Small-scale Electricity Generation Research Articles

Elucidating Stakeholder Prioritization for Sustainable Off-Grid Renewable Electrification using the Fuzzy AHP-GPESTLE Framework: A Comprehensive Analysis

Poverty has been linked to the reality of the world’s developing countries, especially in far-flung rural areas where the lack of energy access plays a significant role in the misery of the poor and disadvantaged people. To achieve universal access to energy, the role of rural electrification was emphasized, and off-grid small-scale electricity generation from renewable sources was expected to be a promising solution. However, in the Philippines, where off-grid island communities are scattered along its archipelago, the deployment of such systems in rural areas is still a challenge among stakeholders due to the consideration of various conflicting factors that may put the potential economic gains and other social and environmental benefits at risk. To better understand the multifaceted nature of off-grid energy system sustainability through the perspective of its stakeholders, the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) was used to determine their most prioritized factors in determining the viability and sustainability of such systems following the GPESTLE framework. This provides a comprehensive and more relevant approach to performing sustainability analysis by looking into the geographical (G), political (P), economic (E), social (S), technological (T), legal (L), and environmental (E) dimensions of these assemblies. The prioritization of 74 expert stakeholders, coming from the industry, academy, and government institutions, has been elucidated by having them perform pairwise comparisons among the various GPESTLE criteria through a survey. Using FAHP, prioritization or weights were already generated per G-PESTLE criterion and sub-criterion. It was found out that among the three institutions, the industry players have the lowest environmental prioritization and can be increased by developing them with cost-efficient renewable technologies. The availability of technology manufacturers and transportation accessibility has been the main consideration in ensuring the reliability of the system’s operation. Minimizing LCOE and increasing the people’s capacity to pay should also be a priority to secure the project’s financial viability. The presence of a community comprehensive land use plan has also been highly favored among developers, which can allow faster processing of permits on the use of indigenous resources and agricultural lands. With these findings, this framework aims to guide policymakers to properly address the challenges of islands lying low in prioritization due to problems on certain sustainability factors. These insights can be relevant in the drafting of a transitional framework on the renewable electrification of off-grid islands, which were usually left out or minimally given attention in the national electrification plans of governments.Poverty has been linked to the reality of the world’s developing countries, especially in far-flung rural areas where the lack of energy access plays a significant role in the misery of the poor and disadvantaged people. To achieve universal access to energy, the role of rural electrification was emphasized, and off-grid small-scale electricity generation from renewable sources was expected to be a promising solution. However, in the Philippines, where off-grid island communities are scattered along its archipelago, the deployment of such systems in rural areas is still a challenge among stakeholders due to the consideration of various conflicting factors that may put the potential economic gains and other social and environmental benefits at risk. To better understand the multifaceted nature of off-grid energy system sustainability through the perspective of its stakeholders, the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) was used to determine their most prioritized factors in determining the viability and sustainability of such systems following the GPESTLE framework. This provides a comprehensive and more relevant approach to performing sustainability analysis by looking into the geographical (G), political (P), economic (E), social (S), technological (T), legal (L), and environmental (E) dimensions of these assemblies. The prioritization of 74 expert stakeholders, coming from the industry, academy, and government institutions, has been elucidated by having them perform pairwise comparisons among the various GPESTLE criteria through a survey. Using FAHP, prioritization or weights were already generated per G-PESTLE criterion and sub-criterion. It was found out that among the three institutions, the industry players have the lowest environmental prioritization and can be increased by developing them with cost-efficient renewable technologies. The availability of technology manufacturers and transportation accessibility has been the main consideration in ensuring the reliability of the system’s operation. Minimizing LCOE and increasing the people’s capacity to pay should also be a priority to secure the project’s financial viability. The presence of a community comprehensive land use plan has also been highly favored among developers, which can allow faster processing of permits on the use of indigenous resources and agricultural lands. With these findings, this framework aims to guide policymakers to properly address the challenges of islands lying low in prioritization due to problems on certain sustainability factors. These insights can be relevant in the drafting of a transitional framework on the renewable electrification of off-grid islands, which were usually left out or minimally given attention in the national electrification plans of governments.

