Small-scale Projects Research Articles

"Important Enough to Show the World": Using Authentic Research Opportunities and Micropublications to Build Students' Science Identities.

Primarily undergraduate institutions (PUI) often struggle to provide authentic research opportunities that culminate in peer-reviewed publications due to "recipe-driven" lab courses and the comprehensive body of work necessary for traditional scientific publication. However, the advent of short-form, single-figure "micropublications" has created novel opportunities for early-career scientists to make and publish authentic scientific contributions on a scale and in a timespan compatible with their training periods. The purpose of this qualitative case study is to explore the benefits accrued by eight undergraduate and master's students who participated in authentic, small-scale research projects and disseminated their work as coauthors of peer-reviewed micropublications at a PUI. In these interviews, students reported that through the process of conducting and publishing their research, they developed specific competencies: reading scientific literature, proposing experiments, and collecting/interpreting publication-worthy data. Further, they reported this process enabled them to identify as contributing members of the greater scientific community.

Technical and Financial Analysis for the Implementation of Small-scale Self-generation Projects, based on Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Solar Energy, for Residential Users under Colombian Regulations

The study focuses on integrating non-conventional renewable energy sources into Colombia's power system. The regulatory framework allows small prosumers to trade energy surpluses with grid operators. The research analyzes the financial feasibility of implementing photovoltaic systems for residential users. Technical aspects governing energy production and implementation costs are examined. Colombian residential users, divided into six socioeconomic strata, undergo individual analysis based on their energy rates and consumption patterns. The study area is Bucaramanga, known for intermediate solar potential. Precise cost estimates for implementing photovoltaic systems that meet user energy requirements are provided. Financial viability indicators (NPV, IRR, Payback Time) are evaluated for three scenarios: existing energy prices, 50% government financing, and a 10% tariff reduction due to government intervention. Results show financial viability for strata 4, 5, and 6, but not for strata 1, 2, and 3. Government intervention can make strata 2 and 3 feasible. Lowering the kWh price adversely impacts the project's financial feasibility for all strata, particularly the lower-income ones. The study is valuable for potential investors and policymakers seeking to promote photovoltaic systems in the residential sector. It provides insights into economic viability and helps develop effective policies for Colombia's sustainable energy transition.

Decentering Whiteness in the Academic Library: Investigating the Impact of Institutional Whiteness on Organizational Culture through a Case Study of a Grassroots Anti-Racist Community of Practice in an Academic Library

This article reports on a small-scale research project conducted in the summer of 2021. It explores the impact of a grass-roots Anti-Racist Community of Practice on organizational culture and how much it influenced the decision-making practices of the library’s Senior Management Team. Discussed are issues of structural and institutional racism, privilege, power tensions, the impact of whiteness, and the problem of a policy-led approach to increasing diversity. A case study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with eleven participants who were either part of the Anti-Racist Community of Practice, the Senior Management Team, or both. The results of the research show that the Anti-Racist Community of Practice has significantly influenced organizational culture and has shifted the decision-making processes of the Senior Management Team in the library. However, changes in decision-making have not yet manifested in anti-racist practice becoming embedded at the senior level of the library.

Analysis of the Impacts of Small-Scale LNG Projects for Energy Supply of the North Region of Brazil: The Case of Roraima

Natural gas is a fossil resource less polluting compared to oil and coal. Despite the large volumes of proven reserves in Brazil, exploration and production are low because of several factors like the lack of infrastructure along several regions of the country, the regulatory model in the consolidation phase, and legal impasses regarding tariffs. In the Brazilian north region, the expansion of the natural gas market is even more complex due to regional specificities both in relation to natural characteristics and the existence of conflicts of interest that impact regional development. However, natural gas has been gaining notoriety over the years, with the existence of large projects that foster the gas market in some states in the region. This article aimed to discuss the impacts of increasing the participation of natural gas in the regional energy matrix through small-scale LNG projects, analyzing the case of the state of Roraima and the impacts of the Azulão-Jaguatirica II Project on this state. As a result, this research presented an evaluation of the existent regulation in Brazilian’s northern states, a bibliometric analysis of natural gas in the Brazilian Amazon which demonstrated how little the topic is covered, and a SWOT matrix about the impacts of natural gas in regional energy supply in order to help future decision-making on the subject.

