Small Streets Research Articles

A Bronze Age town in the Khaybar walled oasis: Debating early urbanization in Northwestern Arabia.

Recent exploration of the Khaybar oasis by the Khaybar Longue Durée Archaeological Project (AFALULA-RCU-CNRS) has led to the discovery of an exceptional Bronze Age fortified site called al-Natah. For the first time in Northwestern Arabia, the characteristics of a third/second-millennium-BCE settlement can be assessed over a large area. Preliminary archaeological survey and soundings have revealed a fortified 2.6-hectares town built around 2400-2000 BCE which lasted until at least 1500 BCE and possibly 1300 BCE-but with possible interruptions-, functionally subdivided into a residential area, a probable decision-making zone and a necropolis. The nucleated dwellings were constructed following a standard plan and were connected by small streets. By comparison with neighboring oasis centers, we suggest that Northwestern Arabia during the Bronze Age-largely dominated by pastoral nomadic groups and already integrated into long-distance trade networks-was dotted with interconnected monumental walled oases centered around small fortified towns. And by comparison with the contemporary situation in the Southern Levant, we also envisage that the archaeological record bears witness to a 'low urbanization' (or 'slow urbanism'), indigenous to North Arabia, evidencing weak but increasing social complexity through the Early and Middle Bronze Ages.

Parliament Hidden in Small Streets and Squares. The Significance of Parliament’s Seat for the Constitutional System

Abstract Parliament is the space where politics and (constitutional) law literally take shape. Here, collective decisions take form in a specific setting where relationships between various political actors are organized through architecture. The architecture of spaces of political congregation is not only an abstract expression of a political culture – it participates in politics and it is part of the constitutional system. This paper focuses on the question, whether the location (and architecture) of the seat of the parliament is somehow significant for decision-making practices and for the role of the parliament in the constitutional system and for its values. This is discussed based on the example of the seat of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. The parliament (and especially the Chamber of Deputies) is one of the key institutions in Czech constitutional system. This is kind of paradox, because unlike other significant parliaments, the buildings of the Parliament of the Czech Republic are not dominant of the city of Prague.

Addressing urban social and spatial stratification: testing the potential for integration of public housing

The legacy of public housing in the American city is dominated by a condition of social and spatial stratification. In New York City, inadequate funding exacerbates the conditions of isolated public housing residents, raising questions about the stability and sustainability of public housing. At a time when a severe housing crisis is impacting on the affordability of and access to urban housing generally, addressing this legacy of public housing can be the impetus for a long-term vision that integrates public housing into the fabric of the city, providing new housing options for public housing residents while merging them into mixed-income neighbourhoods with redefined public spaces and increased services and amenities. This approach to a long-term vision, built around high-density mid-rise development, contrasts with the incremental approach currently expedient due to the social and political climate surrounding public housing. However, current resistance to an aggressive strategy belies another part of the legacy of public housing: the major demolition of city streets and blocks that made possible the anti-urban planning that undergirds this isolation and stratification. Empirical evidence supports urban design that builds on the nineteenth-century city’s urban form of small blocks and active streets as the foundation for vital urban neighbourhoods. This study of the political and urban design efforts to address the severe challenges facing public housing tests the potential for a path, when the political and social climate allows, for an aggressive strategy to preserve public housing that centres on social and spatial integration.

Training Volunteers to Prune Recently Planted, Small Street Trees

AbstractBackgroundTrees in towns and cities provide many benefits, but also disservices such as risk and conflicts. Structural pruning of young trees can reduce future conflicts and risk as trees grow larger; it also can reduce future maintenance costs. Volunteers can perform important urban forestry tasks such as planting, watering, and conducting inventories. It was hypothesized that, with training, they could also learn to structurally prune young street trees.MethodsForty-seven volunteers in three cities in Massachusetts were trained to structurally prune trees. Twenty volunteers trained in a classroom lecture; twenty-seven trained with a hands-on approach. The volunteers’ performance was evaluated with a written exam andin situassessments of their ability to specify and explain pruning recommendations and make pruning cuts. Training type and covariates (e.g., volunteers’ familiarity with trees, number of branches) influence on volunteers’ performance were investigated.ResultsOn the assessment of volunteers’ ability to explain pruning recommendations, volunteers who received hands-on training achieved higher mean scores (79%) than volunteers who received classroom training (74%). All volunteers who received hands-on training did not leave a stub when making a reduction cut, but only 70% of volunteers who received classroom training did not leave a stub. Volunteers who received classroom training achieved higher scores on the exam (93%) than volunteers who received hands-on training (85%).ConclusionsResults suggest that with minimal training volunteers successfully learned structural pruning. This is an encouraging finding that may help municipal arborists accomplish more with limited urban forestry budgets.

