Small Period Of Time Research Articles

The Beginning of Time

The present analysis focuses on the material component of time, the devices used for measuring and counting it. The biological basis for subjective, experiential time is first reviewed, as are early strategies found cross-culturally for measuring and counting time objectively. These strategies include timekeeping by natural phenomena, using tallies to keep track of small periods of time, harnessing shadows for daily and annual time, and visualizing time with clocks and calendars. The conclusion then examines how such timekeeping devices might influence the conceptualization of time.

Assessment of the influence of natural thermal cycles on dolomitic limestone rock columns: A 10-year monitoring study

Rock instabilities hazards can lead to major risks. Even if different external factors such as precipitation, seismic activity or freezing, are known to trigger rockfalls, it is more and more assumed that thermal cycling has a role in rock mass deformation, displacement and, moreover cracking initiation or propagation. Here we present 10 years monitoring of a 50-meter-high dolomitic cliff, located above an important highway in the south of France to support this thinking. Local rock surface temperature and joint apertures were recorded on eleven sensors. Their evolution is studied separately and together to characterise the influence of temperature variation on joint apertures. During small time periods, a reversible and proportional behaviour is observed, that can be attributed to thermoelasticity, but over the whole period, a significant drift in displacements is measured, meaning that at least a viscoplastic or fatigue behaviour should be considered.

Approximation-Based Approach to Adaptive Control of Linear Time-Varying Systems

An adaptive state-feedback control system is proposed for a class of linear timevarying systems represented in the controller canonical form. The adaptation problem is reduced to the one of Taylor series-based first approximations of the ideal controller parameters. The exponential convergence of identification and tracking errors of such an approximation to an arbitrarily small and adjustable neighbourhood of the equilibrium point is ensured if the condition of the regressor persistent excitation with a sufficiently small time period is satisfied. The obtained theoretical results are validated via numerical experiments.

Past, present and future rainfall erosivity in central Europe based on convection-permitting climate simulations

Abstract. Heavy rainfall is the main driver of soil erosion by water, which is a threat to soil and water resources across the globe. As a consequence of climate change, precipitation – especially extreme precipitation – is increasing in a warmer world, leading to an increase in rainfall erosivity. However, conventional global climate models struggle to represent extreme rain events and cannot provide precipitation data at the high spatiotemporal resolution that is needed for an accurate estimation of future rainfall erosivity. Convection-permitting simulations (CPSs), on the other hand, provide high-resolution precipitation data and a better representation of extreme rain events, but they are mostly limited to relatively small spatial extents and short time periods. Here, we present, for the first time, rainfall erosivity in a large modeling domain such as central Europe based on high-resolution CPS climate data generated with the regional climate model COSMO-CLM using the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) emission scenario. We calculated rainfall erosivity for the past (1971–2000), present (2001–2019), near future (2031–2060) and far future (2071–2100). Our results showed that future increases in rainfall erosivity in central Europe can be up to 84 % in the region's river basins. These increases are much higher than previously estimated based on regression with mean annual precipitation. We conclude that despite remaining limitations, CPSs have an enormous and currently unexploited potential for climate impact studies on soil erosion. Thus, the soil erosion modeling community should closely follow the recent and future advances in climate modeling to take advantage of new CPSs for climate impact studies.

Restorative Justice Paradigm

The paradigm shift from retributive justice to restorative justice has encouraged institutional awareness that restorative justice methods are alternatives that need to be strengthened both in terms of policy and practice. This has prompted law enforcement agencies to begin drafting and enforcing restorative justice policies in the criminal case settlement process. The purpose of this research is to analyze the working process of restorative justice policies through their implementation practices in each institution that focuses on various criminal justice institutions in Pontianak City. This study will describe the factors that influence the process of working in restorative justice by elaborating on the paradigm of law enforcement officers, policies at their institutions, and their experiences and practices. The method used is normative-empirical legal research as research on law enforcement in concreto. Although the paradigm of punishment has shifted towards a restorative paradigm, the findings in the field showed frequent obstacles. First, cross-sectoral regulatory factors that regulate restorative justice mechanisms with different mechanisms. Second, the weak integration of the criminal justice system as seen in practice between the Pontianak Police and the Pontianak District Attorney Office has not shown the integration of the criminal justice system in the corridor of enforcing the principle of functional differentiation. Third, the factor of criminal law policy is overcriminalistic so it is still overshadowed by the retributive and punitive colonial paradigm. Fourth, factor in the small period of time in the prosecutor's office due to tiered assessments within the structural corridors of leadership. Fifth, the legal culture factor of society is still mostly punitive.
 Keywords: Paradigm; Restorative Justice; Criminal Justice System

