Small Tubercles Research Articles

Sharpilosentis peruviensis n. g., n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Diplosentidae) from freshwater catfishes (Siluriformes) in the Amazonia.

Sharpilosentis peruviensis n. g., n. sp. is described from the catfishes Duopalatinus cf. peruanus Eigenmann & Allen (type-host) and Oxydoras niger (Valenciennes) in the River Amazon basin, Peru. The new species belongs to the subfamily Diplosentinae Tubangui & Masilungan, 1937 of the family Diplosentidae Tubangui & Masilungan, 1937 because of its possession of an unarmed trunk, a cylindrical proboscis, proboscis hooks arranged in longitudinal rows and two tubular cement glands of the same length in males. Sharpilosentis n. g. differs from the other genera of the Diplosentidae in the morphology of the reproductive system: males have a large muscular penis covered with small tubercles and the vulva of females is devoid of muscular sphincters and the cephalic ganglion is located between the second and third part of the proboscis receptacle. In addition, proboscis hooks are of three types: large hooks with simple roots in the anterior part of the proboscis, transitional 6th hook in one from two adjacent rows with bifurcated root in the distal part and small hooks without roots in the posterior part of the proboscis. A partial sequence for the mitochondrial cox1 gene is provided for this new taxon. The taxonomic composition of the family Diplosentidae is discussed.

A new gall crab species (Brachyura, Cryptochiridae) associated with the free-living coral Trachyphyllia geoffroyi (Scleractinia, Merulinidae)

A new species of gall crab is described from the free-living stony coral Trachyphyllia geoffroyi. Specimens were collected during field work in Lembeh Strait (Indonesia) and off Kudat (Malaysian Borneo). This new species, here named Lithoscaptus semperi sp. n., is the ninth species assigned to the genus. It can be separated from its congeners by not having the internal orbital angle extending beyond the external orbital angle, and by the stout female P2 merus with prominent distomesial projection. In addition, the carapace surface appears smooth, despite having small tubercles on the anterior half, and is without noticeable spines, other than those on the frontal margin. The distinctive carapace pattern in life is a diagnostic character in male specimens.

Pseudophilautus dilmah, a new species of shrub frog (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from a threatened habitat Loolkandura in Sri Lanka

A new species of shrub frog Pseudophilautus dilmah is described from the Central Hills of Sri Lanka. This unique species is distinguished from all the other congeners from a combination of characters; snout rounded in lateral aspect, bluntly pointed in dorsal and ventral aspect, canthus rostralis rounded, vomerine teeth, lingual papilla and nuptial pads absent, dermal fringe distinct on inside of fingers III and IV, small blunt tubercles on metacarpal and ulnar folds, toes basally webbed, interorbital area smooth, upper eyelid prominent tubercles present, anterior and posterior dorsum without horny spinules but tubercles present, upper part of flank weakly granular, supratympanic fold distinct, prominent small calcar present at the distal end of the tibia, throat granular, chest and belly coarsely granular. Based on comparison of 16s rRNA gene we also show that the species is genetically distinct from other members of Pseudophilautus for which gene sequences are available. The high rate of deforestation and anthropogenic activities threaten this population in its natural habitat.

Two new freshwater eutardigrade species from Sicily.

Two new species of freshwater Eutardigrada are described from Sicily: Isohypsibius rusticus sp. nov. and Isohypsibius zappalai sp. nov. The former species has eye spots, ornamented body surface with many, variously sized tubercles; bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of the Isohypsibius type; pharyngeal bulb with apophyses and two rod-shaped macroplacoids; microplacoid absent; claws, of the Isohypsibius type, well developed, with long and thin common basal portion; main branches of all claws without free accessory points; very thin lunules present; cuticular bars on the legs absent. Isohypsibius zappalai sp. nov. has eye spots; entire body surface with small tubercles rounded in shape, fairly uniformly sized and tending to form transverse lines; bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of the Isohypsibius type, pharyngeal bulb with apophyses and two macroplacoids; microplacoid absent; claws of the Isohypsibius type, well developed, with long common basal portion and both main and secondary branches with a wide proximal portion. Main branches of all claws with accessory points; small, flexible lunules present; cuticular bars on the legs absent.

