Small Streets Research Articles

Evolution and the City

This article analyzes the organization of a city in terms of how well it enables humans to move from any point to the whole area. In accordance with Constructal Law, the natural way to assemble and connect a road and street network is to ensure that travel time is reduced at every turn and with every change in the flow design. The article also highlights that predicting the future and constructing changes based on a proven scientific principle is much faster and more economical than trial and error. Due to the modern technology, urban design expands not only outward, into suburbs, and inward, toward dense city centers, but also vertically. Experts suggest that if we can anticipate the urban features that emerge naturally from the need for greater access, we can plan ahead and design with confidence the features that not only serve the population, but do so with staying power. A city is a live flow system with freely changing architecture, many small streets, few large streets, and beltways.

Are Children Safe from Crime?: Focusing on Streets in Elementary School Zones

The objective of this study was to determine street environments wherein fear of crime and actual crime are highest in the environments surrounding elementary schools. To achieve this objective, elementary students′ fear of crime and actual crime experienced were analyzed. The study adopted a geographical method based on streets. The study results were as follows. First, a large number of elementary students experienced fear of crime on the road at the school they attended. Female students feared crime more than male students. Second, students′ fear of crime was mainly attributed to human factors (Many Bullies, Few People). Third, most elementary students experienced a fear of crime within a certain distance (500 m) from the school. Fourth, fear of crime and actual crime occurred mainly in small streets, small parks, or middle or high schools (advanced schools) nearby. Fifth, fear of crime and actual crime occurred near geographically similar elementary schools. Sixth, elementary students primarily experienced a fear of crime and actual crime on streets in densely populated residential areas.

How often does a strictly arboreal mammal voluntarily cross roads? New insights into the behaviour of the hazel dormouse in roadside habitats

Abstract. Roads are a threat to biological diversity. Especially the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) can be badly influenced by fragmentation due to its strictly arboreal activity. In this study a Northern German dormouse population living in roadside habitats and on road islands at crossroads was investigated to find out if road crossing is an exceptional behaviour or if it happens regularly. With capture-mark-recapture-method 30 crossings (mostly across a federal highway, three of them across a federal motorway) and via telemetry 27 crossings over federal highway and smaller streets were observed. Our study gives evidence, that road crossing can be a relatively frequent behaviour, as 18 % of the mark-recaptured and 60 % of the radio marked animals crossed roads, but it remains unclear, under which circumstances road crossing takes place.

Mobile Artisanal Cheese Vending in Small Street Markets of Gran Canaria

This survey-based study evaluates the effect of three factors (market location, kind of stall facilities and presence of intermediaries) on the hygienic-sanitary quality of markets, which could condition the food risk of the artisanal cheeses sold in them. As street vending in the Canaries archipelago is important tocommercialise traditional reference products, thisstudy compares the hygienic-sanitary conditions of stalls in several street markets on the Gran CanariaIsland by taking artisanal cheese as a reference product. The results show that the markets in coastal areas obtain a higher food sellers score than those in inland areas. Presence of permanent stalls allows the hygienic-sanitary criteria set out by law on street sales to be better applied than markets with temporary stalls. The former obtain much higher scores than the latter. Finally, presence of intermediaries made the survey scores drastically lower, but theywere higher when producers ranstalls. Facilitating the staff in this sector access to specialised training is fundamental. This is the main problem faced in such businesses, followed by asking competent authorities to collaborate more to ensure that current legislation is met, and to protect and improve traditional sales as their importance in society and today’s economy in many regions is vital.

Alberto Gulino MD, PhD (1952-2014).

