservoirs for which topographic information is available. The power function used to describe the reservoir shapes tends to overestimate the volumes; therefore, a modified shape equation was proposed. Among the methods tested, four were recommended based on performance and simplicity, for which the mean absolute percentage errors varied from 24 to 39%, in contrast to the 94% error achieved with the traditional method. Despite the challenge of precisely deriving the flooded areas of reservoirs, water management in highly reservoir-dense environments should benefit from volume prediction based on remote sensing.

Comparison of two concepts for assessment of sediment transport in small agricultural catchments

Abstract The erosion, transport and deposition of sediments in small valley reservoirs represent a significant impact on their operations, mainly with regard to reducing the volume of their accumulation. The aim of this study is a comparison and uncertainty analysis of two modelling concepts for assessment of soil loss and sediment transport in a small agricultural catchment, with an emphasis on estimating the off-site effects of soil erosion resulted in sedimentation of a small water reservoir. The small water reservoir (polder) of Svacenicky Creek which was built in 2012, is a part of the flood protection measures in Turá Lúka and is located in the western part of Slovakia, close to the town of Myjava. The town of Myjava in recent years has been threatened by frequent floods, which have caused heavy material losses and significantly limited the quality of life of the local residents. To estimate the amount of soil loss and sediments transported from the basin, we applied two modelling concepts based on the USLE/SDR and WaTEM/SEDEM erosion models and validated the results with the actual bathymetry of the polder. The measurements were provided by a modern Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) hydrographic instrument. From the sediment data measured and the original geodetic survey of the terrain conducted at the time of the construction of the polder, we calculated changes in the storage volume of the polder during its four years of operation. The results show that in the given area, there has been a gradual clogging of the bottom of the polder caused by water erosion. We estimate that within the four years of the acceptance run, 10,494 m3 of bottom sediments on the Svacenicky Creek polder have accumulated. It therefore follows that repeated surveying of the sedimentation is very important for the management of the water reservoir.

Sulfidic Anion Concentrations on Early Earth for Surficial Origins-of-Life Chemistry

A key challenge in origin-of-life studies is understanding the environmental conditions on early Earth under which abiogenesis occurred. While some constraints do exist (e.g., zircon evidence for surface liquid water), relatively few constraints exist on the abundances of trace chemical species, which are relevant to assessing the plausibility and guiding the development of postulated prebiotic chemical pathways which depend on these species. In this work, we combine literature photochemistry models with simple equilibrium chemistry calculations to place constraints on the plausible range of concentrations of sulfidic anions (HS−, HSO3−, SO32−) available in surficial aquatic reservoirs on early Earth due to outgassing of SO2 and H2S and their dissolution into small shallow surface water reservoirs like lakes. We find that this mechanism could have supplied prebiotically relevant levels of SO2-derived anions, but not H2S-derived anions. Radiative transfer modeling suggests UV light would have remained abundant on the planet surface for all but the largest volcanic explosions. We apply our results to the case study of the proposed prebiotic reaction network of Patel et al. (2015) and discuss the implications for improving its prebiotic plausibility. In general, epochs of moderately high volcanism could have been especially conducive to cyanosulfidic prebiotic chemistry. Our work can be similarly applied to assess and improve the prebiotic plausibility of other postulated surficial prebiotic chemistries that are sensitive to sulfidic anions, and our methods adapted to study other atmospherically derived trace species.

METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATION OF RIGIDITY IN EARTH DAM SLOPE PROTECTION UNDER CONDITIONS OF WAVE IMPACT

. Various types of protection are used in order to ensure rigidity in earth dam slopes and dumped rip-rap and precast and cast-in-situ reinforced plates are the most commonly used for this purpose. Durability and reliability of the protections mainly depend on the fact whether protection parameters have been correctly calculated and correspondingly observed during the process of protection creation, the main protection parameters are material diameter of dumped rip-rap and thickness of reinforced plates. Values of protection parameters calculated in accordance to the existing formulae significantly differ among themselves. Some of these formulae are acceptable for small water reservoirs in Belarus and provide actual results only for large water reservoirs where a wave height reaches two metres and even more. A new calculation methodology which is suitable for Belarusian water reservoirs of various size is proposed with the purpose to determine diameter of dumped rip-rap material and thickness of plates for earth dam slope protection in the zone of active wave impact. The methodology has been developed on the basis of the theory pertaining to limit equilibrium of slope shearing and holding forces. While calculating diameter of dumped rip-rap material the following shearing forces have been taken into account: uplift wave pres- sure depending on wave height; drag force which is formed on the slope due to back sweep of wave; shearing component of protection material gravity force which is dependent on preselected slope ratio. Holding forces are determined with due ac- count of main physical and mechanical properties of dumped rip-rap material: density of particles in water suspension, porosi- ty, internal friction and holding component of protection material gravity force. While developing methodology for calcula- tion of reinforced concrete plate thickness a drag force has not been taken into account because the flow which is formed on the plate surface does not exert an influence on their equilibrium. Bottom slope zone where hydrodynamic pressure is created by bottom velocity has usually a reduced-weight protection in the form of broken stone, gravel and finely broken stone rip-rap. Dependences for determination of dumped rip-rap fineness have been obtained as a result of slope rigidity criterion conversion. The proposed formulae for calculation of earth dam slope protection parameters can be recommended for applica- tion in design organizations.

