Small Polymer Research Articles

Naphthalene Diimide and Pyromellitic Diimide Networks as Cathode Materials in Lithium-ion Batteries: on the Instability of Pyromellitic Diimide.

Aromatic diimides such as naphthalene diimide (NDI) and pyromellitic diimide (MDI) are important building blocks for organic electrodematerials. They feature a two-electron redox mechanism that allows for energy storage. Due to the smaller size of MDI compared to NDI its theoretical capacity is higher. Studies on MDI-based small molecule and linear polymer electrodes indicate that MDI is unstable, yet the origin of instability remains unclear. Herein, two cross-linked networks of NDI and MDI are designed. The polymers, termed PNDI-EG and PMDI-EG, are synthesized via cationic polymerization of vinyl ethylene glycol-functionalized NDI and MDI monomers. The cross-linked structures preclude extrinsic degradation pathways (e.g., dissolution in the electrolyte), and thereby facilitate the investigation of intrinsic degradation mechanisms. PMDI-EG-based cathodes are less stable, and the performance of PMDI-EG/Li half cells is markedly inferior compared to PNDI-EG/Li cells. Our comprehensive experimental and quantum-chemical investigation reveals that PMDI-EG undergoes irreversible diimide ring opening upon prolonged charge-discharge cycles, while PNDI-EG remains intact. It is hypothesized that the smaller ring size of the five-membered imide renders MDI more susceptible to side reactions with nucleophiles in the electrolyte, causing rapid loss of capacity during the first cycles.

Construction of Linear Tetramer-Type Acceptors for High-Efficiency and High-Stability Organic Solar Cells.

Thanks to the development of non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) materials, the photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) has exceeded 20 %, which has met the requirements for commercialisation. In the current stage, the main focus is to balance the performance and stability. It has been shown that all-polymer formulation can improve device stability, however, PCE is not in satifsfaction, and the batch-to-batch variation leads to quality control issues. In this work, we constructed monodispersed tetramer NFA materials named G-1 and G-2, to best integrate the merits of small molecule and polymer. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental results showed that different connecting units at the centre could significantly affect the molecular planarity and thin film morphology. The alkene-bonded tetramer G-1 had a more regioregular structure, which leads to better molecular planarity, and more ordered packing in thin film. More importantly, the oligomeration induced a favourable face-on orientation, achieved a lower binding energy and exhibited a higher photoluminescence yield. As a result, the exciton and charge carrier kinetics was optimized with reduced non-radiative energy loss. The OSC based on PM6 : G-1 achieved a PCE of 19.6 %, which is the highest PCE reported so far for oligomer-based binary OSC. In addition, the device stability was largely improved, showing a lifetime over 10000 hours in the inverted OSC device.

Small molecule doped polymer hole transport layers for all solution processed inverted QLED with using green solvents

Small molecule doped polymer hole transport layers for all solution processed inverted QLED with using green solvents

INFLUENCE OF SPIRO-OMETAD FILM THICKNESS ON THE STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS

This work investigates the effect of the hole transport layer (HTL) thickness of Spiro-OMeTAD on the electrical transport properties in perovskite solar cells (PSCs).Spiro-OMeTAD films were obtained by the spin-coating method at centrifuge rotation speedsfrom 2000 to 7000 rpm. The thickness and morphology of the Spiro-OMeTAD films were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). From the obtained AFM image data, an increase in the surface root mean square (rms) value is observed with decreasing film thickness. A decrease in film thickness leads to an increase in Energy gap (Eg)from 2.97 eV to 3.01 eV. We observe that at a layer thickness of 260 nm, the efficiency of the cells reaches its maximum value; further increasing the layer thickness reduces the efficiency. Analysis of the impedance spectra of PSCs showed that the optimal layer thickness reduces the HTL resistance and increases the recombination resistance at the perovskite/HTL interface, which increases the effective lifetime of charge carriers. Images of the surface and current distribution of Spiro-OMeTAD on the surface of the perovskite layer were studied.A non-uniform current distribution on the surface of the samples was revealed, the observed spots with high conductivity are interpreted as perovskite quantum dots, which have better photovoltaic characteristics.Keywords: Perovskite solar cells, hole transport layer,Spiro-OMeTAD, conductive-AFM, current-voltage characteristics, impedance measurements.1. Introduction In recent years, organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells have attracted much attention from the global scientific community. The unprecedented development of PSCs is driven by their high optical absorption coefficient, tunable bandgap, low cost, ease of fabrication, and great potential to achieve higher efficiency compared to c-Si solar cells [1–3].To increase the efficiency and stability of PSCs, work is being done to search and optimize the composition of all parts of the solar cell, not only the perovskite itself, but also theso-called transport layers. The hole-conducting transport layer plays an important role in the efficiency of charge transfer and extraction of photoexcited perovskite, HTL is important for power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability in PSCs. Transportlayers typically consist of small organic molecules, polymers, or inorganic materials such as oxides. The energy level of the HTL material must coincide with the maximum

