Small Needle Research Articles

Magnitude and associated factors of post Dural puncture headache after spinal anesthesia in surgical patients at comprehensive specialized referral hospital, 2021: A multi-center cross-sectional study

BackgroundPost-Dural Puncture Headache (PDPH) is a common problem that happens after the Dura-arachnoid puncture during the procedure for diagnosis, therapy, and spinal anesthesia administration. This study aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) after spinal anesthesia in surgical patients. MethodA multi-center institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 1 to November 30, 2021, on 402 patients who came for an operation under spinal anesthesia. Data was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) window version 26. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were expressed in percentages and presented with tables and figures. Both Bivariable and multivariable logistic analyses were done to identify the magnitude and associated factors of post-Dural puncture headache (PDPH) after spinal anesthesia in surgical patients. P < 0.05 with 95 % CI was set as statistical significance. ResultThe magnitude of post-Dural puncture headache (PDPH) after spinal anesthesia in surgical patients was 39.2[95 % CI = (34.7–44.1)]. Multivariable logistic analyses showed that being female [AOR = 3.5;95 %CI = (1.89,6.47)], patents who are nonsmokers [AOR = 2.3; 95 %CI = (1.23, 4.39)], cutting type of needle [AOR = 2.8;95 %CI = (1.39,5.68)] cephalic needle direction [AOR = 7.4;95 %CI = (3.95,14)] number of attempts more than two[AOR = 6.9; 95 %CI = (6.65,13.3)] were factors significantly associated with post-Dural puncture headache. ConclusionThe magnitude of post-Dura puncture headache (PDPH) after spinal anesthesia in surgical patients in this study was high. This study showed that a small spinal needle was much better than a large cutting spinal needle in the frequency of post-dural puncture headaches. In addition, the events were associated with frequent attempts during lumbar puncture and increased cerebrospinal fluid leakage. We recommend the use of a small spinal needle; to avoid more leakage of cerebrospinal fluid and multiple attempts at spinal anesthesia and lumbar puncture.

A Novel Bioimplant Comprising Ad-BMP9-Transfected BMSCs and GelMA Microspheres Produced from Microfluidic Devices for Bone Tissue Engineering

Oral and maxillofacial bone defect repair in patients remains challenging in clinical treatment due to the different morphologies of bone defects. An injectable hydrogel of microspheres with sustained bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) expression for oral and maxillofacial bone defect repair has been developed. This study is bioinspired by the substantial osteogenesis property of recombinant adenoviruses expressing bone morphogenetic protein 9 (Ad-BMP9) and minimally invasive treatment by injection. A novel scaffold encompassing bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transfected with Ad-BMP9 was produced and cocultured on a superficial surface of monodisperse photocrosslinked methacrylate gelatin hydrogel microspheres (GelMA/MS, produced with microfluidic technology). The biological tests including live/dead cell staining, phalloidin staining, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and staining, alizarin red S staining, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), revealed that the hydrogel microspheres exhibited good biocompatibility and remarkably promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. In addition, a small needle was injected the innovative scaffold beneath the nude mice’s skin. The micro-CT and histological staining assay results demonstrated that the new implant, with high blood vessel formation markers (CD31-positive cells) expression over four and eight weeks, achieved significant vascularized bone-like tissue formation. Consequently, the injectable hydrogel microspheres, cocultured with BMSC transfected with Ad-BMP9, enhanced vascularized bone regeneration, therefore representing a facile and promising technique for the minimally invasive treatment of oral and maxillofacial bone defects.

Colinear focused laser differential interferometry and self-aligned focusing schlieren.

A colinear focused laser differential interferometer (FLDI) and self-aligned focusing schlieren (SAFS) system has been assembled and tested in the laboratory, using a turbulent jet of compressed air issuing from a small needle nozzle to provide a high frequency density object. Measurements verified that the coupling of the SAFS system onto the optical axis of the FLDI system had negligible influence on the FLDI system's data, including tests that assessed the influence of the inclusion of dichroic mirrors, dichroic mirror reflection angle, dichroic mirror positioning relative to the Wollaston prisms of the FLDI system, and SAFS light propagation direction. A qualitative comparison of the focusing ability of the two systems was made, and FLDI power spectral density estimates and SAFS spectral proper orthogonal decomposition were used for quantitative comparisons of the acoustic frequency of the jet, with good agreement between the two. The success of the system integration and resulting jet testing demonstrates the utility of this colinear, simultaneous FLDI/SAFS measurement system.