Western Elegance, Yokohama Style: College Fashion, Urban Redevelopment, and the Rise of Feminine Motomachi in Post-1970 Japan / [西洋のエレガンス、横浜流:女子大生のファッションと都市計画の関係 から見る横浜元町における1970年代以降の女性への再編成

Abstract: Motomachi, a small shopping street on the outskirts of Yokohama’s old town, is architecturally designed with a European aesthetic and caters primarily to a clientele of women in their early twenties. This article traces the history of Motomachi’s construction as a site for feminine consumption. It identifies its origins in the late 1970s with three principal actors: the readers of a new genre of magazines targeting young and highly-educated women; economic planners in Yokohama concerned with preserving the traditional civic functions of shopping streets; and the businessmen in Motomachi’s shopping street association interested in remaining economically competitive. Through the pages of the magazine JJ , young women discovered in Motomachi traditional Japanese craftsmanship and “Yokohama traditional” ( Hamatra ) style. Concurrently, city bureaucrats encouraged Motomachi and other shopping streets to revitalize themselves by capitalizing on their heritage, prompting Motomachi’s savvy businessmen to project this demographic’s fantasies onto urban space. Through archival study of planning documents and fashion magazines combined with aesthetic analyses of Hamatra fashion and Motomachi’s architecture, this article shows how urban space can be impregnated with particular gendered and subcultural forms. It also interrogates the political, economic, and gendered origins of local history and how Occidentalism persists despite a discursive rejection of Western norms in favor of Japanese tradition. Lastly, the article argues that Motomachi’s history is also one of the development of neoliberalism in contemporary Japan, and that future research ought not to overlook neoliberalism’s gendered aspects.

Sistem Web Real Time untuk Pelacakan Lokasi Pedagang Keliling

The rapid progress in technology, particularly in the realm of information technology, has significantly impacted various aspects of daily life. Despite these advancements, many street vendors continue to conduct trade within housing complexes or on smaller streets. This presents a challenge for potential buyers who find it inconvenient to purchase goods from street vendors due to uncertainties about their presence and the types of merchandise they offer. To address this issue, a viable solution is proposed: the development of a tracking system that utilizes GPS technology on smartphones to monitor the movements of street vendors. The location data of these vendors is transmitted to the internet, where it is converted into accessible information through a web interface built with the Codeigniter framework. Black Box testing confirms the effective functionality of the system, and the evaluation yields a score of 82.28%, indicating its successful implementation.

Effects of traffic speed reduction interventions on noise-induced annoyance and self--reported sleep disturbances: a longitudinal study in Zurich

For the purpose of evaluating acceptance and effects of permanent speed reductions on noise level, noise annoyance and self-reported sleep disturbance, we surveyed about 1300 randomly sampled inhabitants, before and after a speed regime changeover from 50 km/h to 30 km/h along 15 small- and mid-sized city streets in Zurich. Concurrently, individual noise exposure calculations based on traffic counts and on-site speed measurements were carried out. The results show a decrease of road traffic noise levels at the loudest facade point by an average of 1.6 dB during the day and 1.7 dB at night, a significant decrease of road noise annoyance and of self-reported sleep disturbances as well as a significant but moderate increase of the perception of road safety. Most importantly, the exposure-response relationships for annoyance and sleep disturbance were shifted towards lower effects in the 30 km/h condition by, depending on receiver point, between about 2 and 4 dB during the day and about 4 dB at night, indicating lower effects at the same average level. We conclude that besides the lower average level alone, additional factors related to the lower driving speed must play a role in the reduction of annoyance and sleep disturbance.