Alberto Gulino passed away on November 25, 2014. He will be dearly missed by family, friends and colleagues. Alberto was an enthusiastic scientist who provided important insights into several fields and critical support to young scientists. After graduating in medicine and surgery and specializing in endocrinology at the Catholic University in Rome (Italy), Alberto began his scientific career as a PhD student in biochemistry and developmental biology at the University of Paris. Following his doctoral degree he moved on to become a research associate at the Foundation for Hormone Research in Paris in the group of J Pasqualini, where he addressed the early role of estrogens and of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Alberto, subsequently, returned to his beloved Rome as an assistant professor at Sapienza University, where he continued work on steroid hormones, investigating the biochemical features of nuclear receptor complexes and their role in immunomodulation and tumorigenesis. Following a period at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, USA, Alberto was appointed associate professor at the University of L'Aquila (Italy), then full professor and, later on, dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery. Alberto was also heavily involved in education being director of the PhD program in experimental medicine, director of the school of specialization in oncology, and director of the department of experimental medicine. During these years he guided the transformation of the Faculty of Medicine at L'Aquila into a modern and enterprising structure, favoring the return of talented abroad-trained Italian researchers. Back in Rome, at Sapienza University, Alberto's contagious enthusiasm for science and excellence led him to become director of the Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, director of the PhD Program in molecular medicine, and head of the imaging and treatment of brain cancer and the stem cell program of the Italian Institute of Technology at Sapienza University. His abilities to organize scientific events can also be highlighted by the superb and intense Hedgehog meeting he organized in Rome, at a fantastic small hotel facing Palazzo Farnese near Campo de' Fiori and Piazza Navona. The comment of the younger students was that it was ‘terrible' since the talks and discussions were so good that they did not have time to do all the things they had planned to do in Rome. Alberto Gulino's scientific contributions have been notable in different fields but we wish to highlight his work on the mechanism of acetylation and modulation of Gli proteins,1 the regulation of GLI by Numb,2 as well as his work on the regulation of HH signaling by miRNAs.3 In all three works Alberto and his team explored new territory and advanced the field by revealing intricate mechanisms using state of the art genetic, biochemical and cellular analyses. These findings now provide a fertile ground for continued progress in the understanding of the regulation and biological importance of HH signaling. Alberto was exceedingly generous and humble, keeping a healthy mixture of skepticism and trust. It will be impossible to forget his love of science and his style, where complex expositions crystallized in important insights and solid work. Alberto had a particular relational warmth and was admired by many of his coworkers, who saw in him a guiding and protecting figure. It will also be impossible to forget being a guest of Alberto in Rome, dining at superb small local restaurants where he and his wife, Isabella Screpanti, were known by name by the owners and the cooks, or visiting magnificent monuments or small streets and listening to Isabella tell stories of Rome, as only Romans can tell. Alberto was an important figure in Italian and European science, and a wonderful person. He will be missed at home and abroad by many friends and colleagues. We thank his students Enrico De Smaele, Elisabetta Ferreti, Lucia Di Marcotullio and Luca Canettieri for biographical information.

Living on New Zealand Street: Maori Presence in Parramatta

Conventional narratives of Maori encounters with non-Maori logically cohere around the geographic space of Aotearoa, New Zealand, and tend to focus on the post-1840 (treaty) period and on Maori encounters with Europeans. This article examines two institutions in Parramatta, now a suburb of Sydney, Australia, at which Maori students were present in the first decades of the nineteenth century—the New Zealand Seminary and the Native Institution—in order to explore what can happen to our understandings of Maori history if we start at a small street in that suburb named New Zealand Street. In Parramatta, Maori presence is diasporic, early, complex, and deeply entangled in the histories of other indigenous people.