Self-starting and performance improvement of a Darrieus type wind turbine using the plasma actuator

Although the popularity of Darrieus-type vertical axis wind turbines is growing for small-scale electricity generation, these turbines have severe challenges in self-starting. This paper proposes a flow control method, namely, the plasma actuator, to solve the self-starting problem besides enhancing the turbine performance. The Darrieus turbine is numerically investigated using a pressure-based finite volume method to solve the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and the γ–Reθt transitional model equations. Simulation of the blade rotation is performed using the sliding mesh technique accompanied by the turbine equation of motion to enable the blade rotational degree of freedom. Furthermore, the body forces associated with the plasma actuator are determined by calibrating the Shyy plasma model parameters. The plasma actuator is assessed at both the constant and free rotational speeds. The constant rotational speed results in plasma off condition show negative torque generation for tip speed ratios lower than 1.5, known as the origin of turbine self-starting challenges. The plasma actuator improves the negative torque by 128% in the tip speed ratio of 0.5 and turns it positive. Also, at larger tip speed ratios, it reduces the negative torque generation and enhances the turbine power production by up to 260%. Furthermore, the plasma actuator in free rotational speed improves the tip speed ratio increment by up to 8%, reducing the total time of turbine self-starting.

Factors determining people’s use of renewable energy

Although awareness and preference for renewable energy is increasing, users still pay higher prices for renewable energy than for fossil fuels. Therefore, assessing renewable energy demand is necessary to find new opportunities and drivers from buyers in the upcoming flexible and competitive energy market in the context of social and environmental responsibility to enhance consumer market. A clear trend is taking place among electricity users and small-scale electricity generation investors. The development of decentralization in global power production and distribution is also quite similar to this trend. Although many of these studies have noted this trend, there are still limitations that have not been further clarified. One thing to note is that when people invest in renewable energy to make a profit, there may be some risks due to the incomplete legal and technical framework. For example, investors can ignore strict infrastructure standards, use cheap, low quality products or the ability to reduce subsidies and replace them with more market prices; Or they can aim to make a profit immediately. Therefore, people must pay attention and understand their intention to use renewable energy. This reduces business risk by supporting the development of financial and investment solutions for citizens. At the same time, setting standards and establishing a comprehensive communication plan will provide the basis and tools for the sustainable and effective development of renewable energy by the people.

Ranking of Independent Small-Scale Electricity Generation Systems

The EU’s energy targets are to achieve at least 32% renewables in the energy mix by 2030. Part of the solution is strengthening consumer rights by empowering individuals to generate their own electricity. The aim of this study was to identify the most suitable energy system for electricity generation of up to 50 kW in the EU residential sector. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis was used to compare four systems: proton exchange membrane fuel cell with photovoltaic panels, photovoltaic panels, biomass-powered Stirling engine, and solar-powered Stirling engine. Based on the results, the most beneficial system for household electricity generation is the biomass-fueled Stirling engine system due to its affordability, reliability, and low environmental impact. Governments and businesses can use these findings to improve information for the residential sector and enable the transition to renewable energy.

RANCANG BANGUN GENERATOR MAGNET PERMANEN FLUKSI AKSIAL SINGLE STATOR SINGLE ROTOR

Permanent magnet synchronous generator is one type of generator that is widely used for small-scale power generation, because it can be operated at low speed, so it does not require a gearbox in its operation. This paper proposes the manufacture of a low speed axial flux permanent magnet synchronous generator that can be used for small-scale electric power generation. The generator is designed in the form of a single stator single rotor. The generator stator is designed using fiberglass as the holder for the nine coils, while the rotor is designed in a disc shape using aluminum as the holder for the Neodymium N52 permanent magnet. The generator design was validated through Finite Element Analysis simulation using solidwork and tested through experiments using an induction motor as the driving force. Tests were carried out with varying air gaps and rotational speeds. The experimental results show that the generator can produce a voltage of 15.4 Volts when the generator is rotated at a speed of 500 rpm. The generator can also produce a maximum power of 400 Watts with an air gap of 2 mm

Performance evaluation of a liquid-sodium thermoacoustic engine with magnetohydrodynamic electricity generation based upon the Swift model.