How many small water reservoirs are there? A global survey using multi-spectral Imagery

How many small water reservoirs are there? A global survey using multi-spectral Imagery

Monitoring thirty years of small water reservoirs proliferation in the southern Brazilian Amazon with Landsat time series

The recent decoupling of agricultural production and deforestation in the southern Amazon has been made possible thanks to (1) the adoption of intensive agricultural practices, including irrigation, and (2) the diversification of economic activities, including fish farming. Whereas this new agricultural model has brought out positive results to contain deforestation, it also implied new pressures on the environment, and especially on water resources. Many small artificial water reservoirs have been built with different uses, e.g. crop irrigation, energy generation, fish farming or livestock watering. In this paper, we introduce a method to automatically map small water bodies based on time series of Landsat images. The method was tested in the municipality of Sorriso (state of Mato Grosso, Brazil). The statistical results (Overall Accuracy = 0.872; Kappa index = 0.745) validated the efficiency of the methodology although the spatial resolution of Landsat images limited the detection of very small and linear reservoirs. In Sorriso, we estimated that the cumulated area and the number of small water reservoirs increased more than tenfold (from 153 to 1707 ha) and fivefold (86 to 522), respectively, between 1985 and 2015. We discuss the numerous socio-environmental implications raised by the cumulated impacts of these proliferating small reservoirs. We conclude that integrated whole-landscape approaches are necessary to assess how anthropized hydrosystems can counteract or exacerbate the socio-environmental impacts of deforestation and intensive agriculture.

The influence of urban agglomeration on a small natural water reservoir

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the influence of urban agglomeration on a small, natural water reservoir which, as a result of the expansion of the city of Poznań, has become an urban lake. In the vegetation period 2015, the chemistry of its water was studied, and in September additional samples of bottom sediments, plants and fish were collected for analysis in order to determine the content of heavy metals. In terms of productivity, no significant influence of the catchment was recorded. In the 1980s the lake was defined as eutrophic, and in 1996 as α-mesotrophic and such a state continues until today. This is the result of protective activity undertaken by its new owner. The adverse influence of the urbanization of the surrounding areas was reflected by the increased content of lead in particular elements of this ecosystem, that is, in bottom sediments, plants and fish muscles.

Possibilities of Small Water Reservoir Impact Improvement on Surface Water Quality in Agricultural Landscape

In the Czech Republic, a significant amount of agricultural landscape nutrients is swept away by surface washes and leakages to subsoil. Subsequently there is a negative influence on surface water quality, where of course also point sources of pollution participate in. Flowing surface water often becomes stagnant while the certain self‑purifying processes proceed both in the flowing and stagnant waters. It can be simultaneously stated that the self‑purifying process is practically uncontrollable, primarily due to the impact of many entering factors. One of the environmental and technical elements providing quality improvement of water running off a water reservoir is deployment of constructed floating wetlands (CFW). The theoretical background, as well as the laboratory measurements carried out on the test land of the Brno University of Technology in experimental tanks, evidence the significant treatment efficiency of the CFW. Within the research activities, we focused on the general pollution parameters set for surface waters. The first results show that the total phosphorus concentration removal efficiency is 38.8 % after 22 days with employment of the CFW which is a considerably higher value compared to the lysimeter with no CFW where the removal efficiency was only 4.37 %. The results can be large‑scale applied to most of the small water reservoirs situated in the agricultural landscape.