Virtual Worlds and Futures of Anthropology

fAKr^zoKorz6 AAlTi MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATION FOR EDUCATORS Volume 30 No. VIRTUAL WORLDS to Second Spring 2009 AND FUTURES OF AN by Welcome Tom Boellstorjf In graduate school Life I Sim City, discovered lation released in the late 1990s. Imagine yourself suddenly set down alone on a tropical beach close to an island you on a gorgeous blue sea lands and continents. you village. is Spread out before an archipelago of is- While the boat to this place sails away, you realize that has brought you are alone and no one in Thus began my two-year field study to help you. Second Life. could be experienced by text (and eventually In June join Second field computer. study by logging onto I Bukowski. 2 person ning vista of green cities, a 30tk avatars, each as having entered About a year later, just over at one 5 million each month, with, on average, over 50,000 residents logged in mtwersatp ticular small streets, moment. Second phenomenon, and virtual worlds much at any par- Life is there are larger not a many than Second Life (including those designed for children, humanlike this virtual on per month, and tens spending over 28 million hours inworld A a stun- final accounts were registered, with residents new world popu- by people appearing lated invited the public to by November 2007, when the over 10 million registered Second Life accounts, with over sandy beaches hills, and lands dotted with homes, even whole though voice). 2003 Linden Labs Life; time. my my named Tom What I found was same time, of thousands of persons inworld entered Second Life as an avatar, a virtual at the manuscript for my ethnography was submitted, there were to Indonesia, totaling almost three years new many people 1.5 million people logging began new technology people who could communicate with one another through Having made eight different trips I a that could generate a three-dimensional virtual world that of fieldwork, in June 2004 a popular simu- around this time, also computer engineers were pioneering have nothing to do but begin your ethnographic journey. You have no previous experience in conducting field- work in this environment; there is little to guide you and But like world games, like Club Penguin, and those designed as World of Warcraft). by logging on from an actual location around the globe. Since childhood, by technology. Born in I have always been fascinated am a member of the first generation in the United States for were a part of everyday as a voracious reader Inside: t life. I National an Anthropologist Study Virtual Worlds? whom video games was an avid player as well of J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. After some preliminary searching among various worlds, I settled on Second Life for Museum of Natural History virtual my particular study. Obesity and Culture, Iraqi Ethnic Groups, Applied Readers, Discounted Text 3 Smithsonian How Can

Small Screens and Big Streets: A Comparison of Women Police Officers on Primetime Crime Shows and in U.S. Police Departments, 1950 to 2008

This article utilizes a longitudinal approach to assess the visibility of women as police officers in primetime crime shows from 1950 to 2008 and compares these numbers for television to actual data on women who work as police officers in the United States. We find that as expected, annual labor force data and crime show data both indicate increases in the number of minorities and women working in the criminal justice system over time. Given the robust literature on the general underrepresentation of women on television, however, we did not expect to uncover that both White and minority women are overrepresented as police officers on television every year compared to the occupational reality. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Gender aspects of public urban space: Analysis of the names of Belgrade streets

The street city network and the street names represent structural public symbolic system which is characterized by readability. This readability gives identity; the city is clearly divided in significant and less significant zones used for different purposes with different levels of communicativity. It is explicitly connected with public memory evocation-with collective memory and the state ideology. Having that in mind, the names of streets in Belgrade given by female names will be analyzed. It is analyzed how it is in structural manner the street network in Belgrade on symbolic level (through the names of streets and their distribution in the street network structure) expresses gender based distribution of power in the public space-using relation between the center and periphery in certain municipalities and the city as a whole. Investigating different city zones, it can be showed ?rationalization of political domination? - the parts of the city where the residencies of foreign countries, embassies and consulates are situated, representative and private, as well as zones which belong to different social stratums - higher and lower layers, which are also the zones of different communicative capacity (determinated by the structure of street network). This analysis clearly points out on distinctive, even though implicitly inherited difference in power distribution and gender based standings in social organization of the space. Streets which got the name by women are very few and they occupy marginal positions in the street network structure - they are mostly peripheral, smaller streets, which are in high percent dead end streets. In the same time, the dynamics of the change of the street names in the last decade is not in favor of the names from National Liberation Army (NOB). Street name change affirms historical females characters from XIX century, expressing on the direct way the ideological change and the need of classes and stratums which tend to establish their social position today and their influence on the changing the view on history in order to consolidate their own legitimization.

Time Dependent Travel Speed Vehicle Routing and Scheduling on a Real Road Network: The Case of Torino