Transient Hydraulic Performance of a Prototype Pump during Starting and Stopping Periods

In order to meet different operational requirements, existing low specific speed centrifugal pumps may have to be run at high speeds. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the transient performance of such centrifugal pumps during high speed starting and stopping. However, there are currently no experiments on the starting and stopping of low specific speed centrifugal pumps. In this paper, transient hydraulic performance experiments during starting and stopping had been carried out on an atypical open impeller centrifugal pump with a rated flow rate of 6 m3/h using an updated test rig. The correlation of speed, flow, head and shaft power with time was obtained for four flow ratios of 0.353, 1.022, 1.654 and 2.343 operating conditions. It was found that the fluctuation of the shaft power curve was the strongest during the starting process, and there was a significant impact phenomenon. The corresponding impact shaft power from small to large flow rates were 0.167 kW, 0.409 kW, 0.234 kW and 0.215 kW, and the shaft power impact phenomenon was the most obvious under rated operating conditions. During the stopping process, the speed, flow rate and head all remain stable for a small period of time, and the time required to decrease to 0 is longer than the time required to reach a stable state during starting. During stopping, the shaft power will instantly decrease, accompanied by varying degrees of fluctuations.

Distributed event-triggered consensus control for a class of nonlinear multi-agent systems under switching topologies

A distributed event-triggered consensus control protocol is proposed for a class of nonlinear multi-agent systems with switching topologies. The nonlinear dynamics and switching topologies are considered simultaneously to adapt to some actual scenarios. To economize the communication resources, a distributed event-triggered mechanism is established to decrease the consumption of communication resources. The new event-triggered mechanism is constructed by the information of distributed errors, which can fully utilize communication relationships among agents to control the timing of events. A class of negative exponential functions is added to the event-triggered condition as the event-triggered mechanism is applied for the presented multi-agent systems. The design of event-triggered condition can reduce the occurring frequency of events when the adjusting time of control scheme begins at an initial small amount period of time. Finally, the simulation results are provided, which verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the designed event-triggered consensus control strategy for the presented multi-agent systems with switching topologies.

A Model for Determining Fuzzy Evaluations of Partial Indicators of Availability for High-Capacity Continuous Systems at Coal Open Pits Using a Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System

This paper presents a model for determining fuzzy evaluations of partial indicators of the availability of continuous systems at coal open pits using a neuro-fuzzy inference system. The system itself is a combination of fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks. The system availability is divided into partial indicators. By combining the fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks, a model is obtained that has the ability to learn and uses expert judgment for that learning. This paper deals with the ECC system (bucket wheel excavator-conveyor-crushing plant) of the open pit Drmno-Kostolac, which operates within the Electric Power Company of Serbia. The advantage of a model of this type is that it does not rely on the historical experiences of experts and usual predicted values for the fuzzy evaluation of partial indicators, which are based on the assumption that similar systems affect availability in a similar way. The fuzzy evaluation of partial indicators is based on historical data for the specific system for which the model was created. As such, it can more accurately predict continuous systems availability on the basis of expert evaluations in the appropriate time period. Another advantage of this model is that the availability is estimated on a quarterly basis, which gives a more accurate view because it uses a smaller time period with more similar characteristics and, thus, includes certain external influences which are related to the quarterly meteorological conditions.

A novel neurofilament light chain Simoa assay that can quantify age‐dependent changes in control plasma samples over small time periods