One procedure—one report: the Re-Imagine Cytopathology Task Force position paper on small tissue biopsy triage in anatomic pathology

Endoscopic biopsy procedures increasingly generate multiple tissue samples from multiple sites, and frequently retrieve concurrent cytologic specimens and small core needle biopsies. There is currently lack of consensus in subspecialized practices as to whether cytopathologists or surgical pathologists should review such samples, and whether the pathology findings should be reported together or separately. In December 2021, the American Society of Cytopathology convened the Re-Imagine Cytopathology Task Force to examine various workflows that would facilitate unified pathology reporting of concurrently obtained biopsies and improve clinical care. This position paper summarizes the key points and highlights the advantages, challenges, and resources available to support the implementation of such workflows that result in "one procedure-one report".

Ultrasonic needle hydrophone calibration in air by a parabolic off-axis mirror focused beam using three-transducer reciprocity

An acoustic field distribution investigation in air requires a small receiving sensor. Needle hydrophones seem to be an attractive solution, and it has previously been demonstrated that needle hydrophones designed for use in water can be used in air. The metrology problem is that an absolute sensitivity calibration is needed, because needle hydrophones are not characterized in air, especially for frequencies below 1 MHz, which is of interest for air-coupled ultrasound. Conventional, three-transducer/microphone reciprocity calibration requires measurements to be done in the far field. However, when transducer diameter is large and the frequency is high, the required measurement distance becomes very large: 3 m for a 20 mm source, transmitting at 1 MHz. Large propagation distance leads to high attenuation and nonlinear effects in air propagation, and distortion and losses accumulate. Small needle hydrophones have low sensitivity, so that high excitation amplitudes would be required, which can lead to transducer heating and increase nonlinearity effects. A derivative of the three-transducer reciprocity calibration method is proposed, where a large aperture transducer is focused onto a hydrophone, using hybrid of plane wave and spherical wave reciprocity. Use of a focused source minimizes the frequency-dependent diffraction effects, and the spherical wave approximation is valid at the focal distance, and low level excitation signals can be used. Focusing is accomplished using a parabolic off-axis mirror. Calibration is in transmission, which reduces the complexity of the electrical measurements. The corresponding equations have been derived for this setup. Calibration of the transducer and needle hydrophone absolute sensitivity is obtained.

Effect of Dry Needling on Kicking Speed in Football Players with Hamstring Tightness

Background: One of the most popular sports in the world is Football. One of the most usual injury from Hamstring Tightness is hamstring muscle damage. Football is therefore a dynamic sports that causes more injuries than other sports. In clinical and fitness contexts, the term is frequently used to represent restricted motion based on by adaptive soft tissue shortening, mainly minimal muscular shortening. The term “myofascial trigger point” refers to a hyperirritable point in skeletal muscle that is connected to hypersensitive palpable nodules in a taut band and has the characteristics of localized pain, soreness, motor dysfunction, and autonomics disturbances. Dry Needling is trained technique that involves penetrating the skin with a small needle to stimulate trigger points, muscles and connective tissue for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. Method: Football players with Hamstring tightness [n=53] were included in the study according to the selection criteria. Subjects were evaluated for hamstring tightness using popliteal angle and kicking speed was assessed before and after the treatment. Subjects were given dry needling on hamstring muscle for the period of 1 week alternately. Results: Statistical analysis was done using paired t test. Based on the result there is increased in popliteal angle p=[0.000] and kicking speed time p=[0.0001] of the players when compared with pre and post treatment. Dry needling technique was proved statistically in reducing hamstring muscle tightness. Conclusion: It is concluded that Dry needling proves to be effective in improving hamstring flexibility and kicking speed among football players and hence helps in bringing out their best performance on the field.