Improving the traffic situation by shifting the turn and adjusting the traffic lights

The article deals with the problem of the formation of a traffic jam on the one of the street Krasnoyarsk cities. According to statistics, the largest set of accidents occur when turning the vehicle. For convenience and traffic priority, traffic lights are set up and additional signals or sections of traffic lights are introduced. In Europe, additional lanes are added, designed separately for turning, where cars can continue to wait for their turn, but if there are a lot of cars, then the additional lane ceases to cope with the flow of cars and begins to load the lane. Another option, when all left turns are prohibited, you need to turn right, where there is one-way traffic, look for a place to turn around and return from another street in order to drive straight to the opposite side of the road where the turn was prohibited. These manipulations can affect the ecology near residential areas and overload small streets, where there is already 1 lane for traffic. The paper proposes the option of transferring the turn to the supermarket to the next intersection in order to increase throughput at large traffic flows, and also uses analytical optimization methods to minimize travel time and maximize passing cars per hour.

In Memory of Tibor Frank (1948-2022)

First, a brief account of his family background: Tibor Frank came from a Jewish Hungarian family with a rich history. His ancestors included Mór Wahrmann, Hungary’s first Jewish member of Parliament after the 1867 Compromise, and the initiator of the unification of Pest, Buda and Óbuda in the Pest Parliament. At the beginning of the 2000s, on the initiative of Tibor Frank, a small street in Új- Lipótváros was named after Wahrmann (when it became clear that the street which had once borne his name, but had since become Victor Hugo Street, could not be returned to its original name). At the same time, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences established the Mór Wahrmann Award, and in 2009, a collection of Mór Wahrmann’s papers, collected meticulously by Tibor Frank, was published under the title Honszeretet és felekezeti hűség [Patriotism and Religious Loyalty], referring to the nineteenth-century politician’s fundamental position and the dual commitments that were central to his political activities. As Wahrmann wrote, “One cannot be a true patriot without being true to one’s creed, or a good citizen while neglecting religion. One’s ardent patriotism must go hand in hand with unbreakable loyalty and devotion to one’s faith.”

The Plat of Zion and Urban Development in Salt Lake City

The Plat of Zion and Urban Development in Salt Lake City

ANOMALY OF LOW SPREAD OF COVID-19 IN SLUM SETTLEMENTS OF DEPOK VILLAGE

Two residents of Depok City, West Java, were confirmed as the first Covid-19 patients in Indonesia on March 2, 2020. This global pandemic has wreaked havoc on many facets of human life, especially slum environment in Depok City. Slum settlements are associated with dense populations, small streets, and disorganized housing structures, and all of which contribute to the high spread of Covid-19. In Depok Village, which is classified as a slum settlement, the number of Covid-19 case is lower than in Mekarsari Village, which is neither slum nor tend to be luxury. This study uses qualitative methods and research sources are from field observations and comparisons with previous studies which are contradictory. The theory used as a guide for this writing is Ekistics, Doxiadis. According to the findings of this study, the low number of COVID-19 cases in slum settlements can be reduced, one of the factors is the impact of improved environmental infrastructure. The Covid-19 Alert Village performance, the social community and public health also play critical roles in assisting people in their efforts to avoid the spread of Covid-19. The active participation of all members of society is the most important factor in preventing Covid-19 spread and transmission. The findings of this case study are not intended to generalize the phenomena that occur in the community, but this is an effort to evaluate and introspect on programs and policies that will be, are being, and have been performed by the local government in collaboration with the community.

MULTI AXIS TILTING TRAILER SYSTEM EMBEDDED WITH PNEUMATIC AND PLC/ARDUINO CONTROL

Pneumatic multi-axis trailer is to be used mainly in construction and in industrial sites, where the space limitations are there. In this work, the material can be unloaded at any side of the trailer automatically by using ‘Pneumatic and Plc/Arduino Control’. Whereas in ordinary unloading is done at the backside only, here unloading is done in any direction. This system is totally operated with the pneumatic components with a linkage mechanism having the use of a chain-sprocket system. This work has been formed after studying the problem in unloading the materials. In small compact streets and small roads, it is difficult to unload the materials hence unloading angles are modified to unload the trailer in 0 to 270 degrees very easily. The effective use of ‘Pneumatic and Plc/Arduino Control’ is done. By pressing the Direction control valve, the compressed air goes to the pneumatic cylinder through the valve. The ram of the pneumatic cylinder used for lifting the trailer cabin. The rotation and other motions are achieved with the use of a chain drive mechanism. In this research an attempt is made to design and fabricate multi axis tilting trailer system embedded with pneumatic and Plc/Arduino control which may be useful to develop a mechanism for reducing time of loading and unloading, to provide easier way of dumping with less maintenance cost, to increase the efficiency of the vehicle and to reduce man power and also to achieve high safety, to reduce the work load and to reduce the fatigue of workers.