Liquid sodium is an attractive working fluid for thermoacoustic conversion. Herein, a numerical study on a standing-wave thermoacoustic electricity generation system with liquid sodium as the working fluid is presented, based upon the Swift model. The characteristics of the thermoacoustic conversion and the output performance of the system have been investigated. The results show that the sodium engine can reach a power density much higher than the classical gas engine. Due to the strong acoustic coupling between components, the electricity output is significantly affected by the input heating power, the magnetic flux density, and the load ratio. In a typical case, the thermal-to-electric efficiency and the relative Carnot efficiency can reach 4.6% and 7.8%, respectively, with a temperature difference of 563 K and an input heat of 5 kW. More importantly, the output electricity density reaches 150 kW/m3, higher than some commercially available technologies. These results demonstrate the potential of such technology for small-scale electricity generation. Its extremely simple structure without any mechanical moving part endows the system with high reliability and long lifetime, if risks of corrosion and exposure to air and water can be avoided.

Smart Grid Communication Networks for Electric Vehicles Empowering Distributed Energy Generation: Constraints, Challenges, and Recommendations

Modern communication networks and digital control techniques are used in a smart grid. The first step is to classify the features of several communication networks and conduct a comparative investigation of the communication networks applicable to the smart grid. The integration of distributed generation has significantly increased as the global energy demand rises, and sustainable energy for electric vehicles and renewable energies worldwide are being pursued. Additional explanations for this surge include environmental concerns, the reforming of the power sector, and the advancing of small-scale electricity generation technologies. Smart monitoring and control of interconnected systems are required to successfully integrate distributed generation into an existing conventional power system. Electric-vehicles-based smart grid technologies are capable of playing this part. Smart grids are crucial to avoid becoming locked in an obsolete energy infrastructure and to draw in new investment sources and build an effective and adaptable grid system. To achieve reliability and high-quality power systems, it is also necessary to apply intelligent grid technologies at the bulk power generation and transmission levels. This paper presents smart grid applicable communication networks and electric vehicles empowering distributed generation systems. Additionally, we address some constraints and challenges and make recommendations that will give proper guidelines for academicians and researchers to resolve the current issues.

Experimental analysis and life cycle assessment of green diesel (HVO) in dual-fuel operation with bioethanol

Renewable fuels have been used for years as an option for supplying energy demand in a sustainable manner. In terms of liquid fuels, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) gained special attention in the last few years due to its good performance in diesel engines, low emissions and renewable aspect. At the same time, bioethanol represents another renewable option for energy supply and has been consolidated in the market for decades. Even though these biofuels are assumed to be environmentally friendly, a complete understanding of their environmental impacts should take into account several indicators, applications and geographical aspects. In this sense, this study presents a detailed Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) regarding the use of petrodiesel, HVO from palm and soybean oil and bioethanol in various operating conditions in a diesel engine, for small-scale electricity generation in stationary applications. Diesel and HVO are used as pilot fuels, while bioethanol was injected in the intake port in various Energy Fraction Ratios (EF), EF = 0%; EF = 28%; EF = 32%; EF = 40%; EF = 44%, in the so-called dual-fuel mode. The results obtained with pure HVO showed reductions in specific levels of NOx, HC, CO and particulate matter (PM) emissions of 30%, 75%, 81% and 55.3%, respectively, and 4.36% efficiency when compared to diesel. The Dual-Fuel application provided a significant reduction in CO2, NOX and PM emissions, but decreased engine efficiency by up to 9.4%. The LCA showed that the palm oil HVO has an environmental performance superior to the soybean HVO and is capable of reducing the Global Warming Potential up to 75%. Palm oil HVO reduces impacts in categories such as Terrestrial Acidification, Ozone Formation and Consumption of non-renewable resources when compared to diesel. The environmental impact of the dual-fuel operation presents a decrease in the levels of Global Warming Potential, Depletion of Fossil Resources and Ozone Formation.

Development of a Small-Scale Electricity Generation Plant Integrated on Biomass Carbonization: Thermodynamic and Thermal Operating Parameters Study

Biomass has been known as a source of energy with a thermochemical process that produces heat and can be converted further into electricity. However, thermal energy losses are a huge problem during combustion. To overcome this problem, a system based on organic Rankine cycle (ORCs) was developed to recover and utilize them to generate electricity. The proposed ORCs include an evaporator, a turbine, a condenser, and a pump coupled with a biomass carbonizing system to create a promising technology for small-scale electricity generation. In this work, a thermodynamic modelling equation based on energy and exergy balances was briefly expressed for each subcomponent of the system. A case study with R134a as the working fluid is being investigated to validate the system’s performance. In addition to the effects of R134a on temperature at the turbine exit, the suitable operating pressures has been specially adopted from several valid journals that focused on the effects of a wide range of possible operating pressure on the working fluid characteristics, which have a significant effect on the system performance. Finally, the theoretical analysis shows that the turbine work is profitable at an inlet pressure of 5 bar and an outlet pressure of 2 bar. This system is recommended to be integrated into the thermochemical biomass process. Recommendations have been made for the future development of small-scale biomass-fuelled power generation systems. This study shows that the thermal losses of the biomass thermochemical processes can be theoretically recovered in the form of electricity by using ORC efficiently.