Developing a Fluorinated Benzothiadiazole-Based Polymer Donor as Guest to Construct High-Performance Ternary Solar Cells.

Benzothiadiazole (BT) has shown promising applications in fullerene solar cells. However, few BT-based polymer donors exhibited a noticeable power conversion efficiency (PCE) for the fused-ring small molecular acceptor-based polymer solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we developed a D-A (D: donor, A: acceptor) polymer donor F-1 based on fluorinated BT (ffBT) as A unit and chlorinated benzo [1,2-b:4,5-b'] dithiophene (BDT-2Cl) as D unit. Thanks to the strong electron-withdrawing of ffBT unit, F-1 not only exhibited low-lying energy levels to increase open circuit voltage, but also existence noncovalent S···F to enhance molecular planarity and crystallinity. After incorporated F-1 as guest materials on PM6:L8-BO-based system to construct ternary device, the addition of F-1 can efficient promote the blend films exhibit excellent morphological compatibility, favorable phase separation, and molecular arrangement. As a result, the F-1 (5%):PM6:L8-BO-based device obtained an impressive PCE up to 19.47 %, which is much higher than the counterparts as PCE is 18.35% for PM6:L8-BO-based binary device. This study not only provided a practical and promising strategy to develop high-performance polymer donors by utilizing the advantages of noncovalent conformational locks, but also suggested an efficient strategy to further improve device performance by constructing ternary solar cells for BT unit-based PSCs.

Transition route to elastic and elasto-inertial turbulence in polymer channel flows

Viscoelastic shear flows support additional chaotic states beyond simple Newtonian turbulence. In vanishing Reynolds number flows, the nonlinearity in the polymer evolution equation alone can sustain inertialess “elastic” turbulence (ET) while “elasto-inertial” turbulence (EIT) appears to rely on an interplay between elasticity and finite-Re effects. Despite their distinct phenomenology and industrial significance, transition routes and possible connections between these states are unknown. We identify here a common Ruelle-Takens transition scenario for both of these chaotic regimes in two-dimensional direct numerical simulations of FENE-P fluids in a straight channel. The primary bifurcation is caused by a recently discovered “polymer diffusive instability” associated with small but nonvanishing polymer stress diffusion which generates a finite-amplitude, small-scale traveling wave localized at the wall. This is found to be unstable to a large-scale secondary instability which grows to modify the whole flow before itself breaking down in a third bifurcation to either ET or EIT. The secondary large-scale instability waves resemble “center” and “wall” modes, respectively—instabilities which have been conjectured to play a role in viscoelastic chaotic dynamics but were previously only thought to exist far from relevant areas of the parameter space. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Absorption‐coefficient calculation of short‐wavelength photoresist materials: From EUV to BEUV and water window X‐ray