Unfolding the Impacts of a Prolonged COVID-19 Pandemic on the Sustainability of Culinary Tourism: Some Insights from Micro and Small Street Food Vendors

Our study reveals the impacts of various COVID-19-related restrictions on the culinary tourism industry by exploring how street food vendors deal with this unprecedented encounter. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews of 20 street food vendors and later analyzed using qualitative data analysis, focusing on the thematic analysis of coded interview transcripts, as a basis for generalization of our findings. This study unfolds the knock-on effects of the lock-down, social distancing, and movement restrictions imposed on the street food vendors and sheds light on how the culinary tourism industry can become more resilient and sustainable in facing a future or recurring pandemic. Understanding the dynamic impacts of the pandemic will offer insights for the culinary tourism industry and the government in the development of relevant policies to alleviate those impacts and protect the culinary tourism industry in the ‘new normal’ post-pandemic era.

Ultrafine particle exposure for bicycle commutes in rush and non-rush hour traffic: A repeated measures study in Copenhagen, Denmark

Ultrafine particles (UFP), harmful to human health, are emitted at high levels from motorized traffic. Bicycle commuting is increasingly encouraged to reduce traffic emissions and increase physical activity, but higher breathing rates increase inhaled UFP concentrations while in traffic. We assessed exposure to UFP while cycling along a fixed 8.5 km inner-city route in Copenhagen, on weekdays over six weeks (from September to October 2020), during morning and afternoon rush-hour, as well as morning non-rush-hour, traffic time periods starting from 07:45, 15:45, and 09:45 h, respectively. Continuous measurements were made (each second) of particle number concentration (PNC) and location. PNC levels were summarized and compared across time periods. We used generalized additive models to adjust for meteorological factors, weekdays and trends. A total of 61 laps were completed, during 28 days (∼20 per time period). Overall mean PNC was 18,149 pt/cm3 (range 256–999,560 pt/cm3) with no significant difference between morning rush-hour (18003 pt/cm3), afternoon rush-hour (17560 pt/cm3) and late morning commute (17560 pt/cm3) [p = 0.85]. There was substantial spatial variation of UFP exposure along the route with highest PNC levels measured at traffic intersections (∼38,000-42000 pt/cm3), multiple lane roads (∼38,000-40000 pt/cm3) and construction sites (∼44,000-51000 pt/cm3), while lowest levels were measured at smaller streets, areas with open built environment (∼12,000 pt/cm3), as well as at a bus-only zone (∼15,000 pt/cm3). UFP exposure in inner-city Copenhagen did not differ substantially when bicycling in either rush-hour or non-rush-hour, or morning or afternoon, traffic time periods. UFP exposure varied substantially spatially, with highest concentrations around intersections, multiple lane roads, and construction sites. This suggests that exposure to UFP is not necessarily reduced by avoiding rush-hours, but by avoiding sources of pollution along the bicycling route.

Ensuring the integrity of the road network as the key to solving the problems of highway capacity in cities

Broadband highways are being built in major cities around the world to combat traffic congestion. At the same time, existing buildings are demolished or powerful overpasses are raised above them. However, it often turns out that newly created highways quickly exhaust their capacity, and traffic jams are formed on them again. This situation indicates that increasing the capacity of the highway does not solve the problem of traffic jams, but often aggravates it, since as a result of this increase, even more cars are drawn to the highway from adjacent territories, often exceeding their current capacity. At the same time, the streets in the surrounding areas are empty and their potential is not used to the full extent. This situation has arisen due to the disruption of the city road network by lengthy obstacles in the form of ravines, rivers, floodplains of small rivers, and railways. This situation can be corrected by "stitching" the streets over the gaps by building bridges and overpasses with a capacity corresponding to the capacity of the "stitched" streets. Most of the gaps fall on relatively small streets, which approach the banks of fairly wide floodplains of small rivers and streams, and this makes it advisable to build mainly small (with a span of 20-25 m) and relatively inexpensive bridges, with the number of spans sufficient to cover the floodplain and reach the levels of road surfaces of connected streets. There will be several hundred such bridges over the river barriers in a large city, for example, Moscow, and several hundred more, taking into account the required number of them over the railways, and in the end, about a thousand. It is proposed to erect bridge buildings instead of simple road bridges. Such structures combine two city functions; the first of them is transport, the second is public, residential, or economic, depending on the needs of the city and the environmental situation at the construction site. An important requirement for the second function is a quick return on the financial assets invested in the construction and income from the operation of the building acceptable to the investor. The bridge part of a bridge building should become the property of the city.