Economic and Environmental Performance of Biowaste-to-energy Technologies for Small-scale Electricity Generation

Electricity is predicted to be the energy vector that will undergo major changes in the future, and a transition would be observed in the resources such as waste and residual biomass that we use to satisfy the energy demand. Therefore, this study aims to highlight the main economic and environmental performances of different biowaste-to-energy technologies for small-scale electricity generation by comparing the direct combustion of refined vegetable oil obtained from waste cooking oils (thermal pathway), anaerobic digestion of biowaste (bio-chemical pathway), and gasification of wood residues (thermo-chemical pathway). The economic analysis is mainly based on personal experiences in the energy sector and shows an overview of the performance in investment of combined heat and power (CHP) systems, ranging from 100 to 500 kW for a period of 20 years. The environmental assessment is conducted considering the life-cycle thinking approach using support from the openLCA software, product environmental footprint (PEF) data-base, and previous studies that have reported environmental inventory data from real industrial cases.

Global optimization of Savonius-type vertical axis wind turbine with multiple circular-arc blades using validated 3D CFD model

Vertical-axis wind turbines, such as Savonius-type wind turbines (SWT) are an attractive choice for small-scale electricity generation. Recent SWT research is mostly targeted at improving the SWT power coefficient, which is also the topic of this paper. The power coefficient was improved by optimization of a multi-blade SWT (2, 4 and 6), with blades based on circular arc segments. Additional optimization variables were the tip-speed ratio and the aspect ratio. The main novelty of this paper is the global optimization using genetic algorithm, which involved analysis of many different designs (∼105) using a validated 3D CFD model with a 4eq SST turbulence model. Since many designs were investigated, the optimization result is considered as the global optimal solution. In the 4 and 6-blade cases, the global optimal solution was similar to the previously proposed Scooplet-based design. The design was improved to achieve power coefficient cP = 0.32 with aspect ratio 1.5, and additionally cP = 0.34 with an increased aspect ratio of 2.5. Optimized designs were compared with a similar multiple quarter-blade design known from previous research (which was outperformed by 60%). For the 2-blade case a novel design was reached, which operates at TSR = 1.2, and achieves a 12% improvement over the classical SWT.

Increasing Access to Electricity: An Assessment of the Energy and Power Generation Potential from Biomass Waste Residues in Tanzania

Tanzania has a high rural population, of which many rely on off-grid diesel generators to produce electricity. The focus of this paper is to assess if the waste biomass residues in Tanzania have sufficient energy potential to produce renewable electrical energy for small-scale electricity generation using off-grid diesel generators coupled with anaerobic digestion (AD) and/or gasification. The gaseous fuel produced can then be used to substitute diesel fuel used in small-scale dual fuel diesel gen-sets; thus, providing more affordable electricity whilst reducing dependency on fossil fuels. The biomass waste streams estimated are those arising from agriculture, forestry, livestock, and urban human waste. To answer this question, the energy potentials of each of these biomass waste streams are quantified, followed by further calculations to determine the electricity generation capacity per stream based on overall efficiencies of 10 and 25%. The results show that combined these waste streams have an energy potential of 385 PJ (for the base year of 2018) generated from 26,924 kilotonnes (kt). Collectively, these residues can produce at least 1.2 times the electricity generated nationally in 2018 using AD and gasification coupled with a diesel gen-set engine.