AbstractIn photolithography, shortening the exposure wavelength from ultraviolet to extreme ultraviolet (EUV, 13.5 nm) and soft X‐ray region in terms of beyond EUV (BEUV, 6.X nm) and water window X‐ray (WWX, 2.2–4.4 nm) is expected to further miniaturize the technology node down to sub‐5 nm level. However, the absorption ability of molecules in these ranges, especially WWX region, is unknown, which should be very important for the utilization of energy. Herein, the molar absorption cross sections of different elements at 2.4 nm of WWX were firstly calculated and compared with the wavelengths of 13.5 nm and 6.7 nm. Based on the absorption cross sections in these ranges and density estimation results from the density‐functional theory calculation, the linear absorption coefficients of typical resist materials, including metal‐oxy clusters, organic small molecules, polymers, and photoacid generators (PAGs), are evaluated. The analysis suggests that the Zn cluster has higher absorption in BEUV, whereas the Sn cluster has higher absorption in WWX. Doping PAGs with high EUV absorption atoms improves chemically amplified photoresist (CAR) polymer absorption performance. However, for WWX, it is necessary to introduce an absorption layer containing high WWX absorption elements such as Zr, Sn, and Hf to increase the WWX absorption.

On-demand reverse design of polymers with PolyTAO

The forward screening and reverse design of drug molecules, inorganic molecules, and polymers with enhanced properties are vital for accelerating the transition from laboratory research to market application. Specifically, due to the scarcity of large-scale datasets, the discovery of polymers via materials informatics is particularly challenging. Nonetheless, scientists have developed various machine learning models for polymer structure-property relationships using only small polymer datasets, thereby advancing the forward screening process of polymers. However, the success of this approach ultimately depends on the diversity of the candidate pool, and exhaustively enumerating all possible polymer structures through human imagination is impractical. Consequently, achieving on-demand reverse design of polymers is essential. In this work, we curate an immense polymer dataset containing nearly one million polymeric structure-property pairs based on expert knowledge. Leveraging this dataset, we propose a Transformer-Assisted Oriented pretrained model for on-demand polymer generation (PolyTAO). This model generates polymers with 99.27% chemical validity in top-1 generation mode (approximately 200k generated polymers), representing the highest reported success rate among polymer generative models, and this was achieved on the largest test set. Importantly, the average R2 between the properties of the generated polymers and their expected values across 15 predefined properties is 0.96, which underscores PolyTAO’s powerful on-demand polymer generation capabilities. To further evaluate the pretrained model’s performance in generating polymers with additional user-defined properties for downstream tasks, we conduct fine-tuning experiments on three publicly available small polymer datasets using both semi-template and template-free generation paradigms. Through these extensive experiments, we demonstrate that our pretrained model and its fine-tuned versions are capable of achieving the on-demand reverse design of polymers with specified properties, whether in a semi-template generation or the more challenging template-free generation scenarios, showcasing its potential as a unified pretrained foundation model for polymer generation.

Advanced Solid-State Electrolytes Based on Charge-Transfer Complexes for Lithium Batteries

Electrifying mobility and implementing more renewable energies in our energy mix to reduce global warming and limit the climate crisis will be two targets that will require massive energy storage devices in the near future. Li batteries is one of the most promising technology for electrochemical storage to meet these challenges requiring safe and high performance cells. Li metal batteries and solid state electrolytes SSE may try to tackle these safety[1] and energy densities[2] challenges. Research pay attention to the development of several families of SSE based on oxide, sulfur or polymer moieties exhibiting pros and cons in terms of stability, safety, processability and cell and module integration. Despite their ease of processability, polymer based SSE suffur from their low ionic conductivity at room temperature and poor chemical stability towards Li metal[3]. Recently, a new class of organic materials based on charge-transfer complexes (CTCs) is drawing attention. The donor / acceptor couple associated with a lithium salt shows great ionic conduction properties up to 0,1-1 mS.cm-1 at room temperature[4]. This complexes are widely studied as fast electronic conductors for decades while their potential for ionic electrolytes, where low electronic conductivity is mandatory to prevent self-discharge, has to be studied in depth [5].In this presentation, we will share our latest results on solid electrolytes made up of organic charge-transfer complexes. Both small molecules and polymers will be investigated to synthesize SSE by mixing it with a lithium salt. Donor and acceptor chemical structures, CTC / Li salt molar ratios will be modified to tune salt dissociation and ionic conductive properties of the SSE. While these electrolytes are currently processed as powders, fabricating films thanks to the use of binders will further improve the overall ionic conductivity. Molar ratio of CTC / binder and salt will be modified to develop optimized formulations allowing to easily process electrolytes and catholytes for full cell characterization. Ionic conductivities up to 0,02 mS.cm-1 were obtained at room temperature and are currently being improved with work on formulation and sample processing. Incorporate very low content of plasticizers might be used to improve room temperature properties. Electrochemical stability in full cell integration and competitive SSE ionic conductivity will also be shown. Advanced characterization will be used to understand the way it works to reduce the lack of sample reproducibility and to investigate these new ionic transport mechanisms involved through these materials.[1] L. Yue et al, Energy Storage Mater, 5 (2016) 139-165.[2] X. Cheng et al, Chem. Rev., 117 (2017) 10403-10473.[3] J. Mindemark et al, Prog. Polym. Sci., 81 (2018) 114-143.[4] K. Hatakeyama-Sato et al, ACS Appl. Electron. Mater., 2 (2020) 2211-2217.[5] Yang et al., ASC Energy letters, (2023), 8, 2426-2431.