AbstractBackgroundNeurofilament light chain (Nf‐L) is an established biomarker for axonal degeneration, and it is well documented that Nf‐L shows an age‐ dependent increase in plasma. Currently, all highly sensitive immunoassay formats to quantify Nf‐L in plasma are based on one antibody pair alone, i.e., the commercial UmanDiagnostics monoclonal antibodies.MethodsIn the novel Nf‐L Simoa, we have used Fab fragments of ADx206 as the capture antibody coupled to paramagnetic beads and biotinylated NfL23 as the detector antibody. Routine plasma and serum samples were collected according to established preclinical guidelines at baseline (BL) and after 7‐8 months of follow‐up (FU) for 23 individuals. The age range of these individuals was between 22 and 70 years.ResultsAll plasma and serum samples could be quantified and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the novel immunoassay was 2.2 pg/mL. The average coefficient of variation for plasma Nf‐L concentrations was 8% and that for serum was 13%. The plasma and serum concentrations correlated significantly with concentrations obtained using the commercial Quanterix Nf‐L Simoa kit (Plasma: Spearman’s rho= 0.93, p<0.0001; Serum: Spearman’s rho= 0.92, p<0.0001). However, in contrast to the Quanterix assay, Nf‐L concentrations detected in serum were lower than in plasma. Since the age range of the individuals were between 22 to 70 years, we were able to observe a significant age‐dependent increase of Nf‐L at BL in plasma as well as in serum. Furthermore, a positive 5% average annual rate of change in the Nf‐L plasma concentrations can be discriminated from BL to FU with the current assay format. Therefore, in this cohort, Nf‐L plasma concentrations increase from BL to FU, consistent with data reported from other cohorts.ConclusionThe novel Nf‐L Simoa is precise and can be used to quantify small scale changes in Nf‐L plasma concentrations. Our assay measured lower concentrations of Nf‐L in serum than in plasma, although quantification of serum samples using this assay format probably requires further optimization.

Healthier Lives Implementation Research Network for Māori and Pacific community health providers in Aotearoa New Zealand: a study protocol with an observational mixed methods design

BackgroundDespite incremental gains in the Aotearoa New Zealand health sector, Māori and Pacific peoples still experience poorer health outcomes than non-Māori and non-Pacific. Access to the latest research and innovation is critical to improving and addressing health outcomes and health inequities in particular. However, there are numerous challenges to translating research into practice including that there is currently no known a specific infrastructure in Aotearoa New Zealand to facilitate this process. The aim of the project is to develop a network of community providers, researchers and health systems representatives that can help facilitate the implementation of novel and innovative programmes and products that help to meet the health needs of Māori and Pacific communities.MethodsThis project has three stages, one of which has been completed. In Stage 1, we engaged with key leaders of organisations from various components in the health system through a co-design process to identify parameters and infrastructure of the network. In Stage 2, we propose to construct the network involving approximately 20–30 community providers (and other affiliated researchers and health system representatives) and refine its parameters through an additional co-design process. Additionally, we will use a mixed methods research design using survey and interviews to identify perceived implementation needs, facilitators and barriers to help inform the work in the third stage. In Stage 3, we will support the active implementation of evidence-based programmes with a smaller number of providers (approximately four to eight community providers depending on the complexity of the implementation). Mixed methods research will be conducted to understand facilitators and barriers to implementation processes and outcomes.DiscussionThe proposed network infrastructure is an equity-oriented strategy focused on building capacity through a strength-based approach that can help address inequities over time. Our “proof-of-concept” study will not be able to change inequities in that time period given its relatively small scale and time period, but it should set the foundation for continued equity-oriented work.

The application of new concepts of the assessment of the thyroid state to pregnant women.

Recently proposed concepts regarding the nature and assessment of the thyroid state have provided a model more consistent with empiric evidence. It now appears likely that there are no such entities as thyroid set points and individual euthyroidism. Rather than there being discrete thyroid states, peripheral organ parameters are associated with thyroid function in a continuous manner. Thyroid hormone levels and, in particular, levels of free thyroxine now appear to be superior to thyrotropin levels as indicators of the thyroid state. Complicating the assessment of the correlations of the thyroid state with pregnancy outcomes are the contribution of the placenta to maternal thyroid function, fetal thyroid development, the multiple potential pathways to any particular outcome, the likely presence of small critical periods of time, the differing genetics of fetal and maternal tissues, and the unreliability of thyroid hormone assays. Nevertheless, there is no apparent reason for there to be a change in pregnancy to the basic principles of thyroid hormone action. The relationships between mild abnormalities of the thyroid state and pregnancy outcomes and the value of treating such mild abnormalities remain uncertain and controversial. The evidence suggests that further investigation of these clinical questions might better be based on thyroid hormone, particularly free thyroxine, levels. In the investigation of borderline low thyroid states, the categories of subclinical hypothyroidism and isolated hypothyroxinemia might both be abandoned with attention being directed to low free thyroxine levels regardless of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. For these changes to occur, there would ideally be improvements in the assays for free thyroxine in pregnancy. The evidence suggests that, just as in the non-pregnant situation, pregnancy guidelines based on thyrotropin levels may need revision.