Vehicle routing and scheduling play a crucial role in the distribution chain. Although this research area has been broadly studied in the literature, there is still a lack of models closely representing real life problems. Most of the models proposed address constant travel times between nodes, without taking into account rush hours traffic congestion. In real applications in urban contexts the increasing of travel times due to congestion effects cannot be neglected. Models dealing with time dependent travel times work with simplified step functions, discretizing the time horizon in small time intervals. Even if this approach is broadly used, assuming travel times varying with discrete jumps is a strong approximation of real world conditions which evolve continuously. Another strong approximation adopted in the literature is that travel time (or speed) is computed on direct links, while in the real world vehicles travels on a road network, in which Euclidean distances do not hold anymore. In this paper, a vehicle routing problem (VRP) on a real road network with time dependent travel speed expressed by a polynomial function is addressed. Despite the difficulty to work with these kind of function, in this way congestion evolution behavior may be more precisely represented. In real situations, it is common to face different congestion peaks during the day, each one of which generally has different characteristics. Morning peaks are very sharp, i.e. congestion level rapidly increase reaching its maximum value which last for a short time after what congestion rapidly decrease, while evening peaks are generally much more spread across a longer time period and congestion variations are much more smoothed. Step functions, commonly used in practice, cannot represent at all realistic situations and peaks; linear functions may acceptable represents sharp peaks but not wider once. Polynomials, indeed, are able to better describe each type of peak. An application on Torino road network is presented. Speed evolution laws on main arcs are computed basing on real data obtained from an analysis carried out on averaged travel speed measured by an electronic system with 5minutes intervals over two weeks. Small streets for which this data are not available are supposed to have a constant travel speed. Computational results show that taking advantage on the available information on different rush hour peaks intensity and spread on different arcs, it is possible to obtain better vehicle routing and scheduling plan.

Monitoring of Heavy Metals Content in Soil Collected from City Centre and Industrial Areas of Misurata, Libya

The present paper deals with the assessment of heavy metals in soil and roadside dust around Misurata City Centre and industrial areas/roads in the period of October 2011–May 2012. The levels of Pb, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr, and Cu in settled dust samples collected near small streets, playgrounds, gas stations and main streets in the Misurata Area have been determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Also, the levels of same heavy metals in industrial areas have been determined. Metal concentration trend variation was also discussed in relation with traffic density and other sources of fugitive emission around different sites on each road/area. The overall mean concentration for main streets was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than for other small streets, where Misurata has been the centre of fierce fighting and is located in a frontline battle zone in the Libyan war; therefore most of metal concentrations in surface soil in the fighting area Tripoli Street and Benghazi Street were higher than those from the other sites (outside fighting area).

High Street Adaptations: Ethnicity, Independent Retail Practices, and Localism in London's Urban Margins

Two key forces are likely to impact on the retail profile of London's high streets. First is the increasing expansion of London's retail sector across both affiliated and independent sectors, paralleled with economic volatility associated in part with the global crisis in 2008. The second is the political shift, at both national and city scales, towards the recognition of small independent shops and local high streets, as signalled in The Mayor's Draft Replacement London Plan, 2010. This brings us to a third consideration: the growth of ethnic retail, evidenced particularly in London where national levels of immigration and ethnic diversity are at their highest. The 2010 High Street London report commissioned by the Mayor's Office emphasises ‘the local’ role of London's high streets for a local’ populous, reflecting a larger national policy emphasis on Localism as outlined in The Localism Bill in 2010. This paper explores what forms of planning are best suited to recognise a rapidly evolving retail landscape together with the crucial differentiations inherent in the local landscape. The focus is explicitly contextual: it is London centric in its scope, and relies on detailed survey and ethnographic data of a south London high street located within an area with high Indices of Deprivation. The context sits in contrast to the notions of the village high street and the upmarket high street, which encapsulate cultural notations of vitality and viability which frame much of the literature and policy around the value of high streets. By analysing the adaptive practices of the ethnically diverse, independent retailers on the Walworth Road, socioeconomic measures of high street values are explored. Further, the paper conceptualises adaptation as the strategic adjustments made by independent proprietors in recognition of large-scale economic forces, national regulatory frameworks, and local cultural nuances. The paper reframes ‘the local’ as ‘the particular’ and emphasises the need for disaggregated, fine-grained research on retail practices in high streets which reflect crucial contextual differentiations. Finally it explores what a planning framework and stewardship mechanism for high streets in London's urban margins might comprise.