Dorsolateral cuticular outgrowths in second stadium larvae ofGomphus flavipes(Odonata: Gomphidae)

Second and third stadium larvae of Gomphus flavipes have dorsolateral cuticular outgrowths in the form of small basal tubercles bearing fan-shaped setae. These sensilla are aligned in two rows on each side of the thorax and abdomen. European species of Gomphus, Onychogomphus and Ophiogomphus that we examined lack these structures, having instead, at most, short hairlike setae in double rows. The fan-shaped setae of G. flavipes are present only in second and third stadia, apparently being lost later in larval development. We speculate that this loss might be due to changes in microhabitat or might be some kind of phylogenetic constraint.

Arthroscopic, CT arthrography and anatomical correlation of the bare area of the ulnar trochlear fossa

Aims There is a variable bare area on the ulnar trochlear fossa that may be somehow interpreted as a cartilage defect. We aimed to correlate arthroscopic, radiological images and dissections of this bare spot with CT arthrography imaging. Materials and methods We conducted a double study that included 10 unpaired fresh-frozen human cadaveric elbows (CT arthrography + dissection) and 40 CT arthrography of patients to investigate the 3-D architecture of the trochlear fossa of the ulna. Positioning, shape and measurements of the bare spot of each ulna were measured and correlated. A total of 40 were analyzed with this protocol of measurements to validate the anatomical findings. Those findings were then assessed by arthroscopic views. Results The bare spot area is located 15.8 mm from the tip of the olecranon and 13.8 mm from the coronoid process (mean values). This area measures 4.1 mm in cranio-caudal plane, 2.2 mm in transversal plane. This area is located above a small subchondral tubercle that measures 1.0 mm in antero-posterior axis. No significant difference has been found between left and right elbow regarding its positioning and shape. A significant difference has been found between genders regarding the positioning of this area but not according to its shape. Conclusion The ulnar trochlear notch has a small area without cartilage. This bare area is located at the site of fusion of the different ossification center of the proximal ulna. It should not be interpreted as a chondral lesion. Arthroscopic, CT arthrography and anatomical correlation of the bare area of the ulnar trochlear fossa.

New species and records of Apseudomorpha (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) from Taiwan.

The present study reports the first record of Apseudomorpha from Taiwan and includes descriptions of three new species and one new species record. Paradoxapseudes pangcahi sp. nov. differs from the most similar congener, Paradoxapseudes littoralis, by having one segment less in the antennal flagellum and fewer segments in the uropod endopod. Pseudoapseudomorpha tagopilosus sp. nov. is distinguished from its most similar congener, Pseudoapseudomorpha ornata, by having one long lateral seta on pleonite 4, a four-segmented antennular outer flagellum, and a male with smaller and thinner 'small' cheliped than that of the female and with vestigial pleopods on pleonite 3. Indoapseudes multituberculata sp. nov. stands out from its congeners by having pleopods only on the last two pleonites in females, many small tubercles terminally on the pleotelson, and mandibular palp article 1 with noticeable distal teeth. The Synapseudes species recorded in the present study morphologically agrees with Synapseudes hansmuelleri that was originally described from the Tioman Archipelago, Malaysia, South China Sea. Morphological comparisons between each of the three newly described species and its congeners are tabulated.

Collohmannia johnstoni n. sp. (Acari, Oribatida) from West Virginia (U.S.A.), including description of ontogeny, setal variation, notes on biology and systematics of Collohmanniidae

