Small Private Enterprises Research Articles

РОЗРОБКА САЙТУ ДЛЯ НАДАННЯ ПОСЛУГ КОПІРАЙТИНГУ

The article deals with the task of developing information technology for the provision of copywriting services. The topic of the article is due to the fact that any Internet resource requires the availability of relevant content for further development. An important component for information and news portals, author's blogs, online stores, corporate and personal sites are texts. The main activity of the copywriter is the writing of texts on an order, the creation of content for sites with the deduction of audience prestige, and the requirements of search engines. A review of the dynamics of changes in popularity, seasonality, growth and fail from the side of users is presented. The existing most common providers of copywriting services are considered: the stock exchange – the site of Advego, the studio of Denis Kaplunov, freelance. The advantages and disadvantages of all types of services are revealed. An overview of the most powerful and most popular free content management systems (CMS – Content management system) Joomla, WordPress, Drupal is also presented. Taking into account the obvious advantages and disadvantages of each of these systems, it is defined that CMS is most suitable for solving the tasks and is optimal for the development of the site. To search for fuzzy duplicate Web documents, it is suggested to use the shingle algorithm. The diagram of variants of using the work of providing copywriting services is developed. To support the work of the site a database model was developed. The environment, development tools, language tools and the operating modes of the site are described. The presented site allows companies to solve such issues as reducing the cost of searching for copywriters, checking their level of qualification, time spent on organizing the process, maintaining the necessary documentation, including accounting. The texts for the customer are created faster because several people can work on them and order some other additional services presented on the site. The developed site for providing copywriting services is designed for use by large and small companies, private enterprises, individual individuals and owners of Internet resources

Does the High Housing Price Curb the Investment Scale of Private Enterprises

Compared to the booming real estate market, the real economy is in incompetent development. The housing price keeps growing for all these years, yet the investment scale of private enterprises is slowing down or even declining in terms of the total volume. Does this mean that the housing price and the investment scale of private enterprises are correlated in a negative way? This paper discusses the relationship between the two by analyzing the characteristics of private enterprises. The impact of high housing prices on corporate investment works in both positive （the collateral effect） and negative （the cost effect） ways. The collateral effect is crucial for large-scale enterprises with relatively rich mortgage assets to ease financial constraints when housing prices rise. However, most of the private enterprises in China are small, and the fixed assets owned by these enterprises are relatively limited. Furthermore, available studies have found that private enterprises face discrimination in the acquisition of credit resources, which makes it more difficult for private enterprises to obtain loans. Besides, the rising housing prices will affect enterprises’ investment through the cost effect as well. It will push up enterprises’ labor costs and increase leasing costs for land, office space and factory buildings, while most small and medium-sized private enterprises have a low market share and lack technological competitiveness. These enterprises are more sensitive to rising costs caused by the rising housing prices. We use the data of the tenth China’s Private Enterprises Survey in 2012 to testify the relationship between housing prices and the investment scale of private enterprises. The empirical result shows that higher housing prices inhibit the investment scale of private enterprises. Further analyses reveal that higher housing prices push up employee compensation levels and the cost of land leases, yet fail to ease the financing constraints of private enterprises. In other words, this indicates that the cost effect brought by housing prices is predominant. Housing prices not only affect the investment scale of private enterprises, but also affect the investment direction of private enterprises. This paper further examines the impact of high housing prices on private enterprises’ investment. We find that with the constantly growing housing prices, private enterprises will increase the investment in the real estate industry instead of reproduction and R&D investment. Such conditions prevent private enterprises to deviate from the real economy and turn to the virtual economy. However, whether enterprises enter the real estate industry is influenced by the heterogeneity of enterprises and the policy environment. We use interaction terms of the enterprise size, the political relationship and housing price characteristics to investigate the influence of private enterprise heterogeneity on the investment direction. We find that large-scale and politically-connected private enterprises are prone to expand real estate investment and reduce industrial investment. At the same time, in order to investigate the investment decision diversities of private enterprises under different policy environments, we also introduce interaction terms of limited purchase policies and housing price characteristics. We find that real estate regulation policies help to restrain enterprises’ behaviors to deviate from the real economy and turn to the virtual economy. Compared with previous studies, we pay more attention to the negative consequence of rising housing prices on enterprises’ investment and how it works. This study offers a more comprehensive vision to understand the relationship between housing prices and enterprises’ investment behaviors, and provides empirical evidence on the investment behavior of small and medium-sized private enterprises.