The Future of Animal Law

The Future of Animal Law

Biopsy Method and Needle Size on Success of Next-Generation Sequencing in NSCLC: A Brief Report

IntroductionNext-generation sequencing (NGS) is essential to the care of patients with NSCLC. Nevertheless, NGS is dependent on adequate material from biopsy. We evaluated the impact of biopsy method and needle gauge necessary for optimizing success in tissue NGS. MethodsA total of 1660 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples were submitted to Caris Life Sciences from 2007 to 2022 for tumor profiling. The results of NGS assays were linked with retrospective biopsy data for patients with lung cancer treated at USC/Norris Cancer Center to create a database with the following parameters: demographics, biopsy method, tumor location (lung mass versus lymph node versus metastasis), needle gauge, number of needle passes, complications, tumor volume, DNA content, and status of NGS. Fisher’s exact test and analysis of variance were performed to determine the impact of biopsy method and needle gauge (G). ResultsIn total, 77 computed tomography (CT)-guided transthoracic core needle (CT-TTCN) biopsies, 74 endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided transbronchial needle aspirations (TBNAs), 27 bronchial forceps biopsies, and 107 surgical resections were included. Furthermore, 41 of 77 CT-TTCN biopsies (53.2%), 43 of 74 EBUS-TBNAs (58.1%), 22 of 27 bronchial forceps biopsies (81.5%), and 105 of 107 surgical resections (98.1%) underwent successful NGS assays. The probability of successful NGS completion for lung cancers was highest in surgical resections and bronchial forceps biopsies. Needle-based biopsies were more successful when a needle larger than 20G was used. Complication rates were higher for CT-TTCN biopsies compared with EBUS-TBNA (p < 0.0001). Overall, the DNA yield was significantly higher in EBUS-TBNA compared with CT-TTCN biopsies in primary lung sites (p = 0.0002). EBUS-TBNA was found to have higher success rates in NGS compared with CT-TTCN for both primary lung lesions (p = 0.023) and lymph node targets (p = 0.035). ConclusionsThe less invasive EBUS-TBNAs had higher success rates in NGS than CT-TTCN biopsies and resulted in higher DNA concentrations. In CT-TTCN biopsies, use of 20G or smaller needles is associated with a higher risk of obtaining an inadequate specimen regardless of the number of passes taken. Surgical and bronchial forceps biopsies had highest success in achieving NGS.

Use of the Mayo-Hegar needle holder

Many different designs for needle holders have been devised, especially in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when curved surgical needles came into use. Some of these have been described in a previous Instrumentalist article1. The Mayo-Hegar needle holder has been available for more than 100 years and is the most popular one in general use today (Fig. 1). It will be the main focus of the descriptions in this article. However, many of the principles discussed are also applicable to other types of needle holders. ... Mayo-Hegar needle holders come in a wide variety of sizes. It is generally better to use smaller holders when working with smaller needles, unless sewing deep in a body cavity. The 8′ version is one of the most widely used in all areas of the body. When working deep in the thorax or abdomen, it may be necessary to use 12′ or even 14′ holders (Fig. 2). When working with longer needle holders, one immediately notices that the handle feels looser; however, since the distance between the fulcrum and the tips of the jaws is comparable to that of a standard 8′ needle holder, the grip on the needle itself remains strong.

A Case of Acute Intravascular Hemolysis During Dialysis: A Quiz

A Case of Acute Intravascular Hemolysis During Dialysis: A Quiz

Synthesis of lanthanum metal organic framework using 1,4 benzenedicarboxylic acid

Lanthanum nitrate and 1,4 benzenedicarboxylic acid were used to synthesize lanthanum metal organic framework (LaMOF) by conventional heating (reflux) method in dimethylformamide (DMF). The product lanthanum benzenedicarboxylic (LaBDC-MOF) structural morphology and optical properties were determined with SEM (scanning electron microscope), XRD (X-ray diffraction), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The characterization findings and results of LaBDC-MOF indicated that LaBDC-MOF was crystalline and significantly thermal stable. FTIR displayed that there was deprotonation in the carboxylic acidic COOH- . SEM images showed that LaBDC-MOF was composed of different sizes of rods and small needles that are polyhedral-like in shape. Luminescence properties suggested that LaBDC-MOF can be used as a fluorescent probe.

Neuraxial Anesthesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Report from a Large Academic Medical Center.