Collohmannia (Collohmanniidae) is a genus of physically large oribatid mites with low extant diversity and high endemism. It includes the only species outside Brachypylina known to exhibit strong sexual dimorphism and courtship behavior, including nuptial feeding, and it has phylogenetic importance as a possible close outgroup of the diverse mixonomatan taxon Ptyctima. Herein, we describe all instars of the first member of the genus known outside of Eurasia: Collohmannia johnstoni n. sp. from forest litter in the mountains of northern West Virginia, USA. Males are distinguishable by the apparatus on genu IV used to hold the nuptial fluid: a hypertrophied seta with flattened, asymmetrical diamond shape and an absence of small cuticular tubercles. We also redescribe the genus Collohmannia using characters of both adults and juveniles, and give a new diagnosis of Collohmanniidae; noted for the first time is an extensive association of setae with dermal glands. Field samples suggest that C. johnstoni is highly aggregated, with a mean density of 100 per m2. Sample data are consistent with a 1:1 sex ratio and with the continual presence of all instars in the population, probably even during winter. Females are ovoviviparous, retaining eggs in their oviducts until the development of the larva, and larvae were found within females on all sampling dates. The prelarva (within eggs removed from females) is moderately regressed, retaining distinct leg remnants. Based on laboratory observations and gut contents of field-collected specimens, all active instars appear to feed directly on decomposing leaves of deciduous trees. Insemination was not directly observed, but courtship is generally similar to that previously described for C. gigantea. Morphological and molecular data concerning relationships between Collohmanniidae and Ptyctima are summarized but the issue remains unresolved. Ptyctima Oudemans, 1906 is considered equivalent to Euptyctima Grandjean, 1967.

A new species of Cymodoce Leach, 1814 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae) based on morphological and molecular data, with a key to the Northern Indian Ocean species.

Cymodoce waegelei sp. nov. is described from the subtidal zone of the Iranian coasts of the Persian Gulf using both morphological and molecular data. C. waegelei sp. nov. is most similar to C. tribullis Harrison & Holdich, 1984 from Australia, Vietnam and Singapore. Analysis of DNA barcodes and nuclear 28S rDNA: D8 expansion segments clearly support the existence of two distinct species. Cymodoce waegelei sp. nov morphologically differs from C. tribullis by lacking two continuous rows of tubercles on the pereonites 3 and 4. Moreover, the pleotelson has numerous scattered tubercles between two large prominent bosses, and small lateral tubercles rather than two prominent tubercles in C. tribullis. Based on our results we redescribe Cymodoce tribullis using specimens sampled from the type locality, Magnetic Island, Queensland. Cymodoce lirella Schotte & Kensley, 2005 from the Seychelles is placed in synonymy with C. tribullis Harrison & Holdich 1984. Furthermore we provide a key to the northern Indian Ocean species of this genus.

Mixibius parvus sp. nov. and Diphascon (Diphascon) ziliense sp. nov., two new species of Eutardigrada from Sicily.

Two new species, Mixibius parvus sp. nov. and Diphascon (Diphascon) ziliense sp. nov. are described from Sicily. Mixibius parvus sp. nov. has three macroplacoids and a microplacoid and differs from M. tibetanus, the only other known species of the genus with those characteristics, in having a wrinkled cuticle without true small tubercles, a shorter microplacoid, smaller claw pt index values, and in lacking a cuticular bar on the first three pairs of the legs.Diphascon (Diphascon) ziliense sp. nov. lacks eye spots, has a pharyngeal bulb with two macroplacoids and a septulum, and possesses lunules and cuticular bars on the legs. It is similar to D. (D.) ramazzottii and D. (D.) procerum but differs from them in characters of the cuticular ornamentation and, in addition, from D. (D.) ramazzottii in having lunules and slightly longer claws in proportion to the body size and to the buccal tube. The new species differs from D. (D.) procerum in having stouter claws with a wider common portion and with the main branches shorter in proportion to the total length of the respective claws.

Athanas manticolus sp. nov., a new stomatopod-associated alpheid shrimp from Vietnam (Crustacea, Decapoda).

A new species of the alpheid shrimp genus Athanas Leach, 1814 is described based on a single specimen, an ovigerous female from Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam. Athanas manticolus sp. nov. differs from all other species of Athanas by the presence of a small post-rostral tubercle, combined with a minutely toothed rostrum, reduced extra-corneal teeth, and the absence of infra-corneal and supra-corneal teeth. In addition, the new species is characterised by its unique colour pattern, particularly by the red chromatophores disposed in randomly oriented, short, narrow streaks. As its name suggests, A. manticolus sp. nov. is commensally associated with the burrows of the nannosquillid mantis shrimp Bigelowina phalangium (Fabricius, 1798).

Two new tardigrade species from Sicily.