Simulating the effects of redesigned street-scale built environments on access/egress pedestrian flows to metro stations

In urban renewal processes, metro line systems are widely used to accommodate the massive traffic needs and stimulate the redevelopment of the local area. The route choice of pedestrians, emanating from or going to the metro stations, is influenced by the street-scale built environment. Many renewal processes involve the improvement of the street-level built environment and thus influence pedestrian flows. To assess the effects of urban design on pedestrian flows, this article presents the results of a simulation model of pedestrian route choice behavior around Yingkoudao metro station in the city center of Tianjin, China. Simulated pedestrian flows based on 4 scenarios of changes in street-scale built environment characteristics are compared. Results indicate that the main streets are disproportionally more affected than smaller streets. The promotion of an intensified land use mix does not lead to a high increase in the number of pedestrians who choose the involved route when traveling from/to the metro station, assuming fixed destination choice.

Design and development of smart solar powered street sweeping machine

Cleanliness is an important aspect of our daily life. Street Sweeping plays an important role in this regard. Street sweeping is a day to day activity of the sweepers of the Municipal Corporation. Due to limited manpower and the vast geographical area, this cleaning activity cannot be done effectively on a daily basis in every area. Mechanization of the road sweeping activity is hence gaining importance. In Metro cities, the cleaning of highways is done by using certain cleaning attachments over Vehicles. There are a range of machine tools available in the market which are either powered using certain fuels or in the form of vehicle attachments. Considering the need for automated cleaning using less manpower, we developed a Solar operated Street sweeping machine that can be used for cleaning small streets. The machine consists of a solar panel mounted on its top and a battery unit which can be used to used to power the entire machine. The electricity generated using the solar panel is stored in the battery which can be used to provide energy to operate the motor. The machine is made smart by including sensors for the Bin indicating system and for Obstacle detection. Though the initial cost of this machine is slightly higher, it can be considered as a good alternative for road cleaning.

“As Clear as It Needs to Be”: A Conversation with Thomas Kinsella

“As Clear as It Needs to Be”: A Conversation with Thomas Kinsella Adrienne Leavy and Thomas Kinsella (bio) from the Archives This article originally appeared in New Hibernia Review 24:1. the following interview, first published in Reading Ireland, is given to New Hibernia Review in advance of its inclusion in a book of essays on Thomas Kinsella that is forthcoming from Wake Forest University Press. The Wake Forest collection is edited by Adrienne Leavy, with essays by writers on the varied aspects of the poet’s career. Thomas Kinsella’s interview, with email questions from Adrienne Leavy in Phoenix, Arizona, and replies from Dublin, gives his memories of growing up in working-class Dublin; his time as an Irish civil servant and in US universities; and many general comments, in particular on publishing and politics, poetry and the poetic process. ________ AL: You grew up in the Inchicore-Kilmainham area of Dublin. In your book A Dublin Documentary (2006), which is part memoir, part poetry book, you refer to this place as “The Ranch.” Could you describe what it was like growing up in Dublin in the 1930s and 1940s? TK: Inchicore is a district on the western outskirts of Dublin. The Ranch is a settlement of six small streets westward from Inchicore. In the 1930s and 1940s if you went one step further westward from The Ranch you were heading into the country toward Ballyfermot and picking blackberries. I believe The Ranch was designed for workers on the Great Southern Railway, though I have never checked this. It is connected with the railway works [End Page 65] by a pathway people called “the Khyber Pass,” which suggests a date around the time of the Boer War. The Ranch was a perfect place to grow up. The streets safe, free of all traffic. One boundary was the Liffey Hill. From there, downhill and across a wide field, and you were on the bank of the River Liffey. The other boundary a high blank wall—the wall of the old landlord Inchicore Estate, in walking distance from the Model School. AL: Poems such as “Hen Woman,” “Ancestor,” “The High Road,” “A Hand of Solo,” and “Tear” evoke the world of your childhood and the people and places of your early life. The aforementioned poems were first published in Notes from the Land of the Dead, and Other Poems (1973), after you had started reading Jung. Do you think that Jungian philosophy facilitated this imaginative exploration? TK: Awareness of Jung came after the event. I had been wondering at the insistence of certain subjects: detailed memories of random places and happenings, gestures and voices, distinct as though they were there. A phrase heard only once, a glimpse through a doorway, that would never go away, always part of my daily thoughts. With these insistent memories it was not enough to leave them as recorded memories. There was a need to put them in intense words—words that would try to remake the memory and my response so as to make it possible always to re-experience the exact memory and the response. Reading Jung’s psychology of the unconscious, I recognized and understood. Art as a means to resist, in Jung’s own words, “the relentless flight of time . . . the poison of the stealthily creeping serpent of time . . .” AL: On April 10, 2019, you attended the opening of a sculpture garden with President Michael D. Higgins and his wife Sabina Higgins at the Inchicore Model School which you attended as a child. Your poem “Model School, Inchicore,” from Songs of the Psyche (1985), celebrates the school. Can you describe the school’s significance for you? TK: The Model School was small and a place of discovery. I learned there, for the first time, that there was a world outside The Ranch with enormous activities and things to understand. Our classes were small. We had two teachers, friendly and willing to answer all questions. There was a growing awareness of the troubles in Europe; I remember being uneasy at talk of General Franco and the voice of Hitler on the radio, full of hate. Our time in The Ranch ended with the...