Modified SIR model for COVID-19 transmission dynamics: Simulation with case study of UK, US and India

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease and has spread over more than 200 countries since its outbreak in December 2019. This pandemic has posed the greatest threat to global public health and seems to have changing characteristics with altering variants, hence various epidemiological and statistical models are getting developed to predict the infection spread, mortality rate and calibrating various impacting factors. But the aysmptomatic patient counts and demographical factors needs to be considered in model evaluation. Here we have proposed a new seven compartmental model, Susceptible- Exposed- Infected–Asymptomatic–Quarantined–Fatal–Recovered (SEIAQFR) which is based on classical Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model dynamic of infectious disease, and considered factors like asymptomatic transmission and quarantine of patients. We have taken UK, US and India as a case study for model evaluation purpose. In our analysis, it is found that the Reproductive Rate (R0) of the disease is dynamic over a long period and provides better results in model performance (>0.98 R-square score) when model is fitted across smaller time period. On an average 40%−50% cases are asymptomatic and have contributed to model accuracy. The model is employed to show accuracy in correspondence with different geographic data in both wave of disease spread. Different disease spreading factors like infection rate, recovery rate and mortality rate are well analyzed with best fit of real world data. Performance evaluation of this model has achieved good R-Square score which is 0.95−0.99 for infection prediction and 0.90−0.99 for death prediction and an average 1%−5% MAPE in different wave of the disease in UK, US and India.

Managerial hubristic-behavioral strategy: how to cope with chaotic and uncertain contexts

PurposeHow can a manager lead an organization or a team in a particularly turbulent time? How can management cope with chaos and uncertainty? Drawing on behavioral strategy theory, this study aims at investigating how hubristic managers can enable organizations to thrive, even over small time periods, in chaotic and uncertain contexts and settings.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a qualitative methodology to explore the possible positive effects of hubris in a behavioral strategy. In particular, 45 interviews with leaders and followers of particularly high-performing secondary schools have been administered to try to fully understand the origin, process and performance evolution of organizations led by hubristic managers.FindingsThe results showed that, in chaotic and uncertain times, hubris can prove to be a trump card for managers in dealing with the pitfalls and uncertainties of the context in which the organization operates. Three major attributes were identified – overconfidence and over-persistence, recklessness and contempt for critical feedback – defining the positive behavioral strategies implemented by hubristic managers during the COVID-19 pandemic.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to highlight, by means of qualitative methodologies, the positive managerial hubristic-behavioral strategy during turbulent times in the school sector.

Impulsive feedback control of birhythmicity: Theory and experiment

We study the dynamic control of birhythmicity under an impulsive feedback control scheme where the feedback is made ON for a certain rather small period of time and for the rest of the time, it is kept OFF. We show that, depending on the height and width of the feedback pulse, the system can be brought to any of the desired limit cycles of the original birhythmic oscillation. We derive a rigorous analytical condition of controlling birhythmicity using the harmonic decomposition and energy balance methods. The efficacy of the control scheme is investigated through numerical analysis in the parameter space. We demonstrate the robustness of the control scheme in a birhythmic electronic circuit where the presence of noise and parameter fluctuations are inevitable. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the control scheme in controlling birhythmicity in diverse engineering and biochemical systems and processes, such as an energy harvesting system, a glycolysis process, and a p53-mdm2 network.

Limited Stability of Multicomponent Brines on the Surface of Mars

The formation and stability of brines on the surface of present-day Mars remains an important question to resolve the astrobiological potential of the red planet. Although modeling and experimental work have constrained the processes controlling the stability of single-salt brines exhibiting low freezing temperatures, such as calcium perchlorate, the Martian regolith is far more complex because multiple salts coexist in various concentrations, leading to brines whose behavior remains untested. Here we modeled the stability of complex brines of compositions determined from the Phoenix lander’s Wet Chemistry Laboratory. We find that such brines would form in equilibrium with sodium and magnesium perchlorates, chlorides, and calcium chlorate, but never calcium perchlorate, which has been widely considered as the most likely to produce brines on Mars. Furthermore, we find that only chlorate-rich brines can potentially remain liquid, for small periods of time, at temperatures compatible with those measured by the Phoenix lander. Therefore, liquid brines remain overly unstable under present-day Martian conditions and are unlikely to contribute to surface geomorphological activity, such as recurring slope lineae. In these conditions, of cold and salty brines, the present-day Martian surface remains highly unhabitable.