Two new species of tardigrades are described from Sicilian moss samples: Macrobiotus insuetus sp. nov. and Diphascon (Diphascon) procerum sp. nov. Macrobiotus insuetus sp. nov. is a species of the harmsworthi-group characterized by both posterior and anterior claws of the hind legs, which are different in shape from those of the first three leg pairs. The IV claws have extended basal tract where the branches are joined and the secondary branch breaks at near right angle to the primary branch and is clearly shorter than the main branch and the secondary branch of claws I-III. The eggs are not areolated and have conical processes with a reticular ornamentation. Diphascon (D.) procerum sp. nov. has a delicate cuticular ornamentation of very small tubercles, almost dots; two macroplacoids and septulum are present; thin accessory points are present on the main branches of the slender claws; lunules are absent but the base of the external claws of the hind legs are enlarged and slightly indented; a cuticular bar is present near the internal claw of the first three leg pairs and two cuticular bars are present on the hind legs between the base of the claws and near the base of the anterior claw.

<strong>Two new tardigrade species from Sicily</strong>

Two new species of tardigrades are described from Sicilian moss samples: Macrobiotus insuetus sp. nov. and Diphascon (Diphascon) procerum sp. nov. Macrobiotus insuetus sp. nov. is a species of the harmsworthi-group characterized by both posterior and anterior claws of the hind legs, which are different in shape from those of the first three leg pairs. The IV claws have extended basal tract where the branches are joined and the secondary branch breaks at near right angle to the primary branch and is clearly shorter than the main branch and the secondary branch of claws I-III. The eggs are not areolated and have conical processes with a reticular ornamentation. Diphascon (D.) procerum sp. nov. has a delicate cuticular ornamentation of very small tubercles, almost dots; two macroplacoids and septulum are present; thin accessory points are present on the main branches of the slender claws; lunules are absent but the base of the external claws of the hind legs are enlarged and slightly indented; a cuticular bar is present near the internal claw of the first three leg pairs and two cuticular bars are present on the hind legs between the base of the claws and near the base of the anterior claw.

Two new species of deep-water Caprella (Peracarida, Amphipoda, Caprellidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico collected during the TALUD XIV cruise, with a checklist of species of Caprellidae recorded for the eastern Pacific

Two new deep-water species of the genus Caprella are described from the central Gulf of California, Pacific coast of Mexico. Caprella calderoni new species is distinguished from the 32 previously recorded species of Caprella from the eastern Pacific by its smooth forehead and pereonites, body not particularly slender, gnathopod 2 inserted at about mid-length of the second pereonite, elongated gills and gnathopod 1, the relative length of antenna 2 articles, length of the flagellum of antenna 1, the lack of an antero-lateral projection on pereonites 2 and 3, and the length-height proportion of pereonite 1. It is close to C. striata Mayer, 1903, recorded from Alaska. Caprella striata, however, features a different number of articles in the antenna 1 flagellum, two latero-posterior spines on pereonites 6, a small dorsal tubercle on pereonites 5 and 6, and a poison spine on the propodus of gnathopod 2 (all lacking in the new species). The buccal appendages also present significant differences. Caprella mercedesae new species, belongs to a group of eastern Pacific species with a sharp spine on the forehead. It is distinguished from all these species by a combination of characters, including the general shape of the body (not robust), the insertion level of gnathopod 2, its general shape, and the relative length of its dactylus, the relative length of antennae 1 and 2, the shape and relative length of the gills, the proportionally shorter or longer pereonites, and the presence of dorsal tubercles on at least pereonites 5-7 (absent in the new species).

Ranas terrestres del género Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) de la Reserva Ecológica Río Zúñag, Tungurahua, Ecuador: Lista anotada y descripción de una especie nueva

Presentamos una sinopsis de las 17 especies del género Pristimantis registradas en la Reserva Ecológica Río Zuñag. Esta reserva se ubica en la cuenca alta del río Pastaza, en la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes de Ecuador, entre 1400 y 2200 m de elevación. Incluimos la descripción de una nueva especie de Pristimantis caracterizada por su coloración en vida (dorso amarillo ámbar con marcas café-rojizas, y manchas anaranjadas bordeadas de amarillo en las ingles y en las superficies posteriores de los muslos) y la presencia de dos tubérculos pequeños sobre el párpado superior y un tubérculo interorbital pequeño. Estimamos que dentro del rango altitudinal de la reserva podrían existir 23 especies de Pristimantis, divididos en dos ensamblajes que se dividen aparentemente en la cota de 1800 m de elevación.