The development trends of the restaurant industry of Ukraine in the conditions of globalization

The article considers modern tendencies, problems and development of restaurant economy of Ukraine in conditions of globalization. The problems and prospects of the Ukrainian food industry development at the present stage have been analyzed. The restaurant business as a component of tourism have been considered. The structure and dynamics of the development of the food industry in Ukraine have been considered. The restaurant chains as a promising form of the restaurant industry organization in Ukraine have been revealed. The main methods of the study were the systematic analysis aimed to identify the main trends in the restaurant industry, and the statistical analysis aimed to study the dynamics of the development changes in the restaurant business of Ukraine. The subject of research of the article is analysis of the current state and trends of the restaurant business in Ukraine in the context of globalization processes. The goal of this study is to identify the features of the restaurant business of Ukraine in the conditions of globalization. The main methods of the study were system analysis - to identify the main trends of the restaurant industry, statistical analysis to study the dynamics of changes in the development of restaurant economy in Ukraine. The following results were obtained: the restaurant business, as the main part of the hospitality industry, consists of powerful enterprises that produce a wide range of food products and small private enterprises: restaurants, cafes, bars. Conclusions:еvery year, new forms and types of catering, from fast food to high-quality restaurants are appears in Ukraine. But the issue of the restaurant industry development, its rates, and the dynamics of growth, demand from consumers in the context of their preferences remains relevant.

The Problems and Reforms of Labour Relations Since the Implementation of Labour Contract Law

This paper examines the problems and causes in Chinese labour relations since the implementation of the Labour Contract Law in 2008. The research is based on questionnaires and field interviews with several small and medium-sized labour-intensive private enterprises in Hubei Province. It concludes with policy proposals to improve labour relations in China.

Research on Marketing Strategy Innovation of Xi’an Small and Medium-sized Private Enterprises in New Media Era

With the rapid development of new media, new media applications have penetrated into all aspects of business. For private SMEs, in the new media era, how to meet the needs of enterprise development and promote the innovation of marketing strategy is very important. By using the research methods of literature, questionnaire investigation and interview, this paper discusses the impact of new media on enterprise marketing, analyzes the current situation and existing problems of marketing of private small and medium-sized enterprises in Xi'an. In the end, suggestions to the marketing strategy innovation of private SMEs in Xi'an are put forward in the thesis, which intends to provide some references to marketing innovation of local private SMEs.

The first serological evidence for Rift Valley fever infection in the camel, goitered gazelle and Anatolian water buffaloes in Turkey.

Rift valley fever (RVF), a vector-borne zoonotic disease, is caused by a phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae). The virus was initially characterized approximately 80years ago in Kenya and disseminated to many countries in the continental Africa, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. The infection has not been reported in Turkey. In this study, blood serum samples collected from camel (Camelus dromedairus), goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa), and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis linneaus) from 2000 to 2006 were investigated for RVF using C-ELISA. Camel samples (n=72) were obtained from private small enterprises in Aydın province in theAegean region. Gazella samples (82) were taken from the biggest captive gazelle herd in Şanlıurfa province in the southeast Anatolia. Buffalo samples were collected mostly from small private family type farms in Afyon (168), Amasya (80), Samsun (69), Ankara (35), Sivas (21), Tokat (19), Konya (10), and Elazığ (8) provinces in the central, north, west, and east Anatolia. All of the gazella samples were negative; whereas, one of the 71 camel samples (1.3%) was positive for RVF-specific antibodies. Buffalos from Sivas, Tokat, Konya, and Elazığ provinces were negative. However, 35 of the 410 samples (8.5%) from rural areas in the following four provinces were positive: Amasya (12/80, 15%), Ankara (5/35, 14.2%), Samsun (8/69, 11.5%), and Afyon (10/168, 5.9%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of presence of RVF infection in Turkey.