A looming revolution: Implications of self-generation for the risk exposure of retailers

Abstract Managing the risk associated with uncertain load and prices has always been a challenge for retailers in electricity markets. While a number of standard derivatives contracts are available to hedge the price risk, managing the load variability used to be comparatively straightforward as this variability was largely predictable in the past, especially when aggregating a large number of consumers. In contrast, the increasing penetration of unpredictable, small-scale electricity generation by consumers, i.e. self-generation, constitutes a new volume risk that cannot be hedged through standard derivatives contracts. Using a DCC-GARCH approach and Monte Carlo simulations based on German historical loads and prices, the contribution of decentralized solar PV self-generation to the load, price and revenue risk of retailers is assessed. Our results reveal a significant revenue risk exposure of retailers arising from increasing levels of intermittent self-sufficiency, which is largely driven by the increasing load risk and to a lesser extent by the increasing price risk. Therefore, this analysis is relevant when considering distributed energy systems and peer-to-peer business models entailing a load forecasting challenge for traditional retailers, which will be crucial to address in the context of the transition towards power systems based on renewables.

Predictive system-level modeling framework for transient operation and cathode platinum degradation of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells

High temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) are a promising and emerging technology, which enable highly efficient, low-emission, small-scale electricity and heat generation. The simultaneous reduction in production costs and prolongation of service life are considered as major challenges toward their wider market adoption, which calls for the application of predictive virtual tools during their development process. To present significant progress in the addressed area, this paper introduces an innovative real-time capable system-level modeling framework based on the following: (a) a mechanistic spatially and temporally resolved model of HT-PEMFC operation, and (b) a degradation modeling framework based on interacting individual cathode platinum degradation mechanisms. Additional innovative contributions arise from a consistent consideration of the varying particle size distribution in the transient fuel cell operating regime. The degradation modeling framework interactively considers the carbon and platinum oxidation phenomena, and platinum dissolution, redeposition, detachment, and agglomeration; hence, covering the entire causal chain of these phenomena. Presented results confirm capability of the modeling framework to accurately simulate the platinum particle size redistribution. Results clearly indicate more pronounced platinum particle growth towards the end of the channel since humidity is the main precursor of oxidation reactions. In addition, innovative modeling framework elucidate contributions of agglomeration, which is more pronounced at voltage cycling, and Ostwald ripening, which is more pronounced at higher voltages, to the platinum particles growth. These functionalities position the proposed modeling framework as a beyond state-of-the-art tool for model-supported development of the advanced clean energy conversion technologies.

Preliminary Attempt toward Better Understanding the Impact of Distributed Energy Generation: An Agent-Based Computational Economics Approach

AbstractThe increasing adoption of small-scale electricity generation technologies represents a transition from a hub-and-spoke system of centralized electricity generation to distributed energy re...

Decentralized Production: The Need for Social Norms-Based Intellectual Property?

The objective of this paper is to explore the need for and possible benefits of social norms-based intellectual property systems in the context of the renaissance of decentralized production. Innovative engineering in addition to powerful information and communications technology enables a renaissance of decentralized production. A central form of such is co-engaging production. This renaissance can already be observed in small-scale 3D printing, microbreweries, small-scale food production in rooftop greenhouses, and small-scale electricity generation with solar panels installed by users of electricity. Individuals engaging in decentralized production typically have limited resources, which may hinder them from applying registration for industrial property rights. Therefore, social norms-based intellectual property can, in some cases, be more cost efficient in the case of decentralized production. In the case of cross-border groups, social norms-based intellectual property can evolve regardless of territorially restricted national legal-based intellectual property rights. The advantages of social norms may override their disadvantages when no great economic interests are involved and the production and the need of protection are short-term by nature. The decentralized characteristic of social norms-based intellectual property brings in new people as creators of creations for which intellectual property protections exist. This can enhance creativity by broadening the cognitive and cultural diversity of the creations. Social norms-based and legal norms-based intellectual property systems are not mutually exclusive and can exist side-by-side.

PERANCANG APLIKASI PENGENALAN LISTRIK KERAKYATAN BERBASIS MULTIMEDIA

With the advancement of technology, there is an increased need of electricity. Listrik Kerakyatan (Grassroot Electricity) is a small scale electricity generation that is build together using easily obtained materials. There is a need to have a grassroots electricity software application based on multimedia to help society access information faster and easier. Presentation of information will be more interesting using multimedia. Multimedia is a technology that combines animation, pictures, audio and video delivered by an interactive computer system. Research result will be in a form of software application for grassroots electricity that will make society obtain information about electricity easier and faster.