Paramolar tubercle in endodontics: An overview, case report and specimen study

Paramolar tubercle is an additional cusp occurring on the buccal surface of a permanent maxillary molar. Due to their overall low occurrence, there is limited information about root anatomy of paramolar tubercles. Periapical radiographs do not always image the root canal associated with the paramolar tubercle. Teeth with paramolar tubercle can promote problems like dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and may pose problems to the clinician in procedures like orthodontic banding and rubber dam placement. Although, small paramolar tubercles may not have pulp tissue, a very large tubercle may contain separate pulp chamber and associated root canal. For successful management of such teeth requiring endodontic or periodontal therapy, advanced radiographic diagnostic aids should be used. In this paper this anatomical variation in maxillary second molar, was studied (i) by clinical examination, radiographic examination using intra-oral radiography and (ii) macroscopic examination, radiographic examination and by clearing technique in vitro.

CT arthrography and anatomical correlation of the bare area of the ulnar trochlear fossa: a risk of misdiagnosis of cartilage ulcerations

There is a variable bare area on the ulnar trochlear fossa that may be somehow interpreted as a cartilage defect. We aimed to correlate radiological images and dissections of this bare spot with CT arthrography imaging. We conducted a double study that included 10 unpaired fresh-frozen human cadaveric elbows (CT arthrography + dissection) and 40 CT arthrography of patients to investigate the 3-D architecture of the trochlear fossa of the ulna. Positioning, shape and measurements of the bare spot of each ulna were measured and correlated. A total of 40 were analyzed with this protocol of measurements to validate the anatomical findings. The bare spot area is located 15.8 mm from the tip of the olecranon and 13.8 mm from the coronoid process (mean values). This area measures 4.1 mm in cranio-caudal plane, 2.2 mm in transversal plane. This area is located above a small subchondral tubercle that measures 1.0 mm in antero-posterior axis. No significant difference has been found between left and right elbow regarding its positioning and shape. A significant difference has been found between genders regarding the positioning of this area but not according to its shape. The ulnar trochlear notch has a small area without cartilage. This bare area is located at the site of fusion of the different ossification center of the proximal ulna. It should not be interpreted as a chondral lesion. The existence of a subchondral tubercle clearly indicates that this uncovered zone is normal. Radiologist should consider this when interpreting elbow CT arthrography.

Characteristics of some anatomical landmarks on the anterior face of the maxilla

Abstract The canine bossa (not listed in TA) was clearly visible in 80% of cases, less prominent in 12% of cases or even absent in 8% of cases. The most commonly is oval in shape with the long axis oriented vertically or slightly oblique infero-medially. In 60% of cases the two fossae showed approximately equal sizes. For the rest of the 40% of the cases, the left one was larger (24 cases) than the right one. In 12% of cases we found a dehiscent anterior wall of the canine fossa for more than half of its height. The myrtiform fossa (also not mentioned in the TA) was oval, with the long axis oriented vertically and with same dimensions bilaterally in 60% of cases. In 2/3 of cases was evident (deeper) on the right. In 28% of cases we found it rounded, more frequently also on the right and in 12% of cases we found it as having an irregular shape. In about 10% of cases have it was almost flat. The canine fossa (Fossa canina) has various shapes, more frequently rounded with an average diameter of 0.8-0.9 cm. In 30% of cases was oval, with vertical long axis of 1 cm in and 0.7 cm width. The cases of rounded canine fossa, well circumscribed and deeper, were more prevalent on the left. The infraorbital foramen (Foramen infraorbitale) was circular in equal proportions (in half of the cases), with a diameter of 2.5-5 mm, or oval, with 3-5 mm vertical axis and 1.5-3 mm horizontal axis. Note the difference in shape in the same skull: circular on the left and oval on the right (most frequent case) or vice versa. The distance from the infraorbital border is variable, being lower on the left in 65% of cases. Compared to the piriform aperture, the infraorbital foramen is located at 0.9 to 1.7 cm on the right and at 1.2-1.7 cm on the left. We encountered five cases with double infraorbital foramen. The intermaxillary suture is vertical in only 35% of cases. In other cases it is deviated to the left in 40% of cases, and in 25% of the cases is oriented to the right. The degree of inclination is variable, making with the horizontal an angle between 95 to 1100. The alveolar process (Procesus alveolaris) is wider posteriorly. There is a difference in width right-to-left, being wider on the right side in 40% of cases (6-13 mm), are the same size on both sides in 30% of cases, the other 30% of cases being thicker on the left. The zygomatic process (Procesus zygomaticus) may be sharp or, more frequently, with a serrated or rounded edge and with a small tubercle in almost 50% of cases