Making a Case for Poetry in Action-oriented Foreign Language Courses

"The present article describes a small-scale poetry project intended to foster culturally responsive learning in the C1-level university language course. The instructor of this course had the opportunity to invite an aspiring poet, Ivan Bio from Sierra Leone, to a reading of three of his poems to be performed during one of the sessions. Designed as an extension activity for one of the course units, the project required students to complete a set of tasks to prepare for the poetry reading as well as engage in follow-up activities to reflect on the experience. By describing and analyzing the implementation of this reading session, the authors aim to explore the potential benefits of poetic discourse for language courses based on action-oriented, learner-centered approaches. Against the background of the CEFR descriptors relating to the reception of creative/literary language and the mediation of texts, the authors intend to show that the interpretation and analysis of poetic texts can help students not only to increase their sensitivity to and awareness of the ambivalence of language, but also to in turn expand their communicative language competences, most notably their mediation skills. To achieve these goals, students were asked not only to analyze and explain the poems to their peers, but also to formulate personal responses to the texts. A striking observation was that the context of remote learning where students communicated in a Zoom meeting did not seem to interfere with their willingness and ability to express their attitudes and even their emotions. This made the meeting an emotionally profound experience for everybody involved, and the authors will argue that not only the range but also the intensity of the language learning experience can be greatly enhanced by integrating poetry in the foreign language classroom. The article intends to demonstrate that the CEFR with its Companion Volume (CEFR/CV) and their operationalization in action-oriented approaches form a perfect basis for expanding learners’ language competences through poetry. "

Creating an Informal Transport Route

Problem, research strategy, and findings This study shares the results of a test I established of a new minibus route in Kampala with the Uganda Transport Operators Federation (UTOF). Informal transport provides the bulk of urban mobility in the Global South but may be limited in the connectivity and spatial coverage it is able to provide. I tested the effectiveness of market response by temporarily subsidizing operations in an unserved location and found that even a limited expansion of routing found passenger demand, showing a countercurrent of travel against the existing pattern of radial, central business district–to-suburb travel. Female street vendors were a particularly important previously unserved group of passengers. For operators, the study revealed that establishing new services can be difficult, requiring organizational capacity and substantial investment and risk in terms of time and money. In parallel, when such investments are made, other formal and informal actors, such as police, government bureaucracy, and competing operators, can act to extract the benefits, further slowing the change and growth of the transport network. Takeaway for practice I describe the implementation steps and lessons learned from a small-scale pilot project that could be scaled for use as a planning intervention as well as to assess the equity of market-driven public transport and identify mobility gaps. This study expands the body of evidence on the effectiveness of informal transport systems for diverse mobility needs and spatial coverage, providing unique data and a methodological approach to address latent and hidden mobility needs for urban residents. It develops a potential avenue of intervention for regulators and planning practitioners for a cheap, light-touch intervention that collaborates with informal transport workers to expand accessibility and equity for passengers.

Analysis of the Implementation Status and Characteristics of Ecological Restoration Projects in Korea: Ecosystem Conservation Charge Return Projects

Research on the Ecosystem Conservation Charge Return Project (ECCRP), a restoration initiative guided by the polluter-pays principle, is limited. Moreover, certain projects lack location analyses and specific restoration goals. Here, we examined the ecological restoration trends in South Korea based on the ECCRP. We collected data from 277 projects completed between 2003 and 2022 and explored project characteristics, site types, locations, and restoration target species trends. Wetlands and urban areas were frequently targeted, with forestry as the primary land category. Such projects prioritize restoration in areas with a potential for increased biodiversity. Small-scale projects were the most common, likely because of budget constraints and site selection challenges. The establishment of guidelines in 2010 resulted in considerable changes in restoration projects. Forested areas and parks close to species supply sources became important, and specifying target species for restoration was emphasized. Target species primarily included birds, amphibians, and insects. From a sustainability perspective, it is crucial to consider post-monitoring. Species of high restoration value and animals with a small habitat must be selected as performance indicators of restoration outcomes. Our results can help the ECCRP to strengthen the ecological restoration approaches to better achieve sustainability goals—improving biodiversity and conserving and restoring ecosystems.

Rule-Based Text Classification of Dental Diagnosis.