Energy Justice and Smart Grid Systems: Evidence from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom

Smart grid systems are considered as key enablers in the transition to more sustainable energy systems. However, debates reflect concerns that they affect social and moral values such as privacy and justice. The energy justice framework has been proposed as a lens to evaluate social and moral aspects of changes in energy systems. This paper seeks to investigate this proposition for smart grid systems by exploring the public debates in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Findings show that smart grids have the potential to effectively address justice issues, for example by facilitating small-scale electricity generation and transparent and reliable billing. It is a matter of debate, however, whether current smart grid designs contribute to cost and energy savings, advance a more equitable and democratic energy system, or reinforce distributive and procedural injustices. The increased use of information and communication technology raises value conflicts on privacy and cyber security, which are related to energy justice. This research contributes by conceptualizing energy justice in the context of smart grids for the first time. The energy justice framework is broadened by including values and value conflicts that pertain directly to the increased use of information and communication technology. For policy makers and designers of smart grids, the paper provides guidance for considering interconnected social and moral values in the design of policies and smart grid technologies.

Voltage stability enhancement based on DG units

Dispersed generation is considered as a novel approach in the field of electricity production. In fact, there are no standard definitions, or a standard term has been approved for this type of power generation right now. However, various terms and definitions about distributed generation have been employed in the previous kinds of research. For instance, North American countries use the term ‘dispersed generation,’ Anglo-American centuries the term ‘embedded generation,’ and some parts of Asia as well as Europe countries, the term ‘decentralized generation’ is used for this kind of production. In general, distributed generation can be defined as small-scale electric power generation that is connected to the distribution system. DG term refers to using modular technology which is located throughout utility’s service region. Distributed generation units are energized by solar, the wind, and fuel cell. There are a set of dispersed generation technologies in the market such as the wind and solar that started dominating on the local electricity markets due to their availability of such resources and free emission characteristics. It is worth mentioning that integrating dispersed generation into current networks has altered power flow pattern from traditional vertical to bi-directional power flow which contributed to enhancing voltage stability and minimizing power losses of the whole system. However, arbitrary integration of DG units in the system may cause some technical issues. In this paper, Newton–Raphson method and modal analysis are employed to identify the proper allocation of DG in the system. The 14 IEEE system has been selected to implement this approach by using a MATLAB software.

ELECTRICITY GENERATED BY ALTERNATIVE BIOFUEL PRODUCTED FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE

Egypt still depends largely on petrol and diesel to run internal combustion engines with its attendant problems of scarcity, pollution of the environment, and contribution to global warming, and cost. The aim of the current research is the ability to apply the biofuel produced from agriculture waste bioethanol and biogas to generate the electricity by operating the two stroke Gasoline Generator. The bio-ethanol produced from the potato’s wests in 2014, Faculty of agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University was mixed with Gasoline fuel to obtain the three different percentage 0%, 20 % and 50%. As well as the study included that the ability to produce the biogas. The biogas production unit consists of main reactor tank from plastic with capacity 1000 L fixed at ground and the collecting gas tank put into the top of main reactor tank. The gasoline with octane 80 was used as a control fuel at two different throttle fuel positions. The main treatment were the two bioethanol fuel E20 (20 %) and E50 (50%) to test at half and full open throttle valve compared to application of biogas to generate the electricity at full open fuel throttle valve. Bachrach Fylite Insight Plus ® model 374 analyzer is used to measure the exhaust gases. This current research will discuss the potentials, obstacles and necessary framework conditions for the utilization of biogas for small scale electricity generation in Egypt. The results showed that the bioethanol and biogas may able to operate two stroke SI engine. It is clearly that, the electrical energy decreases when the ethanol was added to the Gasoline fuel Oct. Nr. 80 at full and half throttle position. The electrical power for gasoline Oct.Nr.80 fuel was 720 W compared to 680 W, 540 W and 320 W for E20 and E50 bioethanol fuel and biogas respectively at full throttle position. Also the maximum electrical power generated from biogas was 332.6 W for around 57 min operating time/day. The percentage of the CO2 in exhaust gases were 9.1 %, 7.3 %, 5.9 % and 4.2 % for gasoline Oct.Nr.80 fuel, bioethanol E20, E50 and biogas respectively at full throttle position. The biogas may be reducing the exhaust gases emissions of the CO and CO2 compared with the Gasoline fuel and bioethanol E20, E50 blend fuel.