Participatory Mapping and Visualization of Local Knowledge: An Example from Eberbach, Germany

A rise in the number of flood-affected people and areas has increased the interest in new methods and concepts that account for this change. Citizens are integrated into disaster risk reduction processes through participatory approaches and can provide valuable up-to-date local knowledge. During a field study in Eberbach (Baden–Wuerttemberg, Germany) sketch maps and questionnaires were used to capture local knowledge about flooding. Based on a previous study on urban flooding in Santiago de Chile, the tools were adapted and applied to river flooding in the city of Eberbach, which is regularly flooded by the Neckar River, a major river in southwest Germany. The empirical database of the study comprises 40 participants in the study area and 40 in a control area. Half of the participants in each group are residents and half are pedestrians. Purposive sampling was used, and the questionnaires aimed to gather demographic information and explore what factors, such as property, influence the risk perception of the study participants. The results show that residents identify a larger spatial area as at risk than pedestrians, and owning property leads to higher risk awareness. The flood type influenced the choice of the base maps for the sketch maps. For river flooding, one map with an overview of the area was sufficient, while for urban flooding a second map with more details of the area also enables the marking of small streets. The information gathered can complement authoritative data such as from flood models. This participatory approach also increases the communication and trust between local governments, researchers, and citizens.

OBSŁUGA TRANSPORTOWA MAŁYCH MIAST

The main problem connected with transport in small towns is an efficient passage of the transit route through the town. Road traffic planning is considered to be vital, which in many cases is not possible due to high costs. Another effective solution is calming the traffic along the route through towns, especially in the central areas, with lowering the speed limit to 30-40 kph (exceptionally allowing 50 kph). In this way, a consensus is achieved between the needs of traffic and town’s functioning. In consequence, the status of “priority for the town” is thus given. Ample experience confirms that there is a significant improvement in traffic safety on the main road, including: decrease in the number of deaths, reduction of traffic speed, improvement in the safety of vulnerable road users, improvement in the aesthetics and appearance of public space, improving parking conditions and reducing air pollution. Effects are achieved by reducing the speed and rebuilding of street sections. In the cross-sections of streets, new solutions for pedestrian and bicycle traffic develop the public space, which in this way becomes friendly to residents. Linear infrastructure for bicycles may be limited only to a road with a high car traffic density. The planned road solution must be integrally connected with spatial development. The threshold of road nuisance perceptible on the street in a small town is lower than in medium-sized and large cities. The average annual traffic daily volume should not exceed 5000 vpd. In the aspect of protection of living environment conditions, traffic intensity on small town streets should be by half lower (<2000 vpd), which means a moderate traffic function of the street.