Unstructured medical records boast an abundance of information that could greatly facilitate medical decision-making and improve patient care. With the development of Natural Language Processing (NLP) methodology, the free-text medical data starts to attract more and more research attention. Most existing studies try to leverage the power of such unstructured data using Machine Learning algorithms, which would usually require a relatively large training set, and high computational capacity. However, when faced with a smaller-scale project, opting for an alternative approach may be more effective and practical. This project proposes an efficient and light-weight rule-based approach to categorize dental diagnosis data. It not only fills the void of dental records in the medical free-text processing area, but also demonstrates that with expertly designed research structure and proper implementation, simple method could achieve our study goal very competently.

Strengthening the policy, implementation, and accountability environment for quality care: experiences from quality of care network countries.

Despite global commitment to universal health coverage with quality, poor quality of care (QOC) continues to impact health outcomes for mothers and newborns, especially in low-and-middle income countries. Although there is much experience from small-scale projects, without a long-term perspective it is unclear how to implement quality of care effectively and consistently for impact. In 2017, ten countries together with the WHO and a coalition of partners established the Network for Improving Quality of Care for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (the Network). The Network agreed to pursue four strategic objectives-Leadership, Action, Learning and Accountability (LALA) for QOC. This paper describes, analyses and reflects on what has worked and some of the challenges faced in implementation of the LALA framework. The implementation of the LALA framework has served as a catalyst to develop an enabling environment for QOC in the Network countries through strengthening the policy, implementation, accountability and community engagement for quality care. Developing an enabling health system environment takes time, but it is possible and shows results. The implementation shows that health systems continue to face persistent challenges such as capacities to quickly scale up changes across subnational levels, limited workforce capability to implement quality improvement consistently and gaps in quality of relevant data. The implementation has also highlighted the need to develop new mechanisms for community engagement and learning systems that inform scaling up of good QOC practices across programmes and levels of care. Moving forward, the Network countries will build on the experiences and lessons learned and continue to strengthen the implementation of LALA strategic objectives for impact. We hope the Network experience will encourage other countries and partners to adopt the Network implementation model to enable delivery of quality care for everyone, everywhere, and actively collaborate and contribute to the QOC global learning network.

An epistemic shift: exploring students’ learning experiences with a decolonisation initiative in an engineering course

ABSTRACT While prior scholarship has theorised on how to incorporate decolonisation in curriculum and pedagogy, there is limited empirical work on how students experience this initiative. With a goal to provide a more diverse and inclusive educational experience, this paper explores ten undergraduate students’ perceptions of their learning in a revised chemical engineering course project designed from a decolonisation standpoint. A thematic analysis of student interviews highlighted a generally positive response to the decolonisation initiative. Specifically, students felt that situating the project in the local context increased access to learning through increased relevance and helped them develop critical awareness about the impact of engineering work. Moreover, a community-driven project design allowed students to pay attention to the power dynamics between engineers and the community. However, there were struggles noted in terms of finding appropriate resources to execute a small-scale project and effectively participating in learning due to background-related linguistic and technical challenges.

Feasibility of targeted active seismic monitoring of geological carbon storage using refracted waves

Active seismic monitoring is a powerful technique that can be employed for conformance and assurance monitoring in geological carbon storage (GCS). This technology was successfully deployed in small-scale research studies and large-scale commercial projects. Usually, in land time-lapse surveys, to ensure time-lapse data quality, the seismic survey is designed to have a very high trace density. This increases the cost of the survey and usually results in high-quality data covering only a very limited area. While this is a good approach if the detailed plume image is required, massive uptake GCS would require the monitoring to be cost-effective. Therefore, it is important to explore the possibility of using a series of daisy-chained wells instrumented with distributed acoustic sensors and paired to permanent seismic sources as a basis for such a system.To this end, we propose using head waves instead of reflected waves in large-scale projects for conformance monitoring (and, maybe, large leakage detection). Using a cartoon model of CarbonNet Pelican site as a motivation, we perform a feasibility study through seismic modelling. We also simulate a similar monitoring approach for a forthcoming shallow fault injection at the CO2CRC's Otway site in the Australian State of Victoria. This experiment can be viewed as a scaled model for larger injections. Based on these modelling results, we provide a short overview of the further field experiments that can be used to validate the proposed approach.