Review on Microwave, The General purpose in Microwave Assisted Synthesis for Green Chemistry

In this review we explain all the detailed information about Microwave assisted synthesis. Now a days the Microwave very much beneficial in to Microwave assisted synthesis reaction for green chemistry work by the various reactions. this is initially used by the save energy and rate of reaction is fast. Microwave synthesis capable of predicting many properties and rate of synthesis reaction is fast in small period of time to get from product. all type chemical reaction synthesis is also done by this microwave. various authors words on their subject by using this Microwave assisted synthesis. I show interest into microwave because of this is very beneficial for performing synthesis of reaction. In microwave various principals are added and this will be beneficial or helpful to guide scientist.

Analysis of Data Transmission using one modified neural networks

The traditional neural networks cannot provide modern mapping capability which is most important for analysis of data transmission nowadays. Therefore, Sigma-Pi-Sigma neural networks (SPSNNs) are good tool for this operation because of easy architecture. Application of integrated learning approach for neural networks, which uses sigma-pi-sigma neurons, helps us to complete their task for small period of time. It’s very necessary for neurons to find the solution of the problem. A final result of our results can be used in order to find the routes of “safety”, which we can indicate by position and state of cable lines or ties. For correct analysis and accurate results, we use pulse refectory method with using special device in order to get waveform, which introduce the connection problem. So, Sigma-Pi-Sigma neural network model is used for exact interpretation of altering probe signal. It is crucial that we also used rectangular methods of summation of Fourier series firstly. Therefore, it is main novelty of our investigation.

Features and applications of the energy shift of the topological surface state

Contemporary studies of magnetic topological insulators (TIs) aimed at investigating Dirac point (DP) gaps by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) require ultrahigh energy, momentum, and spatial resolution. Despite satisfying all these conditions, accurate measurements can be spoiled by the well-known, but often neglected, effect of the energy shift of bands, in particular the topological surface state (TSS), due to sample contamination and irradiation. Thus, in this work we focus on the effect of TI irradiation with laser light ($h\ensuremath{\nu}=6.3$ eV) on the measurability of its electronic structure using the ARPES method. We find that the distribution of the shifted TSS is sufficiently localized and remains stable over time under constant conditions. Therefore, it can be used to store information. The TSS retains its spin pattern regardless of irradiation, as demonstrated by dichroic ARPES measurements. However, irradiation leads to a significant broadening of the TSS, accompanied by a drop in its intensity. All these factors complicate the analysis of the states near the DP and the DP gap size. Finally, using a simple model, we demonstrate the variability of the DP gap over time in the resulting ARPES image, caused by both shift and broadening effects. Thus, accurate values of the DP gap can be obtained by measuring over a relatively small period of time, which is determined by a certain time constant of the energy shift.

Research on Microvideo Character Perception and Recognition Based on Target Detection Technology

With the rapid development of the Internet short-video platform, microvideo is increasingly attracting users because of its small traffic and time period. However, the content of microvideo on the Internet is complex, with illegal information. This research is an improved algorithm based on target detection technology, aiming at the characteristics of difficult character recognition in microvideo. The algorithm combines Gabor wavelet transform algorithm and 2D principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm and makes full use of video perception technology to realize character recognition in microvideo. Through MATLAB simulation analysis, it can be seen that the accuracy of the optimization algorithm proposed in this paper is 86.34% and the recognition time is 34.28s. Compared with the traditional PCA algorithm and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm, the optimization algorithm proposed in this paper has better recognition rate and recognition efficiency.

Review of Patients Referred to the Emergency Department

Background & Objectives: The main role of emergency care involves providing immediate treatment and attention to patients with life threatening conditions. Critical patients are referred to the emergency department through primary medical services. In this study we reviewed referrals made to the Emergency Department (ED) from primary health care facilities in order to maintain adequate and quality care to patients in need of emergency services. Methods: Patient hospital records were reviewed and analyzed over a period of 3 months. We included all patients who were referred to our ED through primary health care services during this period. Data was collected on the date, time, indication for referral, triage level, diagnosis, and outcome. Results: In this study with 1094 patients, referrals for patients below 14 years (59.1%) were higher compared to adult referrals (40.9%). The leading causes of referral from all primary health centers to our ED was trauma and injury related (28.8%). This was followed by conditions presenting with abdominal pain (11.3%) and respiratory problems (9.7%). Most of these referrals were safely discharged without the need for further follow up. Conclusion: The findings in our study despite the small number and time period of the study provide useful preliminary basis for further research in this area as well as development in the referral system planning and modification. Keywords: Emergency Medical Services, Primary Health Care, Quality of Health Care, Referral and Consultation