Hypercrosslinked polymer membranes via interfacial polymerization for organic dye separations

Hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) have gained attention as promising materials for separation membranes due to their abundant porosity, low cost, ease of preparation, and excellent stability. Here, we demonstrate an interfacial-assisted polymerization approach to prepare continuous HCP membranes at room temperature. The method demonstrates versatility in constructing HCP membranes using various precursors, including small molecules and polymers. Specifically, the HCP membranes prepared using benzene as the monomer exhibit controllable thickness and a remarkable Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of up to 855 m2 g−1. Leveraging physical size sieving and electrostatic interaction, the fabricated benzene-based membranes effectively reject small anionic dye molecules, such as Congo Red, Acid Fuchsin, and Methyl Orange, achieving rejection rates exceeding 93% while maintaining a high-water flux of up to 55 L m−2 h−1 bar−1. This study shows a versatile approach for the design of HCP membranes capable of efficiently separating mixtures containing small molecules.

Recent advances of photoresponsive nanomaterials for diagnosis and treatment of acute kidney injury.

Non-invasive imaging in the near-infrared region (NIR) offers enhanced tissue penetration, reduced spontaneous fluorescence of biological tissues, and improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), rendering it more suitable for in vivo deep tissue imaging. In recent years, a plethora of NIR photoresponsive materials have been employed for disease diagnosis, particularly acute kidney injury (AKI). These encompass inorganic nonmetallic materials such as carbon (C), silicon (Si), phosphorus (P), and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs); precious metal nanoparticles like gold and silver; as well as small molecule and organic semiconductor polymer nanoparticles with near infrared responsiveness. These materials enable effective therapy triggered by NIR light and serve as valuable tools for monitoring AKI in living systems. The review provides a concise overview of the current state and pathological characteristics of AKI, followed by an exploration of the application of nanomaterials and photoresponsive nanomaterials in AKI. Finally, it presents the design challenges and prospects associated with NIR photoresponsive materials in AKI.

Toward Ultrathin: Advances in Solution-Processed Organic Semiconductor Transistors.

In recent years, organic semiconductor (OSC) ultrathin films and their solution-processed organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have garnered attention for their high flexibility, light weight, solution processability, and tunable optoelectronic properties. These features make them promising candidates for next-generation optoelectronic applications. An ultrathin film typically refers to a film thickness of less than 10 nm, i.e., several molecular layers, which poses challenges for OSC materials and solution-processed methods. In this paper, first we introduce the carrier-transport regulation mechanism under ultrathin limits. Second, we summarize various solution-processed techniques for OSC ultrathin films and elucidate advances in their OFETs performance, such as enhanced or maintained mobilities, improved switching ratios, reduced threshold voltages, and minimized contact resistance. The relationship between the ultrathin-film thickness, microstructure of various OSCs (small molecules and polymers), and device performance is discussed. Third, we explore the recent application of OSC ultrathin-film-based OFETs, such as gas sensors, biosensors, photodetectors, and ferroelectric OFETs (Fe-OFETs). Finally, the conclusion is drawn, and the challenges and prospects of ultrathin OSC transistors are presented. Nowadays, research on ultrathin films is still in its early stages; further experience in precise film deposition control is crucial to advancing research and broadening the scope of applications for OSC ultrathin devices.