Three primary neuraxial techniques reduce labor pain: epidural, dural puncture epidural (DPE), and combined spinal-epidural (CSE). This study aims to determine whether neuraxial analgesia techniques changed after the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Given that a dural puncture confirms neuraxial placement, we hypothesized that DPE was more frequent in women with concerns for COVID-19. A single-center retrospective cohort study comparing neuraxial analgesia techniques for labor and delivery pain management before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and in patients with and without SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) at a maternity hospital in Dallas, Texas, with a large delivery service. Statistical analyses included the Chi-square test for categorical and Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric ordinal comparisons. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test was used to assess the association between neuraxial technique and accidental dural puncture or postdural puncture headache. Of 10,971 patients who received neuraxial analgesia for labor, 5,528 were delivered in 2019 and 5,443 in 2020. Epidural analgesia was the most common neuraxial technique for labor pain in 2019 and 2020. There was no difference in the frequency of neuraxial analgesia techniques or the rates of accidental dural puncture or postdural puncture headaches comparing all deliveries in 2019 to 2020. Despite a significant increase in DPEs relative to epidurals in the SARS-CoV-2-positive group compared with the SARS-CoV-2-negative group in 2020, there was no significant difference in postdural puncture headaches or accidental dural punctures. The advantages of a DPE, specifically the ability to confirm epidural placement using a small gauge spinal needle, likely led to an increase in the placement of this neuraxial in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients. There was no effect on the frequency of postdural puncture headaches or accidental dural punctures within the same period. · Epidural analgesia was the most common neuraxial technique for labor pain management.. · Dural puncture epidural placements increased in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients.. · Rates of postdural puncture headaches and accidental dural puncture after neuraxial placement did not change..

DSMC Simulation of the Effect of Needle Valve Opening Ratio on the Rarefied Gas Flows inside a Micronozzle with a Large Length-to-Diameter Ratio

The cold gas micro-propulsion system can provide low noise and ultra-high accuracy thrust for satellite platforms for space gravitational wave detection, high-precision earth gravity field measurement. In this study, the effect of different needle valve opening ratios on the rarefied flow characteristics of a micro-nozzle in a cold gas micro-propulsion system was investigated based on DSMC method. The special feature of the currently studied micro-nozzle is that it has a section of micro-channel with a large length–diameter ratio up to 4.5. Due to the extremely small needle valve displacement of the nozzle (minimum needle valve displacement up to 1.7 μm), a finely structured mesh was used. The molecular particle and macro flow characteristics inside the micro-nozzle were calculated for the conditions of a needle valve opening ratio from 5% to 98%. The throttling effect of the throat has a significant effect on the rarefied flow in the micro-nozzle; especially under the tiny opening, this effect is more significant. The spatial distribution of continuous flow, transition flow, and free molecular flow in the micro-nozzle varies at different needle valve opening ratios. As the needle valve opening ratio increases, the continuous flow will gradually fill the microfluidic region.

Suggesting a mechanism for acupuncture as a global percutaneous needle fasciotomy that respects tensegrity principles for treating fibromyalgia.

Acupuncture is a minimally invasive therapeutic method that uses small caliber needles while inserting them through the skin into various areas of the body. Some empirical studies find evidence to support the use of acupuncture as a treatment for certain medical conditions, however, this peculiar practice is widely considered as the domain of alternative and non-evidence-based medicine. Several mechanisms have been suggested in an attempt to explain the therapeutic action of acupuncture, but the way in which acupuncture alleviates chronic non-cancer pain or psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders is not fully understood. A recent study suggested a theoretical model (coined "Fascial Armoring") with a cellular pathway to help explain the pathogenesis of myofascial pain/fibromyalgia syndrome and functional psychosomatic syndromes. It proposes that these syndromes are a spectrum of a single medical entity that involves myofibroblasts with contractile activity in fascia and aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, which may lead to widespread mechanical tension and compression. This can help explain diverse psycho-somatic manifestations of fibromyalgia-like syndromes. Fascia is a continuous interconnected tissue network that extends throughout the body and has qualities of bio-tensegrity. Previous studies show that a mechanical action by needling induces soft tissue changes and lowers the shear modulus and stiffness in myofascial tissue. This hypothesis and theory paper offers a new mechanism for acupuncture therapy as a global percutaneous needle fasciotomy that respects tensegrity principles (tensegrity-based needling), in light of the theoretical model of "Fascial Armoring." The translation of this model to other medical conditions carries potential to advance therapies. These days opioid overuse and over-prescription are ubiquitous, as well as chronic pain and suffering.