Perancangan Dan Implementasi Bot Telegram Untuk Pemetaan Lokasi ODP Dan Akses Informasi Di Telkom Akses Kota Samarinda

Facing the dynamic landscape of the telecommunications industry, this research delves into key challenges in the operational efficiency of network management. The approach involves designing and implementing an innovative Telegram bot, specifically crafted to map the locations of Optical Distribution Points (ODP). This bot enables technicians to easily access information by entering the ODP name through the Telegram platform. The research methodology employs a descriptive method and a development method using the waterfall SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) concept, suitable for small-scale projects. Unified Modeling Language (UML), including Use Case Diagrams and Activity Diagrams, aids in the system design. The author conducted an in-depth identification of field technicians' requirements, storing ODP data in Google sheets, including ODP name, geographical coordinates, address, partner, (GPON), and status. The Telegram bot implementation displays location information linked directly to Google Maps, providing essential details such as address, partner, type (GPON), and ODP status. This Telegram bot implementation demonstrates a significant positive impact, contributing to the effectiveness and empowerment of field technicians in managing ODP data. Discussions involving bot success evaluation and potential work effectiveness underscore positive outcomes. The research anticipates that all technicians at PT Telkom Akses Samarinda can utilize this bot to enhance their operational workflows.

The Importance of Robust Communication in Large-Scale Agile Development

The agile methodology stands out as a prevalent model for efficient software development, particularly favored for its adaptability and suitability in small-scale projects across various software industries. Nevertheless, its widespread adoption has brought to light certain communication challenges, particularly when applied to large-scale distributed teams. Agile, it appears, may not be the optimal choice for extensive teams engaged in global software development efforts. This study delves into the intricacies of issues faced by teams employing agile in the context of large-scale distributed development, particularly focusing on communication-related challenges and their repercussions. Our approach involved in-depth interviews with diverse developers and teams hailing from various sectors within the software industry. Moreover, we conducted an extensive quantitative analysis, surveying 50 developers representing different distributed teams. The outcomes of our investigation unearthed several communication-related deficiencies that significantly impact the development process. To arrive at these insights, we employed two robust statistical analysis methods: descriptive analysis and regression analysis. The implications of our findings have led us to propose innovative software solutions, bearing distinctive features engineered to mitigate the communication issues often encountered in large-scale software development. These solutions have the potential to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of agile practices when applied in extensive and globally dispersed development endeavors.

Strain-hardening cementitious composites ultra-thin whitetopping (SHCC-PUTW) for rapid asphalt pavement rehabilitation

Whitetopping is the concrete overlay used to upgrade distressed asphalt road surface, where the distressed asphalt is milled off and concrete is cast on top as the new wearing course. However, it requires road closure for multiple days, which is not accepted in many urban constructions. Precast concrete pavement (PCP) is the technology that shortens the construction period. However, it is associated with complicated construction procedures due to the brittleness of conventional concrete. In this paper, a brand-new PCP design, i.e., ultra-thin whitetopping (PUTW) is studied and applied in a demonstration project in Singapore. The PUTW is enabled by employing strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) with significantly higher ductility than conventional concrete. The current work includes four parts. First, the desirable combinations of SHCC’s tensile and compressive uniaxial behaviors are identified in the analytical model and experimental study to enhance its flexural strength for pavement application. Second, the slab-to-slab joint efficiency in the PUTW, the critical mechanism in the structural design, is examined and validated with a full-scale cyclic wheel test. Third, the structural performance of the entire SHCC-PUTW is examined in a new finite element (FE) model validated against the wheel test. Based on the FE model, parametric studies on the SHCC material properties and PUTW slab dimensions are conducted to optimize the structural design. Fourth, a small-scale field project on the Jurong Island of Singapore, which involves the fabrication and installation of 11 SHCC-PUTW slabs, is reported to assess the feasibility of this new structural design.

The Feasibility of Installing a Small-Scale PV System in a Carport in Kuwait

The need to obtain sustainable energy sources is one of the most important challenges in this century. Several alternatives have been sought, but attention has been focused on Wind turbines and solar energy PV or CSP. The state of Kuwait is one of the countries that is working to Attain a Target of Achieving 15% of its power production in 2030 from clean energy. Since Kuwait is in a hot and sunny region, it was worthwhile to have solar energy as one of the solutions. The state of Kuwait has established the Al-Shagaya clean energy plant, which produces 70 MW moreover, the Consumers and small businesses have established several private ancillary power generation small-scale projects with the encouragement of the Kuwait government that set Laws in 2022 to Allowthe Ministry of Elect the city and Water and Renewable Energy MEW to buy Power from citizens and consumers. This research aims to determine the feasibility of small-scale photovoltaic P.V. solar projects.