Autocatalysis‐Integrated Bioorthogonal (Poly)Catalyst‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Living Cell Membrane Antigens

Immunoassay methods, notably enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), renowned for their signal amplification capabilities, are extensively employed in scientific research and clinical diagnostics. However, the instability of enzymes and their sensitivity to cellular environments present significant challenges for the broad application of ELISA in living cells. In this work, we present a bioorthogonal (poly)catalysis‐linked immunosorbent assay (BCLISA) designed for the detection of cell membrane antigens, which involves coupling bioorthogonal catalysts based on small molecules or polymers to antibodies. After screening, we opted for the copper(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) as the core reaction system. The polymer‐based catalysts exhibit enhanced reactivity at the same molecular concentration due to their multiple catalytic sites. Polytriazoles formed during the CuAAC reaction have the ability to chelate Cu(I), therebypromoting faster catalysis. By harnessing this autocatalytic feature, we successfully increased the signal amplification potential of BCLISA. Ultimately, this autocatalysis‐integrated BCLISA technique was employed for antigen detection and imaging on both in vitro and living cell membranes. This approach offers a new method for the detection and imaging of low‐abundance antigens on living cells.

Autocatalysis-Integrated Bioorthogonal (Poly)Catalyst-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Living Cell Membrane Antigens.

Immunoassay methods, notably enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs),renowned for their signal amplification capabilities, are extensively employed in scientific research and clinical diagnostics. However, the instability of enzymes and their sensitivity to cellular environments present significant challenges for the broad application of ELISA in living cells. In this work, we present a bioorthogonal (poly)catalysis-linked immunosorbent assay (BCLISA) designed for the detection of cell membrane antigens, whichinvolvescoupling bioorthogonal catalysts based on small molecules or polymers to antibodies. After screening, we opted for the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) as the core reaction system. The polymer-based catalysts exhibit enhanced reactivity at the same molecular concentration due to their multiple catalytic sites. Polytriazoles formed during the CuAAC reaction have the ability to chelate Cu(I),therebypromoting faster catalysis. By harnessing this autocatalytic feature, we successfully increased the signal amplification potential of BCLISA. Ultimately, this autocatalysis-integrated BCLISA technique was employed for antigen detection and imaging on bothin vitroand living cell membranes. This approachoffersa new method for the detection and imaging of low-abundance antigens on living cells.

Evaluation of the properties of high-content degraded crumb rubber–modified asphalt under thermal oxidation and weathering aging

In this study, the properties of high-content degraded crumb rubber–modified asphalt (HCDRA) under thermal oxidation and weathering aging were analyzed by the fluorescence microscopy test, temperature sweep test, zero shear viscosity test, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) test, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) test. Morphological structure result shows that after various degrees of thermal oxidation and weathering aging, the number and size of crumb rubber (CR) particles in HCDRA became smaller. Besides, with the deepening of the degree of oxidization, the rutting resistance of HCDRA decreases firstly and then increases. The improvement of the anti-aging and temperature sensitivity of HCDRA is better than that of neat asphalt and 20 % content CR-modified asphalt. Moreover, thermal oxidation and weathering aging make HCDRA more sensitive to temperature, and the temperature sensitivity of HCDRA is more affected by long-term aging relative to neat asphalt and 20 % content CR-modified asphalt. ATR-FTIR test and GPC test show that the complex modulus of HCDRA increases with the increase of carbonyl groups after aging, and HCDRA becomes soft and then hard during the aging process with the increase of macromolecule polymer content. Lastly, cluster analysis and principal component analysis reveal that the degree of asphalt oxidation has a strong influence on failure temperature and zero shear viscosity, and small molecule polymer has a significant effect on the temperature sensitivity of rheological properties.

Effect of Thermal Stress on Morphology in High-Performance Organic Photovoltaic Blends.