Development and Characterization of Novel In-Situ-Forming Oleogels

PLGA-based in situ forming implants (ISFI) often require a high amount of potentially toxic solvents such as N methyl-Pyrrolidone (NMP). The aim of the present study was to develop lipid in-situ-forming oleogels (ISFOs) as alternative delivery systems. 12-Hydroxystearic acid (12-HSA) was selected as the oleogelling agent and three different oleoformulations were investigated: (a) 12-HSA, peanut oil (PO), NMP; (b) 12-HSA, medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), ethanol; (c) 12-HSA, isopropyl myristate (IPM), ethanol. The effects of the 12-HSA concentration, preparation method, and composition on the mechanical stability were examined using a texture analysis and oscillating rheology. The texture analysis was used to obtain information on the compression strength. The amplitude sweeps were analyzed to provide information on the gel strength and the risk of brittle fractures. The frequency sweeps allowed insights into the long-term stability and risk of syneresis. The syringeability of the ISFOs was tested, along with their acute and long-term cytotoxicity in vitro. The developed ISFOs have the following advantages: (1) the avoidance of highly acidic degradation products; (2) low amounts of organic solvents required; (3) low toxicity; (4) low injection forces, even with small needle sizes. Therefore, ISFOs are promising alternatives to the existing polymer/NMP-based ISFIs.

History of Peripheral Tibial Nerve Stimulation in Urology

As of 2011, an estimated 29.8 million adults in the United States were living with overactive bladder (OAB).[ 1 Coyne K.S. Sexton C.C. Vats V. et al. National community prevalence of overactive bladder in the United States stratified by sex and age. Urology. 2011; 77: 1081-1087 Google Scholar ] In addition to the daily intrusion in patients’ lives, this condition is associated with higher rates of falls and fractures, urinary tract and skin infections, sleep disturbances, and depression.[ 2 Brown J.S. McGhan W.F. Chokroverty S. Comorbidities associated with overactive bladder. Am J Manag Care. 2000; 6: S574-S579 Google Scholar ] Current guideline-based treatment protocols put forth by The American Urological Association propose a multi-tiered algorithm, beginning with behavioral modifications, followed by pharmacological treatments (anti-muscarinic and β3-adrenoceptor agonists), and finally by third-line therapies including chemical denervation, Sacral Neuromodulation (SNS) or Peripheral Tibial Nerve Stimulation (PTNS). PTNS therapy involves repeated electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve via a small needle inserted cephalad to the medial malleolus. The objective of this study is to examine the evolution of PTNS from acupuncture techniques, evaluate the current literature on patient outcomes for OAB, and discuss recent innovations in the delivery of this technique.

Injectable cell-laden hybrid bioactive scaffold containing bioactive glass microspheres.

The rising incidence of bone disorders has resulted in the need for minimally invasive therapies to meet this demand. Injectable bioactive filler, alone or with cells, could be applied in a minimally invasive manner to fulfill irregular cavities in non-load bearing sites, which do not require high mechanical properties. Thermosensitive chitosan hydrogels that transition from a liquid to a mechanically stable solid at body temperature provide interesting features as in-situ injectable cytocompatible biomaterials, but they are not osteoconductive. Osteoconductivity can be applied in combination with bioactive ceramics e.g., 45S5-Bioglass® (BG). However, BG addition in chitosan hydrogels results in pH elevation, due to rapid ions release, which adversely affects gel formation, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility. To address this, we created hybrid hydrogels, where BG is concentrated in chitosan-based microbeads, incorporated in in-situ gelling chitosan hydrogels. We then compared the hybrid hydrogels' properties to chitosan hydrogels with homogenously distributed BG. By varying the stirred emulsification process, BG percentage, and CH formulation, we could tune the microbeads' properties. Incorporation of BG microbeads drastically improved the hydrogel's compressive modulus in comparison to homogeneously distributed BG. It also strongly increased the survival and metabolic activities of encapsulated cells. Calcium/phosphate increase on BG microbeads suggests hydroxyapatite formation. The small diameter of microbeads allows minimally invasive injection through small needles. The feasibility of freezing and thawing microbeads provides the possibility of long-term storage for potential clinical applications. These data indicate that this hybrid hydrogel forms a promising injectable cell-laden bioactive biomaterial for the treatment of unloaded bone defects.