Incidence and trend of occupational diseases in Ningbo, China, from 2006 to 2015

Objective: To investigate the incidence, distribution features, and incidence trend of occupational diseases in Ningbo, China, from 2006 to 2015. Methods: In February 2016, the data on occupational disease report cards in the occupational disease and occupational health information system from 2006 to 2015 were collected to perform a comprehensive analysis of the types, incidence trend, population characteristics, and enterprise characteristics of occupational diseases. Results: There were 845 new cases of occupational diseases in Ningbo from 2006 to 2015, among which 596 (70.53%) were pneumoconiosis; there were 445 (74.66%) cases of stage I pneumoconiosis, 73 (12.25%) cases of stage II pneumoconiosis, and 78 (13.09%) cases of stage III pneumoconiosis; silicosis (59.76%) was the most common type of pneumoconiosis. Of all patients with occupational diseases, 84.97% were male, 64.50%were aged 35-55 years, and 63.67% had 5-20 working years. Most of the patients with occupational diseases worked in small and medium-sized private (or foreign) enterprises; the most common industries were black metal smelting and rolling (38.76%) , construction (17.11%) , and non-metallic ore mining (13.09%) . A total of 51.28%, 10.26%, and 7.69% of the patients with occupational poisoning worked in the electric apparatus manufacturing industry, furniture manufacturing industry, and chemical raw material and chemical product manufacturing industry, respectively. The cases of occupational diseases are mainly distributed in Yuyao City (24.62%) , Yinzhou District (23.91%) , and Ninghai County (15.62%) . Conclusion: Pneumoconiosis is the most common type of occupational disease in Ningbo and most of these patients work in small and medium-sized private (or foreign) enterprises. The supervision of small and medium-sized private enterprises should be enhanced to protect workers' health.

Small and Medium Private Enterprises: A Bridge for Cuba-U.S. Relations

Right since December 17, 2014, the White House said that one of the principal objectives of its new Cuba policy would be promoting the expansion of the private sector on the island. However, those decisions practically have had no effect. On the one hand, the U.S. government wants this aid to directly reach the private sector without benefiting the Cuban state apparatus. But this seems impossible given the Cuban economic structure, where the state-run enterprises retain the monopoly over domestic wholesale commerce, foreign trade and the banking system.

Skills in the green economy: recycling promises in the UK e‐waste management sector

In advanced economies the ‘greening’ of the economy is widely seen as promising extensive job creation and upskilling, alongside its other benefits. In popular and policy rhetoric, the growing importance of ‘green skills’ is asserted frequently. This study critically examines these claims within the context of the electronic waste management sector in the United Kingdom. Drawing on the cases of a non‐profit organisation and a small private enterprise in North West England, we observe that despite government support for developing skills in e‐waste, both the development and utilisation of skills remain minimal. Critically, the relatively more skill‐intensive process of reuse is substantially less profitable than recycling and resource capture. The study concludes by noting that the expectations from the green economy for high‐quality jobs need to be assessed within the context of similar, misplaced celebrations of previous transformations of work to avoid recycling the same promises.

Development communication in alternative food networks: empowering Indian farmers through global market relations

ABSTRACTAs sustainability is becoming a bigger global concern, sustainable development operations require new partnerships and a multiplicity of communication practices among various stakeholders. Private enterprises with social, ecological and ethical concerns can be among those stakeholders, but their role in development communication has received limited attention. To address this deficit, this article explores the capacity of small private enterprises to empower farming communities, through a dialogical model of communication. Focusing on alternative food networks, the article argues that market exchanges are mediated by social relations that can bring to light an alternative and ethical side of the global market. These relations are examined empirically through a qualitative case study: a community of farmers in South India and their relation with small private enterprises from Europe and North America. The findings reveal significant ways in which these partnerships can prove empowering for farmers, showing that there is fertile ground for more active involvement of enterprises in development communication practices.

No More Free Lunch: Reflections on the Cuban Economic Reform Process and Challenges for Transformation ed. by Claes Brundenius and Ricardo Torres Pérez (review)