Thermal stress is a critical factor causing long-term instability in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) layers of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. This study provides direct insights into the thermal properties of Y6, PM6, and their binary blends by employing fast differential scanning calorimetry (flash DSC) to analyze their chain dynamics. The glass transition temperatures (T g) of Y6 and PM6 were measured, with Y6 exhibiting a T g of 175.2 °C and PM6 showing two T gs at 39.7 and 107.6 °C. Our findings indicate that average OPVs' operational temperatures are lower than the blend's primary T g of 138.2 °C. Thus, the mobility of PM6 and Y6 is not the critical factor that results in drastic drifts in the device morphology. Instead, we discovered that the crystallization of small molecules Y6 in the BHJ film at elevated operation temperatures significantly contributes to the morphological instability of the BHJ layer, based on a flash DSC isotherm crystallization study. The crystallization of the acceptor leads to severe phase separation between donors and acceptors and results in device failure. The acceptor Y6's crystallization rate also increased when blended with donor PM6, compared to that of pure Y6 molecules. Furthermore, AFM-IR analysis of the morphology of the BHJ layer after high thermal stress of 200 °C revealed an apparent demixing of donor PM6 and acceptor Y6, revealing Y6 globules about 200 nm in diameter, with PM6 domains surrounding the Y6 regions. This crystallization-induced morphology change was later confirmed to correlate well with the device performance drop. This study offers valuable insights into the origin of BHJ layer instability in OPV devices containing nonfullerene small molecule acceptors and polymer donors. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of addressing thermal stress to enhance the performance and durability of such devices and informs strategies for developing more stable organic solar cells.

Thermochemical reactions in tea drying shape the flavor of tea: A review

Drying is the final and essential step in tea processing. It contributes a lot to the formation of tea flavor quality by a series of complicated and violent thermochemical reactions, such as degradation reaction, Maillard reaction, redox reaction, isomerization reaction, etc. However, the mechanism of specific thermochemical reaction is unclear. Here, by comprehensively summarizing the thermochemical reactions of the main chemicals, including polyphenols, lipids, amino acids and carbohydrates, etc., during tea drying with particularly focus on their contributions of thermal drying on the flavor including color, aroma, and taste, we found that thermal degradation is the dominant thermochemical reaction, directly affecting the taste and color of tea, and thermal oxidation of lipids and Maillard reaction mainly contribute to form tea aroma. More interesting was that high temperature enhanced nucleophilicity of phenolics, allowing them to easily trap carbonyl substances to form small molecular adducts (i.e. EPSFs) or polymers, which could interfere other thermochemical reactions, and then alter the flavor quality of tea. Over all, this review provides updated scientific evidence for in-depth exploration of thermochemical reactions towards tea precision processing.

Spatio-temporal trends in microplastic presence in the sediments of the River Thames catchment (UK)

This study investigated the spatio-temporal variability of microplastics (MPs) in the sediments of the River Thames (UK) catchment over 30 months (July 2019 – Dec 2021). The average MP concentration was 61 items kg−1 d.w., with fragments <1 mm being dominant and polyethylene (PE) the most common polymer. Adjacent land use influenced MP concentrations and types, with industrial sites showing particularly high levels and a prevalence of small beads and industrial polymers. MP concentrations generally decreased after higher winter flows, likely due to sediment rearrangement or winnowing. This study describes the seasonal concentrations and characteristics of MPs present in sediment from the River Thames catchment, and attempts to identify their likely origin. Further, the study provides new insights into the mobility and fate of MPs in riverine settings under varying flow conditions, which is vital given the predicted increases in flooding under various global heating scenarios.

Ionic gels with high mechanical strength enabled by supramolecular interactions between small molecular solvents and polymer chains

Abstract The limited mechanical properties of hydrogels significantly impede their practical applications. In this research, we have synthesized supramolecular ionic gels using betaine, citric acid, and acrylamide as the main components. These specimens exhibit exceptional tensile properties (exceeding 1000% elongation at break) and toughness (approximately 3 MJ/m3), as well as recovery capabilities under substantial compressive strains. Furthermore, these transparent and conductive ionic gels have been employed in the fabrication of alternating current electroluminescent devices with single-electrode configurations. The outcomes of this study indicate that the high-strength ionic gel preparation method outlined herein shows great potential for expanding the application spectrum of ionic gels.

Multifunctional endogenous small molecule-derived polymer composite nanoparticles for the treatment of acute sepsis therapy

Multifunctional endogenous small molecule-derived polymer composite nanoparticles for the treatment of acute sepsis therapy