Zones of Authentic Pleasure: Gentrification, Middle Class Taste and Place Making in Milan

Zones of Authentic Pleasure: Gentrification, Middle Class Taste and Place Making in Milan

(P1-17) Zürich Rescue System for Mass Gatherings: 19 Year Experience with Disaster Risk Reduction, Risk Management, and Rescue Organizations

Zürich is divided by a river and &gt; 6 km lakeside labyrinth of small streets in the old city. Since 1992, Zürich hosts the street parade, which is the biggest event in Switzerland and one of the biggest in Europe. It is an event of techno parties, and nearly one million people gather along the lake and the old city. Medical assistance is provided by the emergency system of Zürich in cooperation with the fire department, police department, as well as the emergency systems of the neighborhoods, civil protection, and Volunteers. This mass gathering is unique because almost 16 km2 of the city and old city and four of the six bridges that connect the two sides of the city are closed and dedicated to the Streetparade, which complicates rescue operations. Since it is impossible for an ambulance to get to injured persons in the crowd, and very difficult to transfer patients to a hospital, many stationary medical units and two boats are used in the city, each with a combination of emergency doctors, paramedics, firefighters, and volunteers, who also can build mobile units and an advanced medical unit in a shelter that has rooms for 108 patients. Every mobile unit has a GPS system that permits the Operational Headquarters to have an overview. This system has been helpful in this particular event, permitting medical personnel to reach the injured persons in short time and to treat the majority of the patients in situ, minimizing the necessity of transport. In 2010, 680 patients were treated 680, of which, only 42 were transported to a hospital. No deaths due to panic attacks of lack of emergency response have occurred in the past 19 years.

A report from the 47th European Association for the Study of Diabetes Annual Meeting (September 12-16, 2011 - Lisbon, Portugal)

Walking the streets in Lisbon is not a matter of inertia, at least when going uphill through the small streets crowding the slopes around the Alfama and Bairro Alto neighborhoods. However, when treating diabetes, clinical inertia seems to be the rule, despite the availability of effective therapies and recommendations for early insulin replacement to improve glucose control and prevent diabetes complications. This was further confirmed in the SOLVE study presented during this year's European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) meeting (Khunti, K. et al., Abst 377), highlighting the importance of understanding healthcare habits to implement policies aimed at appropriate treatment intensification and even initiation to achieve earlier glycemic control of type 2 diabetes. However, preventing type 2 diabetes is crucial, in which regard physical activity has been repeatedly reported to reduce the risk of acquiring type 2 diabetes, and does so independently of its impact on general and abdominal adiposity (Ekelund, U. et al., Abst 225), resulting in a clearly cost-effective option to avoid the disease and the need for treatments. Although physical activity improves fitness but not glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (Valletta, J.J. et al., Abst 602), this is feasible through educational campaigns aimed at improving eating habits, routine physical exercise and healthy lifestyles, which, as demonstrated among students in Mexico, reduced the incidence of obesity and overweight (Martínez, M.E., Abst 858). Nevertheless, type 2 diabetes is a reality that is actually on the rise and requires treatments aimed at maintaining glycemic control, thus avoiding diabetic complications, while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia and its consequences. Reducing hemoglobin A1c levels below 7%, as recommended by most guidelines for the treatment of diabetes, was confirmed to be associated with a reduced risk of death and diabetes-related morbidity in a population study in patients with type 2 diabetes (Skriver, M.V. et al., Abst 54). Hence, treatments are critical for achieving glycemic goals and preventing undue deaths. A wide range of therapies are currently available, but new drugs are under research that may potentially improve outcomes with a lower risk for adverse events, or may offer efficacy in patients currently not at goal because of insufficient efficacy of the drugs they are receiving, or because the doses they would require would cause excessive toxicity or an undue risk for hypoglycemia. New findings with currently available drugs and drugs in research that were reported during this year's EASD meeting in the beautiful city of Lisbon are summarized in the following report.

Children's village: an innovative approach to community safety

In 1986 fire and police officers in Western Maryland, USA recognised the need to create a centralised life safety education centre for children. A number of events precipitated the development...

Spatial analysis of bioavailable soil lead concentrations in Los Angeles, California