Claes Brundenius and Ricardo Torres Perez, eds. No More Free Lunch: Reflections on the Cuban Economic Reform Process and Challenges for Transformation. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2014. 260 pp.Written by distinguished academics from Cuba and from outside the country, and informed by valuable insights and research expertise, No More Free Lunch is an impressive collection of scholarly chapters on the far-reaching economic transformations (officially labeled an update of the socialist model) that are taking place in Cuba under the leadership of Raul Castro. The volume offers fresh perspectives on a number of key subjects related to the reform process under way on the island, in particular the unprecedented changes in agriculture, the opening to small private enterprises and the authorization of nonagricultural cooperatives, the promotion of foreign direct investment, the abolishment of food rationing and the elimination of monetary duality, the massive layoffs of public employees and the overhaul of the business model of state firms, and cutbacks in state subsidies and gratuities. The structural problems of today's Cuban economy and the main challenges facing Havana's policy makers are also analyzed, along with the reform experience of other countries like China and Vietnam, to draw potential lessons for Cuba. The result is a rigorous intellectual project that sheds substantial light on the Cuban government's attempts to devise a new economic model aimed at unleashing productive forces, reducing the notorious inefficiencies of the existing socialist system, improving living standards, and fostering sustainable development.Taken as a whole, Raul Castro's economic reforms are well conceived and quite significant. Some of the structural market-oriented changes recently introduced in Cuba would have been unimaginable just a few years ago when Fidel Castro ruled the country. However, several major problems continue to affect the Cuban economy, above all the overreliance on exports of professional services with very few backward linkages, insufficient agricultural production and the meager performance of the manufacturing industry resulting in high levels of food imports and a persistent trade imbalance, little capital accumu- lation and chronic liquidity shortages, the underutilization of human capital, and a restrictive business environment. The contributors do not shy away from pointing out these problems and suggesting deeper reforms to tackle the shortcomings of Cuba's state-dominated and highly centralized economy.Garcia Alvarez and Nova Gonzalez call for a more decentralized agricultural management model and a greater presence of market forces in driving production and distribution activities. Torres Perez recommends the implementation of policy measures specifically designed to boost higher levels of domestic integration (especially between the agricultural and industrial sectors) and to stimulate more complex and knowledge-intensive productive capacities with the involvement of small private businesses and cooperatives. Monreal also suggests a reorientation of Cuba's highly trained workforce in career paths with increasing technological learning and argues that nonstate entrepreneurs could make a significant contribution to export diversification and development. …

Defining strategic areas of management for small business and private enterprise players

Defining strategic areas of management for small business and private enterprise players

Research-based knowledge to corporate businesses: the Danish experience

One of the goals in the Danish Government’s strategy for growth in Denmark is to promote the awareness, access and use of research-based knowledge to citizens and institutions, both private and public. In gaining better use of research-based knowledge, Denmark’s chances of being able to play a prominent role as a knowledge society, both nationally and internationally, will substantially increase. To transform the strategy into practice Denmark’s Electronic Research Library, deff, has been created. In this article business consultant of deff, Anders Mejlbjerg, describes how deff is working to expand the awareness of research-based knowledge to various public institutions and to small and medium-sized private enterprises, known as SMEs.

The Domestic Segment of Global Supply Chains in China Under State Capitalism

This paper proposes methods to incorporate firm heterogeneity in the standard input-output table-based approach to portray the domestic segment of global value chains in a country. The analysis uses Chinese firm census data for the manufacturing and service sectors, along with constrained optimization techniques. The conventional input-output table is split into sub-accounts, which are used to estimate direct and indirect domestic value added in exports of different types of firms. The analysis finds that in China, state-owned enterprises and small and medium domestic private enterprises have much higher shares of indirect exports and ratios of value-added exports to gross exports compared with foreign-invested and large domestic private firms. Based on input-output tables for 2007 and 2010, the paper finds increasing value-added export ratios for all firm types, particularly for state-owned enterprises. It also finds that state-owned enterprises are consistently more upstream while small and medium domestic private enterprises are consistently more downstream within industries. These findings suggest that state-owned enterprises still play an important role in shaping China's exports.

Private and social enterprise roles in water, sanitation and hygiene for the poor: a systematic review

Micro, small and medium private and social enterprises are emerging as important players in the water, sanitation and hygiene sector. This paper provides a systematic review of literature on this topic. It assesses the current evidence base in three areas: factors affecting success of enterprise engagement; outcomes for the poor as a result of enterprise engagement; and lastly, how civil society organisations are engaging to support enterprise development. The review revealed significant variation in the level of rigour of available evidence on this topic, and reflected limited availability of highly rigorous studies. Across the literature, similar success factors were reported across the water and sanitation sub-sectors. These included constraints to business viability due to limitations in demand, lack of business and technical skills and financial challenges (e.g., access to credit). Policy, governance and institutional frameworks could either support or constrain businesses depending on the context. While some evidence was reported on the positive outcomes for the poor resulting from enterprise engagement, in general, businesses preferred servicing non-poor customers. Lastly, evidence on civil society organisation engagement was limited, and where reported, consisted dominantly of capacity building support to enterprises rather than a wider variety of roles which might be envisaged.