지방교육재정에서의 계속비 운영 실태 분석

The purpose of this study is to determine whether continuing expenditure, which has been expanding from 2021, contributes to the efficient operation of local educational finances. Therefore, this study analyzed the operation status of the continuing expenditure through the financial statements of each local educational offices from 2019 to 2022, derived problems, and explored ways for efficient operation.
 As a result of the study, direct comparison is difficult due to different classification and operation methods of projects subject to the continuing expenditure, but it has been confirmed that the total scale has has been expanding since 2019. Previously, continuing expenditure were mainly used for large-scale facility projects that were carried out over many years, but it was confirmed that the scale of continuing expenditure for small-scale repair-related school facility projects has increased recently. In addition, even if it is a multi-year project among school facilities, the application of continuing expenditure to the facility project, which was promoted by the total amount due to securing a budget, is increasing.
 Based on the above analysis results, problems were identified in the justification for introducing the continuing expenditure, interpretation of the scope of application, and operation and management. Accordingly, this study noted that in order for the continuing expenditure to operate efficiently, it is necessary to reexamine the selection of target projects and the operation, organization, and management methods of continuing expenditure.

Analysis of the process of small-scale public procurement in the education sector in the Czech Republic

This paper explores the challenges associated with public procurement processes in the Czech Republic, as well as globally. In particular, it focuses on small-scale construction projects in the education sector and the problems associated with them, including policy making, pricing, efficiency, and the length of the procurement process. The paper also examines the risks associated with public procurement in the construction industry and how these risks can be managed through risk management. Moreover, it analyses the specific problems in the education sector, including imbalanced contractual conditions and unfair arrangements, which often shift the responsibility for risk aftermath to contractors. To gain insight into these issues, a research questionnaire was conducted among construction companies participating in the public procurement process. Based on the questionnaire results and a comparison between public and private procurement processes in the Czech Republic and Germany, the paper identifies flaws in the system and proposes potential solutions. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for small changes to be implemented to improve the system, even though corruption remains a major issue that needs to be addressed. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders on how to address the issues surrounding public procurement in the education sector in the Czech Republic and beyond.

Advancements in solar panel efficiency: Developing community-based energy solutions

Introduction: The advance towards sustainable energy across the globe has lead to the technological advancement in the solar industry where today’s photovoltaic (PV) panel boasts an efficiency ranging to a record high of 44.5%. This significant uplift has been accompanied by the decrease in costs of solar energy and has established it as a fundamental part of community sustainable energy project. However, the shift from large-scale traditional power structures to small-scale community renewable mini-grids projects has many policy and, economic and technical and social barriers. Materials and Methods: This systematic review aggregates data from 64 scientific papers, published between 2007 and 2023, addressing consumer-oriented aspects of PV energy communities. The literature was systematically analyzed across eight key areas: policy initiatives, generation and trading structures, tendencies, and impacts, economic analysis, business cases, energy policies and plans, demand side integration, mathematical and simulation tools, and consumers’ characteristics. Results: The review also shows major developments on the materials and structure of a solar cell that has made it more efficient coupled with a reduced cost implication. New business models and revenue streams such as virtual utility business models of community solar and peer-to-peer trading platforms based on blockchain are identified as evolving. However, there are still challenges such as regulatory limitations, absence of adequate funding structures and low customer awareness. Best practices underscore the need for targeted policies, new forms of industry structure, and customer involvement. Discussion: True, technology is advancing steadily, yet unlocking the full potential of CSPs demands a systems-approach addressing multifaceted challenges. Policy reforms for community ownership, standardisation of interconnection procedures and laying down fair schemes of sharing the benefits are important. Strategic financing solutions, energy management systems integrating IoT and AI, and specific focus on educational outlooks can boost the rate. The review also points out gaps on the assessment of non-energy benefits and the integration of storage at the community level. Conclusion: Community-based solar energy systems represent a promising pathway for accelerating the clean energy transition while fostering local resilience and energy democracy. However, their widespread implementation necessitates coordinated efforts across policy, technology, and social domains. This review provides a comprehensive framework for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to address key barriers and leverage emerging opportunities in community solar development. Future research should focus on developing standardized metrics for assessing community solar impacts and exploring synergies with other distributed energy resources.