Model Studies on the Effectiveness of MBBR Reactors for the Restoration of Small Water Reservoirs

The authors present the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) model with a quasi-continuous flow for small water reservoir restoration, characterized by high concentrations of organic pollutants. To determine the efficiency of wastewater treatment the laboratory analysis of physic-chemical parameters were conducted for the model on a semi-technical scale of 1:3. Wastewater treatment process was carried out in 24 h for 1 m3 for raw sewage. The startup period was 2 weeks for all biofilters (biological beds). Approximately 50% reduction in COD and BOD5 was obtained on average for the studied bioreactors. Significant improvements were achieved in theclarity of the treated wastewater, with the reduction of suspension by 60%. The oxygen profile has improved significantly in 7 to 9 hours of the process, and a diametric reduction in the oxidative reduction potential was recorded. A preliminary model of biological treatment effectiveness was determined based on the conducted studies. In final stages, the operation mode was set in real conditions of polluted water reservoirs.

Impact of Catchment Area Activities on Water Quality in Small Retention Reservoirs

The aim of the study was to evaluate catchment area impact on small water reservoirs condition in Podlasie. The researches were conducted in two different catchment areas. Topiło reservoir, located in Podlasie area in the south-east of Białowieża Forest, has typical sylvan catchment. Second reservoir, Dojlidy, is located also in Podlasie, in the south-east of Białystok as a part of Dojlidy Ponds. In contrast to Topiło, Dojlidy has agricultural catchment. Water samples collected from five sites along each reservoir were analysed for the presence of total nitrogen and phosphorus, chlorophyll “a”, reaction, turbidity and conductivity. Researches took place in spring, summer and autumn 2013 (Topiło Lake) and 2014/2015 (Dojlidy). The lowest trophic state was observed in autumn and the highest in summer. Because of the high loads of phosphorus received by the reservoirs, this element did not limit primary production. Calculated TSI values based on total phosphorus were always markedly higher than calculated on chlorophyll-a and total nitrogen. Both reservoirs demonstrated TSI indexes specific to hypertrophic lakes due to large amount of total phosphorus.

Prediction of Reservoir Sediment Quality Based on Erosion Processes in Watershed Using Mathematical Modelling

Soil erosion, as a significant contributor to nonpoint-source pollution, is ranked top of sediment sources, pollutants attached to sediment, and pollutants in the solution in surface water. This paper is focused on the design of mathematical model intended to predict the total content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in bottom sediments in small water reservoirs depending on water erosion processes, together with its application and validation in small agricultural watershed of the Tisovec River, Slovakia. The designed model takes into account the calculation of total N, P, and K content adsorbed on detached and transported soil particles, which consists of supplementing the soil loss calculation with a determination of the average nutrient content in topsoils. The dissolved forms of these elements are neglected in this model. Validation of the model was carried out by statistical assessment of calculated concentrations and measured concentrations in Kľušov, a small water reservoir (Slovakia), using the t-test and F-test, at a 0.05 significance level. Calculated concentrations of total N, P, and K in reservoir sediments were in the range from 0.188 to 0.236 for total N, from 0.065 to 0.078 for total P, and from 1.94 to 2.47 for total K. Measured nutrient concentrations in composite sediment samples ranged from 0.16 to 0.26% for total N, from 0.049 to 0.113% for total P, and from 1.71 to 2.42% for total K. The statistical assessment indicates the applicability of the model in predicting the reservoir’s sediment quality detached through erosion processes in the catchment.

Птицы водно-болотного комплекса прудов и малых водохранилищ Киевской области

Птицы водно-болотного комплекса прудов и малых водохранилищ Киевской области

Analysis of change of retention capacity of a small water reservoir

This study is focused on the analysis of the changes of retention capacity of a small water reservoir induced by intensive erosion and sedimentation processes. The water reservoir is situated near the village of Vrbovce in the Western part of Slovakia, and the analysis is carried out for a period 2008-2017. The data used to build a digital elevation model (DEM) of the reservoir’s bed came from a terrain measurement, utilizing an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) to measure the water depth in the reservoir. The DEM was used to quantify the soil loss from agricultural land situated within the basin of the reservoir. The ability of the water reservoir to transform a design flood with a return period of 100 years is evaluated for both design (2008) and current conditions (2017). The results show that the small water reservoir is a subject to siltation, with sediments comprised of fine soil particles transported from nearby agricultural land. The ability of the water reservoir to transform a 100-year flood has not changed significantly. The reduction of the reservoir’s retention capacity should be systematically and regularly monitored in order to adjust its operational manual and improve its efficiency.