Rare batfish species, Halicmetus ruber Alcock, 1891 (Lophiiformes: Ogcocephalidae), from the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone

The first authentic record of deep-sea fishes was made with the help of those collected by R. I. M. S. Investigator in the book, ‘Indian Deep Sea Fishes in the Indian Museum’. The Fishery Survey of India, concentrating principally on the continental shelf region, carried out research on deep-sea fishes within the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Data on deep-sea fish fauna are scarce, and the only available information is from the fishing cruises of FORV Sagar Sampada as part of its deep-sea finfishes stock assessment programme. Earlier studies on the ogcocephalid genus Halicmetus showed that it comprised two nominal species: H. ruber Alcock, 1891 collected from the Andaman Sea and H. reticulatus Smith and Radcliffe, 1912 from the Philippines (Ho et al., 2008). However, later studies revealed that the genus Halicmetus comprises four species, of which H. reticulatus is the only member with dorsal fin rays, whereas H. nigra sp. nov., H. ruber and H. cf. ruber lack these dorsal fin rays. Halicmetus ruber Alcock, 1891 is a small benthic fish (<10 cm total length) characterised by the absence of a dorsal fin (unique among batfishes) and no colour pattern on its disk. Halicmetus reticulatus is characterised by having two or three dorsal fin rays and a reticular disk colour pattern. However, Brauer (1906) recorded seven specimens with a small dorsal fin, purportedly H. ruber from the Andaman Sea. Furthermore, Smith and Radcliffe (1912) mentioned H. ruber specimens lacking a dorsal fin ray that were collected by the RV Albatross from the western Pacific. Weber (1913) described a subspecies, H. ruber marmorata, based on five specimens (ZMA 101.893) collected in Indonesia, and synonymised to H. ruber by Bradbury (1967). On the basis of all ogcocephalid genera morphological characteristics, Bradbury (1967) concluded that the Halicmetus head is distinguishable from others in that it: is markedly depressed, with the face flattened (truncated) and distinctly upturned; shows the presence of bucklers and small tubercles; has two gills, with gill filaments only on the 2nd and 3rd gill arches; the pectoral pedicles are not well attached to the body wall; has an interrupted lateral line and with the illicial bone split into two long processes. Halicmetus specimens are uncommon. Hence, an attempt has been made here to redefine this deep-sea fish by comparing its morphometrics and meristics with those of H. cf. ruber and H. reticulatus from the Pacific Ocean. Materials and methods

Two interesting damaeid mites (Acari, Oribatida, Damaeidae Berlese, 1896) from the British Isles and Svalbard (Spitsbergen, Norway), with a description of Kunstidamaeus arcticus n.sp.

Two species of the family Damaeidae (Acarina, Oribatida) are described and documented. Kunstidamaeus arcticus n.sp. was found in Svalbard (Spitsbergen) and differs from all other known species of the genus by having only five pairs of genital setae; by the specific development at the base of the prodorsum, where tubercles Ba are replaced by a multiple of small tubercles, by minute and hardly visible spinae adnatae, by the characteristic shape of the sensillus and other characters. The other species, belonging to the genus Epidamaeus, was found in North-West England and stands near to E. floccosus Behan-Pelletier and Norton, 1985, but differs by the development of sensillus, spinae adnatae unilaterally with one tooth and by the notogastral setae inserted on cuticular thickenings. The single available specimen did not allow us to decide with certainty about it´s specific status, which in the future may prove to be a separate species. The relationships of the two species found are discussed.