MODELING of Rarefied Gas Flows Inside a Micro-Nozzle Based on the DSMC Method Coupled with a Modified Gas–Surface Interaction Model

In this study, we first considered the influence of micro-nozzle wall roughness structure on molecular collision and reflection behavior and established a modified CLL model. The DSMC method was used to simulate and analyze the flow of the micro-nozzle in the cold gas micro-propulsion system, and the deviation of simulation results before and after the improvement of CLL model were compared. Then, the rarefied flow characteristics under a small needle valve opening (less than 1%) were focused on the research, and the particle position, molecular number density, and spatial distribution of internal energy in the micro-nozzle were calculated. The spatial distributions of the flow mechanism in the micro-nozzle under different needle valve openings were compared and analyzed. It was found that when the needle valve opening is lower than 1%, the slip flow and transition flow regions move significantly upstream of the nozzle, the free molecular flow distribution region expands significantly, and the relationship between thrust force and needle valve opening is obviously different from that of medium and large needle valve openings. The effect of nitrogen temperature on the rarefied flow and thrust force is also discussed in this research. The numerical results showed that as gas temperature increases, the molecular internal energy, momentum, and molecular number density near the nozzle exit are enhanced. The thrust at small needle valve openings was significantly affected by the temperature of the working mass. The results of this study will provide key data for the design and development of cold gas micro-thrusters.

Identification of cervical epidural space: A comparison study between contrast spread and loss of resistance techniques.

Early epidural space identification is critical to the efficacy and safety of cervical epidural steroid injections (CESI). Currently, the accepted method for epidural space recognition is the loss of resistance technique (LORT). I hypothesized that the contrast spread technique might recognize epidural space concurrently with or sooner than LORT and that smaller needles might be employed with the fluoroscopy only method but not with LORT. To test my hypotheses, I conducted a comparison study. The study participants were patients from my practice with a clinical diagnosis of cervical radiculitis divided into two groups of 20 each, who underwent CESI with either an 18 G or a 25 G Tuohy needle. All CESIs were performed utilizing the fluoroscopy only method. Then, LOR was tested using an Epidrum device that was observed for 30 s; if the Epidrum deflated, the result was positive. LOR was positive in 12 out of 20 patients in the 18 G group and 2 out of 20 in the 25 G group. The 95% confidence interval test for proportion revealed a statistically significantly lower rate for epidural space detection by LORT in both groups: [0.385, 0.815] in the 18 G and [-0.031, 0.231] in the 25 G group. Statistical significance of the difference between groups in LOR accuracy rate (60% vs. 10%) was confirmed by z-test for independent proportions: z = 3.31 (p < 0.001), Cohen's h = 1.13. Fluoroscopy only method might be a safer alternative to LORT as it employs a different concept, might recognize epidural space sooner, and favors smaller needles. NCT05260294.

Development of a Surgical Technique for Subretinal Implants in Rats.

Retinal degeneration, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. A myriad of approaches have been undertaken to develop regenerative medicine-based therapies for AMD, including stem cell-based therapies. Rodents as animal models for retinal degeneration are a foundation for translational research, due to the broad spectrum of strains that develop retinal degeneration diseases at different stages. However, mimicking human therapeutic delivery of subretinal implants in rodents is challenging, due to anatomical differences such as lens size and vitreous volume. This surgical protocol aims to provide a guided method for transplanting implants into the subretinal space in rats. A user-friendly comprehensive description of the critical steps has been included. This protocol has been developed as a cost-efficient surgical procedure for reproducibility across different preclinical studies in rats. Proper miniaturization of a human-sized implant is required prior to conducting the surgical experiment, which includes adjustments to the dimensions of the implant. An external approach is used instead of an intravitreal procedure to deliver the implant to the subretinal space. Using a small sharp needle, a scleral incision is performed in the temporal superior quadrant, followed by paracentesis to reduce intraocular pressure, thereby minimizing resistance during the surgical implantation. Next, a balanced salt solution (BSS) injection through the incision is carried out to achieve focal retinal detachment (RD). Lastly, insertion and visualization of the implant into the subretinal space are conducted. Post-operative assessment of the subretinal placement of the implant includes imaging by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Imaging follow-ups ascertain the subretinal stability of the implant, before the eyes are harvested and fixated for histological analysis.