URBAN ACUPUNCTURE IN TAKSIM GEZI PARK: IMPROVING SOCIAL LIFE FOR COMMUNITIES

Urban acupuncture provides an adaptive framework for the design and regeneration of neglected public spaces (urban voids, lost places) to strengthen the social infrastructure of a city. Urban acupuncture believes urban design and regeneration should occur through a bottom-up, democratic, pluralistic, inclusive, innovative and interdisciplinary approach. Small-scale, low-cost, fast implementable, innovative and problem-solving idea projects are developed using this new planning approach to produce fast and punctual solutions to urgent needs against the slow traditional planning processes and create exceptional places by making small touches in the urban landscape. This study aims to improve the social life of communities in Taksim Gezi Park in Istanbul, Tu?rkiye, developed through an urban acupuncture idea project. This paper introduces urban acupuncture and the explanation of the study area. Data were collected by case study and observation methods and analysed using document analysis, visual material analysis and SWOT analysis methods. The paper introduces the urban acupuncture approach and then the information of the case study -Taksim Gezi Park. A SWOT analysis of Gezi Park based on fieldwork and observation is presented. From spatial analyses, the site-specific urban acupuncture idea projects were developed to improve Taksim Gezi Park to be more comfortable and beneficial for social communities, including plants and animals.

Cabrio Teams, Primary Care for Homeless People In Belgium- Limburg

Cabrio aims to prevent homelessness with a cross-sector, multidisciplinary and autonomous team that establishes contact with homeless people in their living environment in an outreach manner, offers customized support and connects to social facilities. The team aims to help homeless people in finding sustainable housing. In the Belgian province of Limburg there are 3 Cabrio teams that serve 5 local authorities. The welfare organisation CAW Limburg coordinates the 3 Cabrio teams.
 Cabrio is active within the framework that is offered by the Flemish Action Plan to combat homelessness 2020-2024.
 https://www.departementwvg.be/welzijn-en-samenleving/welzijnswerk/dak-en-thuisloosheid 
 Objectives: 
 •Making contact in the social environment of homeless people and building a close relationship with homeless people.
 •Offer support in various life domains and realize a connection with services (network). Guarantee continuity in care.
 •Strengthening the personal network of clients.
 •Working on sustainable housing with social and other housing services.
 •Working on connection through small-scale projects with a high level of participation of the target group. This is part of the socialization of care.
 •Signalling structural barriers to local policy makers. 
 Methodical framework: Cabrio works in an outreaching and multidisciplinary way and uses methods from addiction care, counselling for people with psychological vulnerability and welfare work. Cabrio works from a shared vision of homelessness.
 Outreach work: Counsellors contact clients in the public space, at their home or in the semi-public space (e.g. institution, facility) with a participative basic attitude. They focus on making a connection with 'distrustful' clients
 Multidisciplinary work: To aim for care continuity the Cabrio team brings together different disciplines: general social work (CAW Limburg), addiction care (ZorGGroepZin), psychiatric home care (Beschut Wonen, Mobiel Herstelteam Psychiatrie), special youth care (CANO Pieter Simenon), outreach work (straathoekwerk).
 •Expertise of supervisors is shared in the Cabrio team.
 •Different perspectives and different expertise provides customized guidance.
 •The collaboration and sharing of expertise strengthens the communication and trust between the client and the team and improves the follow-up of specific cases.
 •Supervisors acquire new insights and methods in guiding homeless people to their own work setting.
 Special methods: Harm reduction (or harm-limiting work), motivational interviewing, circle of behaviour change Prochaska and Diclemente, making quarters, guideline for dealing with ethical dilemmas, Housing First.
 1.4.Registration by the Local Homeless Consultation
 The local authorities organize a Local Homeless Consultation (LDO) in which various welfare organizations participate that have contacts with homeless people through their daily practice. The LDO has 3 tasks: 
 •Making an inventory of homeless people in the work area.
 •Coordinating which service/counsellor takes care of the specific client.
 •Tackling signals or structural barriers.
 The LDO refers to the Cabrio team if the client:
 •Does not have stable housing (see Ethos).
 •Scores bad on several life domains and struggles with special problems (e.g. addiction, psychological vulnerability, medical problems, ...)
 •Has a disrupted personal network or does not have or has a few contacts with care services (also called care avoiders).