‘Green’ productivity growth in China's industrial economy

This paper uses a Directional Distance Function (DDF) and the Malmquist–Luenberger Productivity Index to estimate the changing patterns of ‘green’ total factor productivity (GTFP) growth of 38 Chinese industrial sectors during the period 1980–2010. Unlike the measures of traditional total factor productivity (TFP) growth, the DDF incorporates carbon dioxide emissions as an undesirable output directly into the production technology, which credit sectors for simultaneously reducing their emissions and increasing their output. Our estimates of aggregate and sector-level GTFP growth reveal that Chinese industry is not yet on the path towards sustainable, low-carbon growth. A dynamic panel data analysis of the determinants of GTFP across sectors is used to identify factors that might rectify this situation, including state owned enterprise (SOE) reform, the growth of small private enterprises, continued openness to foreign investment and higher spending on R&D, particularly in emission-intensive sectors.

How does financial system efficiency affect the growth impact of FDI in China?

PurposeIn spite of being the second largest recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world, China shows limited evidence of considerable FDI benefits on growth (Fan and Hu; Luo; Ran et al.). Motivated by Alfaro et al.'s model, the purpose of this study is to test whether poor financial market development might be responsible for the relatively low benefits of FDI on growth in China.Design/methodology/approachThe author applies Blundell‐Bond system GMM estimators to a panel of Chinese provinces.FindingsThe results indicate that poor financial intermediation does indeed limit the transmission of FDI benefits within the Chinese economy. Moreover, the study reveals preliminary evidence that banks' credits to unproductive state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) constitute poor financial intermediation with negative growth implications. In contrast, credits to small private enterprises are associated with a positive impact of FDI on growth.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is constrained by data availability especially for private credit data across provinces.Practical implicationsTwo policy implications can be drawn from the empirical findings. First, the direct policy implication is that to ensure positive benefits from FDI in China, domestic financial reforms are crucial. This is an important perspective for making FDI policies. The results also reveal some key priorities of financial reforms. More credits to small private enterprises are an indication of good financial intermediation, while more loans extended to unproductive SOEs signal poor financial intermediation. The priority of reform comes down to tackling the difficult problem of credit misallocation.Originality/valueThis paper provides an alternative perspective to address the weak FDI‐growth relationship found in China. Inspired by Alfaro et al.'s model and the understanding of the problem of Chinese financial markets, the study examines the role of the financial system in the FDI‐growth linkage and reveals how financial market conditions could influence FDI benefits in China.

The Lack Of Industrialization, The Limited Number Of Private Corporations, And The Retardation Of Management In Private Business Enterprises In Greece

The purpose of this article was to examine and evaluate how 1) the late arrival of industrialization in Greece and the subsequent de-industrialization of the country deterred the formation and expansion of private corporations and impeded the mergers of small private enterprises in creating larger ones in the corporate form of business and 2) how the limited presence of private corporations retarded the development of management. Corporations are created through a planned initial formation and/or through the mergers of smaller corporate and non-corporate entities, such as proprietorships, partnerships, and family-owned non-stock corporations. Subsequently, the ample factors of production within the corporation allow the formation of professional management and the principles of organization which result in advanced managerial and organizational performance.

How Does Financial System Efficiency Affect the Growth Impact of FDI in China?

In spite of being the second largest recipient of FDI in the world, China shows limited evidence of considerable FDI benefits on growth (Fan and Hu 2007; Luo 2007; Ran et al. 2007). Motivated by Alfaro et al.’s (2003) model, this study tests whether poor financial market development might be responsible for the relatively low benefits of FDI on growth in China. We apply Blundell-Bond system GMM estimators to a panel of Chinese provinces. Our results indicate that poor financial intermediation does indeed limit the transmission of FDI benefits within the Chinese economy. Moreover, the study reveals preliminary evidence that banks’ credits to unproductive State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) constitute poor financial intermediation with negative growth implications. In contrast, credits to small private enterprises are associated with a positive impact of FDI on growth.

A Study on Chinese Small and Medium-Sized Private Enterprises Fundraising System

A Study on Chinese Small and Medium-Sized Private Enterprises Fundraising System