Lead (Pb) poisoning causes permanent neurologic and developmental disorders and remains an important environmental health problem for US children, despite removal of Pb from gasoline and household paints. To better understand the contribution of Pb from historical traffic and residential Pb based paint to soil Pb concentrations in Los Angeles, we analyzed 550 soil Pb samples from south central Los Angeles County, CA, in relation to land-use patterns (commercial, industrial, residential, and parks and open areas) and proximity to freeways, highways, and major arterials. House age variables (surrogates of historical Pb-based paint) and traffic index variables (surrogates of historical traffic) were created at different buffer distances (10-5000m). Total and bioavailable Pb concentrations near freeways and major arterials were significantly higher than those collected elsewhere. Total and bioavailable Pb concentrations were highly correlated (r=0.96) after the removal of one outlier. Both parcel-age related variables and traffic variables were important predictors of current soil bioavailable Pb concentrations. Average age of parcels within 30m and length of small streets within 3000m explained 57% and 38% of the variance, respectively, in soil bioavailable Pb concentrations in residential areas away from freeways and major arterials (N=44). Road length of freeways within 750m explained 28% of bioavailable Pb concentrations in parks and open areas (N=26). Multi-variable regression models predicted 16-61% of the variances in bioavailable Pb concentrations, depending on land-use type and spatial relationship to roadways. Based on these models a map of spatial distributions of soil Pb concentrations was created for the Los Angeles area that shows promise as a screening tool to evaluate continued Pb poisoning in children.

Network based Multi Agent Simulation Analysis - Part 1 : Model Development -

This study begins with a hypothesis that pedestrian movement can be considered as an outcome of two distinct components - (1) the configuration of street network and (2) the location of specific attractions (urban facilities - shops, offices, pubic buildings etc.) within a network. The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between geometrical factors of street network and socio-economic process between urban attractors and pedestrians. With this purpose, a new analytical model will be developed, whereby two well-known analytical methods of spatial analysis in architectural or urban field is combined - network analysis and multi agent system. Mainly centrality measures of network analysis will be compared to the volume of pedestrian flow from the agent simulation model. This comparison will generate a picture that demonstrates the existence of two types of factors in the performance of urban spaces. - 1) from the street network which is geometrical, static, predictable, 2) from the process which is relatively probabilistic, complex and unpredictable.This paper is the 1st step of continuous research, to determine the necessary concept through critical review of the two methods, establish an outline of the new model, and simulation of a small virtual street network.

Report on the Cigre SC A2 and D1 Joint Colloquium on Power Transformers

Following an invitation from the Belgium National Committee of Cigre, a joint colloquium between SC D1 “Material and Emerging Technologies” and SC A2 “Transformers” was held in Bruges, Belgium, from October 7-12, 2007. In addition there was a Tutorial session, a meeting of Study Committee A2, and several Working Group meetings. The colloquium was held in the St. Jans Hospital, a restored hospital created in 1855, in the centre of the historic town. 198 experts, from 35 countries, gathered to discuss new developments in the field of insulating materials, reliability of transformers, and shunt reactors. More than 50 papers were presented. The colloquium was supported by a number of sponsors, who took part in the technical exhibition. The city of Bruges is a typical medieval-looking city, founded in the 15 th century and having many small streets, period buildings, and monuments. Bruges is known today as the “Venice of the North” because, when it was founded, it was then a major port situated on the North Sea coast possessing many canals that are still a notable and attractive feature of the city today. The Colloquium was opened by Jan Declercq on behalf of the Belgium National Committee. A warm welcome was extended to all participants together with expressions of sincere gratitude to the sponsors who made this meeting possible. Pierre Boss/CH, Chairman of Study Committee A2, reviewed the overall mission and current activities within SC A2, and the specific objective of this Colloquium. Three subjects were selected in collaboration and coordination with SC D1. The first subject sought to deepen our knowledge of insulating materials; the second one addressed the issue of transformer reliability, risk assessment, and oil corrosivity; the third one discussed shunt reactors in terms of specification, loading, and reliability. Prof. Ernst Gockenbach/DE, Chairman of Study Committee D1, presented the mission of the SC and the need for liaison with SC A2. The work of the Study Committee is principally scientific in nature and its main aim is to provide timely information on new developments and trends to other CIGRE Study Committees. The link with transformers is especially obvious for WG D1.01 “Liquid Impregnated Systems for Transformers”.

When Theory Meets Politics

AntipodeVolume 40, Issue 3 p. 492-497 When Theory Meets Politics Doreen Massey, Doreen Massey Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; d.b.massey@open.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author Doreen Massey, Doreen Massey Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; d.b.massey@open.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 April 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2008.00619.xCitations: 23Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume40, Issue3June 2008Pages 492-497 RelatedInformation